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Wen C, Zhang Q, Xie F, Jiang J. Brick tea consumption and its relationship with fluorosis in Tibetan areas. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1030344. [PMID: 36583212 PMCID: PMC9792988 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brick tea-type fluorosis (BTF) due to a high intake of brick tea is possible in Tibetan populations, and dental fluorosis (DF) and skeletal fluorosis (SF) are its primary manifestations. To determine the prevalence of DF and SF and their relationships with brick tea intake in Tibetan populations, a literature review was conducted for studies published between 1994 and 2021. The available evidence revealed that brick tea may be produced from older stems and leaves of the tea plant and that the fluoride content of brick tea exceeds the national standard. The harsh environment of the plateau has led to limited food sources for the local Tibetan people who form the habit of drinking tea leaves as a satiation solution to digest greasy food and replenish vitamins, and regular consumption of brick tea leads to excessive exposure of Tibetan residents to fluoride. Studies in Tibet showed that the prevalence of DF in children was 14.06-75.93% in different districts, and the overall pooled prevalence of DF was 26.08%. The prevalence of SF in adults was 19.90-74.77% in different Tibetan districts, and the overall pooled prevalence of SF was 33.84%. The analysis of risk factors showed that the prevalence of BTF may be related to high-altitude and different working and living conditions, and BTF in children may be associated with fluoride intake during mothers' pregnancy and lactation. With the development of bioinformatics research, gene polymorphisms were suspected to be related to susceptibility to fluorosis in Tibetan populations. The study of BTF in Tibetan people needs to be further investigated and standardized, and additional studies evaluating the pathogenesis and preventive measures of BTF are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Wen
- Department of Oral Implantology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,Department of VIP Dental Service, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Cai Wen, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-3400-5382
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jixin Jiang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Weng Q, Yi F, Yu Y, Ge S, Liu S, Zhang Y. Altered miRNA expression profiling in enamel organ of fluoride affected rat embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111876. [PMID: 33418158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that miRNAs could play a role in dental fluorosis, but there is no study has investigated the global expression miRNA profiles of fluoride-exposed enamel organ. In this study, we analysed the differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs between fluoride-treated and control enamel organ for the first time and found several candidate miRNAs and signaling pathways worthy of further research. Thirty Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three groups and exposed to drinking water with different fluoride contents for 10 weeks and during the gestation. The three groups were a control group (distilled water), medium fluoride group (75 mg/L NaF), and high fluoride group (150 mg/L NaF). On the embryonic day 19.5, the mandible was dissected for histological analysis, and the enamel organ of the mandibular first molar tooth germ was collected for miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR). Typical dental fluorosis was observed in the incisors of the prepregnant rats. In addition to the disorganized structure of enamel organ cells, 39 DE miRNAs were identified in the fluoride groups compared with the control group, and good agreement between the miRNA-seq data and qRT-PCR data was found. The functional annotation of the target genes of 39 DE miRNAs showed significant enrichment in metabolic process, cell differentiation, calcium signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway terms. This study provides a theoretical reference for an extensive understanding of the mechanism of fluorosis and potential valuable miRNAs as therapeutic targets in fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Weng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Yi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyu Ge
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangfeng Liu
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Johnston NR, Strobel SA. Principles of fluoride toxicity and the cellular response: a review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1051-1069. [PMID: 32152649 PMCID: PMC7230026 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride is ubiquitously present throughout the world. It is released from minerals, magmatic gas, and industrial processing, and travels in the atmosphere and water. Exposure to low concentrations of fluoride increases overall oral health. Consequently, many countries add fluoride to their public water supply at 0.7-1.5 ppm. Exposure to high concentrations of fluoride, such as in a laboratory setting often exceeding 100 ppm, results in a wide array of toxicity phenotypes. This includes oxidative stress, organelle damage, and apoptosis in single cells, and skeletal and soft tissue damage in multicellular organisms. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity can be broadly attributed to four mechanisms: inhibition of proteins, organelle disruption, altered pH, and electrolyte imbalance. Recently, there has been renewed concern in the public sector as to whether fluoride is safe at the current exposure levels. In this review, we will focus on the impact of fluoride at the chemical, cellular, and multisystem level, as well as how organisms defend against fluoride. We also address public concerns about fluoride toxicity, including whether fluoride has a significant effect on neurodegeneration, diabetes, and the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Johnston
