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Villhauer A, Lynch D, Warren J, Drake D. Assessment of Diversity and Fidelity of Transmission of Streptococcus mutans Genotypes in American Indian and Southeast Iowa Mother-Child Dyads. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.871185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common chronic infectious disease of childhood with a complex etiology and many contributing risk factors. Its prevalence is greater in certain racial and ethnic minority groups and populations with low socioeconomic status. Among the species of bacteria that contribute to the progression of dental caries, Streptococcus mutans (SM) has long been considered a primary etiological agent of the disease. We report here on the genotypic diversity, commonality, and fidelity of mother-child transmission of S. mutans in mother-child dyads in two high-risk populations.MethodsThirty-eight mother-child dyads from a Southeast Iowa population and 40 dyads from a Northern Plains American Indian Tribe were selected for a comparison of S. mutans genotype profiles within and between populations. S. mutans was isolated from whole mouth plaque samples collected from each subject. DNA was extracted and AP-PCR using OPA2 primer was performed. Amplified DNA was electrophoresed and images of the resulting patterns were compared via GelCompar®IIv6.5 software.ResultsThirty unique S. mutans genotypes were identified from the 1,638 S. mutans isolates analyzed. Fifteen genotypes (50%) were seen in both cohorts, while 11 were unique to the American Indian (AI) cohort and 4 were unique to the Southeast Iowa (SEI) population. Within the AI cohort, 61.5% (16/26) of the S. mutans genotypes identified were seen in ≥2 individuals and 14 of the 26 (53.8%) were seen in ≥2 dyads. In the SEI cohort, 78.9% (15/19) of the S. mutans genotypes identified were seen in ≥2 individuals and 13 of the 19 (68.4%) were present in ≥2 dyads. Fifty-seven percent of AI children and 23% of SEI children displayed fidelity of mother-child transmission of ≥1 S. mutans genotype.ConclusionIn comparing the populations, we observed large variation in genotypic diversity and fidelity of mother-child transmission, while the amount of commonality seen in both cohorts was similarly high in both groups. This study furthers our understanding of the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in both of these populations and provides a basis for further comparison to other populations at greater risk for developing ECC.
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Aqawi M, Steinberg D, Feuerstein O, Friedman M, Gingichashvili S. Cannabigerol Effect on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms—A Computational Approach to Confocal Image Analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:880993. [PMID: 35572682 PMCID: PMC9100827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex bacterial structures in which bacterial cells thrive as a community. Many bacterial species, including pathogens, form biofilms of high complexity and adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions. One example of these is Streptococcus mutans, a gram-positive bacterium that has been associated with caries. Cannabigerol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has been shown to affect S. mutans biofilms. In order to better characterize the effect of cannabigerol on biofilms of S. mutans, this paper provides a series of computational assays for biofilm analysis, applied on confocal images of S. mutans biofilms treated with cannabigerol. Confocal images are ubiquitous in biofilm analysis—they are often used to visualize the complex structure and molecular composition of biofilm macrocolonies. In this article, we demonstrate how confocal imaging data can be used to reveal more comprehensive insights into biofilm structure and measure specific anti-biofilm effects. This is accomplished by a series of computational assays, each focusing on a different aspect of biofilm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Aqawi
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence: Muna Aqawi
| | - Doron Steinberg
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Osnat Feuerstein
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Friedman
- The Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Gingichashvili
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Poorni S, Nivedhitha MS, Srinivasan MR, Balasubramaniam A. Estimating Genotypic Diversity of Streptococcus mutans Isolated From Caries-Active and Caries-Free Individuals Among Indian Population. Cureus 2022; 14:e22436. [PMID: 35371795 PMCID: PMC8941968 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the genetic characterization of S mutans strains isolated from the caries-free and caries-active population using arbitrarily primed -polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Materials and methods Thirty-five subjects with a decayed missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score of 0 were allocated to the caries-free group and 35 subjects with a DMFT score greater than four were allocated to the caries-active group and salivary samples were collected. The samples were processed and the colony forming units (CFU) of S mutans were determined for all the samples. About three colonies resembling S mutans from each subject were subjected to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolation, a purification process was performed, and DNA was analyzed by AP-PCR. Results Among the 210 isolates from 35 caries-active and 35 caries-free subjects that were analyzed by AP-PCR, 41.9% had a single genotype, 25.8% had two genotypes, 19.4% had three genotypes, 9.7% had four genotypes and 3.2% had more than four genotypes among the caries-free group. Among the caries-active group, 54.3% had a single genotype, 25.7% had two genotypes, 14.3% had three genotypes and 5.7% had four genotypes. Conclusion The study concluded that different genotypic pattern was present in caries-free and caries-active subjects which indicate the occurrence of genetic polymorphism among the S mutans strains. There was no particular genotype of S mutans that was uniquely present in subjects in caries-active and caries-free individuals.
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Bedoya-Correa CM, Rincón-Rodríguez RJ, Parada-Sanchez MT. Acidogenic and aciduric properties of Streptococcus mutans serotype c according to its genomic variability. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12824. [PMID: 34865249 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has a wide genetic diversity that contributes to its phenotypic heterogeneity, and may be related to attributes associated with acidogenicity and aciduricity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acidogenic and aciduric properties of S. mutans serotype c isolates from saliva of schoolchildren according to the genomic variability. S. mutans isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Fifty S. mutans serotype c isolates were genotyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and tested for their ability to produce and resist acid. Three specific genotypes were identified in the caries-active group and only one in the caries-free group. Although isolates were similarly acidogenic, an exclusive caries-active genotype had the greatest glycolytic activity. In contrast, isolates exhibited variable aciduricity, and three caries-active genotypes were the least aciduric. We concluded that there is genetic variability within serotype c. Acid production was similar regardless of the caries status but correlated with the number of genotypes. In addition, resistance to acid could be an important characteristic for the establishment and colonisation of specific genotypes in children with caries. However, it is important to evaluate children's intrinsic characteristics and other phenotypic properties to explain the physiopathological behaviour of the different genotypes.
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5
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Damé-Teixeira N, Ev LD, Bitello-Firmino L, Soares VK, Dalalba RS, Rup AG, Maltz M, Parolo CCF. Characterization of Lactobacilli isolated from carious dentin after selective caries removal and cavity sealing. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104988. [PMID: 33242691 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize lactobacilli isolated from residual carious dentin after selective caries removal (SCR), by observing the changes detected in their prevalence, diversity, and cariogenic potential after starvation stress caused by cavity sealing (CS). DESIGN Lactobacilli were cultured from carious dentin lesions (n = 16 patients) treated in a clinical trial, three months before and after CS. Presumptive lactobacilli were selected, isolated, and analyzed by Gram staining. Housekeeping gene sequences were used to identify the species (groEL, rpoA, pheS, and 16S rRNA). RESULTS N = 86 Lactobacillus spp. (n = 41 before and n = 45 after sealing) were genotyped by AP-PCR and analyzed for their cariogenic potential (acid production and acid tolerance). The proportion of lactobacilli to the total anaerobic counts was high, and a significant decrease was observed after sealing (median before sealing = 78.9; 25th-75th = 60.25-97.35; median after sealing = 0.00; 25th-75th = 0.00-77.08; p = 0.001). L. paracasei was the most prevalent species of lactobacilli in carious dentin (p = 0.02). L. rhamnosus prevalence increased to a proportion similar to L. paracasei after CS (p = 0.001). A total of 28 and 14 different genotypes were found before and after CS, respectively. There was no difference between the L. paracasei and the L. rhamnosus isolated from carious dentin, neither regarding acid production nor acid tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Although there was a significant reduction in lactobacilli in the residual carious dentin after SCR, some strains were capable of surviving after three months of CS. However, the sealed available nutrients are low and not sufficient for caries progression. Also, we believe that a longer follow up period may eliminate all the residual lactobacilli. L. paracasei prevailed in carious dentin in a proportion similar to L. rhamnosus in the sealed dentin. Characterization of lactobacilli after SCR and sealing may help the understanding the importance of genotyping of lactobacilli in carious microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nailê Damé-Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Laís Daniela Ev
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Bitello-Firmino
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kern Soares
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares Dalalba
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ariel Goulart Rup
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marisa Maltz