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Scott A Strobel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Zhang R, Cheng L, Zhang T, Xu T, Li M, Yin W, Jiang Q, Yang Y, Hu T. Brick tea consumption is a risk factor for dental caries and dental fluorosis among 12-year-old Tibetan children in Ganzi. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1405-1417. [PMID: 30483920 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brick tea contains high concentration of fluoride. The aim of the present work was to explore whether and how the brick tea is a risk factor for dental caries and dental fluorosis among Tibetan children in Ganzi. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 368 12-year-old Tibetan children in Ganzi. Dental caries was measured by DMFT index, and dental fluorosis severity was measured by Dean's Index. Community Fluorosis Index was used to estimate public health significance of dental fluorosis. Oral health-related behaviors and awareness, dietary habits and socioeconomic status were determined by a questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine risk factors associated with dental caries and dental fluorosis. Dental caries prevalence was 37.50%, mean DMFT was 0.84 ± 1.53, while dental fluorosis prevalence was 62.23%. Community Fluorosis Index was 1.35, indicating a medium prevalent strength of dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis was associated with mother's regular consumption of brick tea and residence altitude, and dental caries was associated with mother's regular consumption of brick tea. Mother's regular consumption of brick tea was a risk factor for both dental fluorosis and dental caries among children. Reducing mother's brick tea consumption during pregnancy and lactation may improve oral health status of their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Brookes SJ, Barron MJ, Dixon MJ, Kirkham J. The Unfolded Protein Response in Amelogenesis and Enamel Pathologies. Front Physiol 2017; 8:653. [PMID: 28951722 PMCID: PMC5599773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the secretory phase of their life-cycle, ameloblasts are highly specialized secretory cells whose role is to elaborate an extracellular matrix that ultimately confers both form and function to dental enamel, the most highly mineralized of all mammalian tissues. In common with many other “professional” secretory cells, ameloblasts employ the unfolded protein response (UPR) to help them cope with the large secretory cargo of extracellular matrix proteins transiting their ER (endoplasmic reticulum)/Golgi complex and so minimize ER stress. However, the UPR is a double-edged sword, and, in cases where ER stress is severe and prolonged, the UPR switches from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic mode. The purpose of this review is to consider the role of the ameloblast UPR in the biology and pathology of amelogenesis; specifically in respect of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and fluorosis. Some forms of AI appear to correspond to classic proteopathies, where pathological intra-cellular accumulations of protein tip the UPR toward apoptosis. Fluorosis also involves the UPR and, while not of itself a classic proteopathic disease, shares some common elements through the involvement of the UPR. The possibility of therapeutic intervention by pharmacological modulation of the UPR in AI and fluorosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brookes
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James's University HospitalLeeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Barron
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, St James's University HospitalLeeds, United Kingdom
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Güner Ş, Uyar-Bozkurt S, Haznedaroğlu E, Menteş A. Dental Fluorosis and Catalase Immunoreactivity of the Brain Tissues in Rats Exposed to High Fluoride Pre- and Postnatally. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:150-157. [PMID: 27052310 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated dental fluorosis of the incisors and immunoreactivity in the brain tissues of rats given chronic fluoride doses pre- and postnatally. Female rats were given drinking water with 0, 30 or 100 ppm fluoride ad libitum throughout gestation and the nursing period. In addition, 63 male offspring were treated with the same water regimens as the mothers after weaning and were followed for 1, 3 or 5 months. The upper and lower incisors were collected, and all teeth were examined under a stereomicroscope and scored by two blinded examiners using a modified rodent enamel fluorosis index. Cortical, hippocampal and cerebellar brain samples were evaluated morphologically and immunohistochemically. All fluoride-treated pups were born with low body weight (p = 0.001). All animals from the fluoride groups had enamel fluorosis with defects of various degrees. The increase in the dental fluorosis scores in the fluoride treatment groups was significant (p < 0.01). The catalase immunoreactivity in the 30- and 100-ppm fluoride groups was significantly higher than that in the controls after 1, 3 and 5 months (p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that rats with dental fluorosis had catalase immunoreactivity in the brain tissues, which may reflect the neurobehavioral toxicity of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şirin Güner
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Süheyla Uyar-Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Haznedaroğlu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Campus, Basibuyuk, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Menteş
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Basibuyuk Campus, Basibuyuk, Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lou DD, Guan ZZ, Liu YJ, Liu YF, Zhang KL, Pan JG, Pei JJ. The influence of chronic fluorosis on mitochondrial dynamics morphology and distribution in cortical neurons of the rat brain. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:449-57. [PMID: 23007560 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic fluorosis on the dynamics (including fusion and fission proteins), fragmentation, and distribution of mitochondria in the cortical neurons of the rat brain in an attempt to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the brain damage associated with excess accumulation of fluoride. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups of 20 each, that is, the untreated control group (drinking water naturally containing <0.5 mg fluoride/l, NaF), the low-fluoride group (whose drinking water was supplemented with 10 mg fluoride/l) and the high-fluoride group (50 mg fluoride/l). After 6 months of exposure, the expression of mitofusin-1 (Mfn1), fission-1 (Fis1), and dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) at both the protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR, respectively. Moreover, mitochondrial morphology and distribution in neurons were observed by transmission electron or fluorescence microscopy. In the cortices of the brains of rats with chronic fluorosis, the level of Mfn1 protein was clearly reduced, whereas the levels of Fis1 and Drp1 were elevated. The alternations of expression of the mRNAs encoding all three of these proteins were almost the same as the corresponding changes at the protein levels. The mitochondria were fragmented and the redistributed away from the axons of the cortical neurons. These findings indicate that chronic fluorosis induces abnormal mitochondrial dynamics, which might in turn result in a high level of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Dong Lou
- Department of Pathology, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, People's Republic of China
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