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Bottner A, He RY, Sarbu A, Nainar SMH, Dufour D, Gong SG, Lévesque CM. Streptococcus mutans isolated from children with severe-early childhood caries form higher levels of persisters. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104601. [PMID: 31734540 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in children. Streptococcus mutans, the main cariogenic bacterial species, produces persisters, nongrowing dormant variants of regular cells associated with chronicity of diseases. We hypothesized that the recurrent nature of caries, particularly within populations with high-caries risk, is due partly to specific phenotypic features of S. mutans such as its ability to form persisters. We aimed to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the S. mutans from children with severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC) and those without caries. METHODS S. mutans from plaque samples of caries-free (CF) and S-ECC children were tested for their ability to adapt to a lethal pH in an acid tolerance response assay. The persister levels of S. mutans isolates was quantified in both groups. RESULTS S. mutanswas identified in all 23 S-ECC but only 6 of the 21 CF subjects. In most subjects, only one dominant S. mutans genotype was detected. No statistically significant differences in the mean survival percentage of S. mutans were observed between the two groups at a lethal pH of 3.5. However, the dominant genotype within a particular S-ECC subject exhibited a higher percentage of cell survival compared to those in the CF group. In S-ECC patients, S. mutans isolates displayed a ∼15-fold higher persistence phenotype than S. mutans isolates from CF patients. CONCLUSIONS The ability of S. mutans to produce high levels of persisters may contribute to part of an individual's ability to control caries disease activity and recurrent lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bottner
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Y He
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarbu
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - S M Hashim Nainar
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Delphine Dufour
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Siew-Ging Gong
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Céline M Lévesque
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
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7
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Moreira MJS, Klaus NM, Dall'Onder AP, Grando D, Parolo CCF, Faccini LS, Hashizume LN. Genotypic diversity and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans in Down syndrome children. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2019; 39:578-586. [PMID: 31515845 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the genotypic diversity and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and the potential association of these factors with dental caries experience in children with DS compared to non-DS children (controls). METHODS AND RESULTS Seventeen children (age 6-12 years) with high salivary S. mutans counts (> 2.5 × 105 CFU/mL) were selected and divided into two groups: DS and non-DS. Five children in each group were caries-free, while the remainder had elevated caries experience. S. mutans isolates were obtained from each participant. The genotypic profile of the isolates was analyzed with the AP-PCR methodology. The acidogenicity of a representative strain from each genotype of S. mutans was also evaluated. DS children had 16 different S. mutans genotypes, while the control group had 21. Twelve genotypes were present in both groups and one of them was associated with caries-free status (P < .05). Although the acidogenicity of the genotypes found in DS children was significantly lower (P < .05) compared to controls, this fact was not associated with caries experience in both groups. CONCLUSIONS DS children have a lower S. mutans genotypic diversity and genotypes with lower acidogenicity than those of non-DS children. However these findings were not associated with their caries experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Mincato Klaus
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dall'Onder
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Grando
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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8
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Bedoya-Correa CM, Rincón Rodríguez RJ, Parada-Sanchez MT. Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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COTA ALS, JUNKES JA, POLI-FREDERICO RC. Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans isolated from preschoolers with and without early dental care. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.08018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) exhibits extensive genotypic diversity, but the role of this variation is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the genotypic diversity of S. mutans in preschoolers with and without early dental care and to associate it with dental caries experience. Material and method Twenty children, aged five year old, with history of dental care since they were one year old (G1) and 20 children without history of dental care (G2) were included. Their oral health status was assessed by the dmft index. S. mutans samples were isolated from the saliva and analysed by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 339 S. mutans isolates (173 from G1 and 166 from G2) were genotyped by random amplified polymorphic DNA with arbitrary primers OPA-02 and OPA-13. Result The results revealed 75 distinct genotypes of S. mutans in G1 and 73 in G2. Furthermore, G1 and G2 subjects harboured one to eight and one to seven distinct genotypes of S. mutans, respectively. A statistically significant association (P=0.021) and a moderate correlation (r= 0.503) were observed between dental caries experience and genotypic diversity of S. mutans in G1. Conclusion From the limitations of the study design, we just can hypothesize that actions of early dental care carried out by an educative-preventive program can contribute to a distinct oral microbiota.
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10
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Valdez RMA, Duque C, Caiaffa KS, Dos Santos VR, Loesch MLDA, Colombo NH, Arthur RA, Negrini TDC, Boriollo MFG, Delbem ACB. Genotypic diversity and phenotypic traits of Streptococcus mutans isolates and their relation to severity of early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28709424 PMCID: PMC5512815 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is an aggressive condition that can affect teeth of young children. This study aimed to evaluate genotypic diversity and phenotypic traits of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms of children with different caries status in comparison with caries free (CF) children. METHODS Streptococcus mutans strains were isolated from supragingival biofilm samples of CF, ECC and severe-ECC (S-ECC) children and genotyped by arbitrary-primer polymerase chain reaction - AP-PCR. S. mutans genotypes were tested for their ability to reduce the suspension pH through glycolysis, to tolerate extreme acid challenge and by their ability to form biofilm. Response variables were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney tests at a 5% of significance. RESULTS There was an increase in the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in biofilms with the severity of dental caries. No differences in genotypic diversity and in acidogenicity of genotypes were found among CF, ECC and S-ECC children. S mutans strains with genotypes more characteristic for ECC and S-ECC children formed more biofilms than those identified in CF children. The strains isolated from S-ECC children were highly acid tolerant. CONCLUSION Although S. mutans genotypic diversity was similar among the groups of children, phenotypic traits of S. mutans, especially the acid tolerance response, could explain the severity of early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remberto Marcelo Argandoña Valdez
- Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Foundation Pro-Joven, La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia. .,Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Duque
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza de Aguiar Loesch
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Natalia Helena Colombo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais de Cássia Negrini
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo
- Department of Oral Diagnostic, Area of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Area of Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Biology, University of Alfenas (UNIFENAS), Medicine School, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, R. José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil
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11
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Zhou Y, Yu L, Tao Y, Zhi Q, Lin H. Genetic polymorphism of scrA gene of Streptococcus mutans isolates is not associated with biofilm formation in severe early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:114. [PMID: 28705197 PMCID: PMC5513023 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore and analyse the association between biofilm and the genetic polymorphisms of scrA gene of EnzymeIIscr found in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) from severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in 3 years old children. Methods Clinical strains of S. mutans were conserved from a previous study. Thirty strains of S. mutans from the S-ECC group and 30 strains of S. mutans from the caries free (CF) group were selected. Biomass and viability of biofilm formed by the strains were evaluated by crystal violet and alamar blue assay. Genomic DNA was extracted from the S. mutans isolates. PCR was conducted to amplify scrA gene. After purified and sequenced the PCR products, BioEdit sofeware was used to analyse the sequence results. A chi-square test was used to compare the results. Results Compared to the CF group, the biomass of S-ECC group was higher (P = 0.0424). However, the viability of the two groups showed no significant difference. All 60 clinically isolated S. mutans strains had a 1995 base pair (bp) scrA gene. Forty-nine point mutations were identified in scrA from the 60 clinical isolates. There were 17 missense point mutations at the 10, 65, 103, 284, 289, 925, 1444, 1487, 1494, 1508, 1553, 1576, 1786, 1822, 1863, 1886, and 1925 bp positions. The other 32 mutations were silent point mutations. No positions were found at active sites of ScrA. The statistic analyse showed no significant missense mutation rates between the two groups. Conclusions There was no association between biofilm and genetic polymorphisms of scrA from S. mutans with S-ECC in 3 years old children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-017-0407-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Qinghui Zhi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, 510055, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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12
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Streptococcus dentiloxodontae sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavity of elephants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:3878-3883. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Saito M, Hirasawa M, Takada K. Streptococcus
oriloxodontae sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavities of elephants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3755-3759. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.064048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strains were isolated from oral cavity samples of healthy elephants. The isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, coccus-shaped organisms that were tentatively identified as a streptococcal species based on the results of biochemical tests. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested classification of these organisms in the genus
Streptococcus
with
Streptococcus criceti
ATCC 19642T and
Streptococcus orisuis
NUM 1001T as their closest phylogenetic neighbours with 98.2 and 96.9 % gene sequence similarity, respectively. When multi-locus sequence analysis using four housekeeping genes, groEL, rpoB, gyrB and sodA, was carried out, similarity of concatenated sequences of the four housekeeping genes from the new isolates and
Streptococcus mutans
was 89.7 %. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments suggested that the new isolates were distinct from
S. criceti
and other species of the genus
Streptococcus
. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic differences, it is proposed that the novel isolates are classified in the genus
Streptococcus
as representatives of Streptococcus oriloxodontae sp. nov. The type strain of S. oriloxodontae is NUM 2101T ( = JCM 19285T = DSM 27377T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shinozaki-Kuwahara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Masatomo Hirasawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuko Takada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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14
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Gilbert K, Joseph R, Vo A, Patel T, Chaudhry S, Nguyen U, Trevor A, Robinson E, Campbell M, McLennan J, Houran F, Wong T, Flann K, Wages M, Palmer EA, Peterson J, Engle J, Maier T, Machida CA. Children with severe early childhood caries: streptococci genetic strains within carious and white spot lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:25805. [PMID: 25405004 PMCID: PMC4216391 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.25805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Mutans streptococci (MS) are one of the major microbiological determinants of dental caries. The objectives of this study are to identify distinct MS and non-MS streptococci strains that are located at carious sites and non-carious enamel surfaces in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), and assess if cariogenic MS and non-cariogenic streptococci might independently exist as primary bacterial strains on distinct sites within the dentition of individual children. Design Dental plaque from children (N=20; aged 3–6) with S-ECC was collected from carious lesions (CLs), white spot lesions (WSLs) and non-carious enamel surfaces. Streptococcal isolates (N=10–20) from each site were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify MS, and arbitrarily primed-PCR for assignment of genetic strains. Primary strains were identified as ≥50% of the total isolates surveyed at any site. In several cases, strains were characterized for acidurity using ATP-driven bioluminescence and subjected to PCR-determination of potential MS virulence products. Identification of non-MS was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Sixty-four independent MS or non-MS streptococcal strains were identified. All children contained 1–6 strains. In many patients (N=11), single primary MS strains were identified throughout the dentition. In other patients (N=4), primary MS strains were identified within CLs that were distinct from primary strains found on enamel. Streptococcus gordonii strains were identified as primary strains on enamel or WSLs in four children, and in general were less aciduric than MS strains. Conclusions Many children with S-ECC contained only a single primary MS strain that was present in both carious and non-carious sites. In some cases, MS and non-cariogenic S. gordonii strains were found to independently exist as dominant strains at different locations within the dentition of individual children, and the aciduric potential of these strains may influence susceptibility in the development of CLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Gilbert
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Raphael Joseph
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alex Vo
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Trusha Patel
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samiya Chaudhry
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Trevor
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Erica Robinson
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margaret Campbell
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John McLennan
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Farielle Houran
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tristan Wong
- Academic DMD Program, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kendra Flann
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Melissa Wages
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Engle
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tom Maier
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pathology and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Curtis A Machida
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Saito M, Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Hirasawa M, Takada K. Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius sp. nov. and Streptococcus saliviloxodontae sp. nov., isolated from oral cavities of elephants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3288-3292. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.063263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, coccoid-shaped organisms were isolated from elephant oral cavities. The isolates were tentatively identified as streptococcal species based on the results of biochemical tests. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies confirmed the organisms to be members of the genus
Streptococcus
. Two isolates (NUM 6304T and NUM 6312) were related most closely to
Streptococcus salivarius
with 96.8 % and 93.1 % similarity based on the 16S rRNA gene and the RNA polymerase β subunit encoding gene (rpoB), respectively, and to
Streptococcus vestibularis
with 83.7 % similarity based on the 60 kDa heat-shock protein gene (groEL). The other two isolates (NUM 6306T and NUM 6318) were related most closely to S. vestibularis with 97.0 % and 82.9 % similarity based on the 16S rRNA and groEL genes, respectively, and to S. salivarius with 93.5 % similarity based on the rpoB gene. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, these isolates are suggested to represent novel species of the genus
Streptococcus
, for which the names Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius sp. nov. (type strain NUM 6304T = JCM 19287T = DSM 27382T) and Streptococcus saliviloxodontae sp. nov. (type strain NUM 6306T = JCM 19288T = DSM 27513T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Saito
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Noriko Shinozaki-Kuwahara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Masatomo Hirasawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuko Takada
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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16
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Hashizume-Takizawa T, Shinozaki-Kuwahara N, Tomita N, Kurita-Ochiai T. Establishment of a Convenient Sandwich-ELISA for Direct Quantification of Glucosyltransferase-I: Application for Dual Diagnosis of Dental Caries. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:89-93. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naoya Tomita
- Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
- Department of Oral Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
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17
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Velazquez-Enriquez U, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Contreras-Bulnes R, Flores-Estrada J, Uematsu S, Yamaguchi R. Quantitative analysis of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cultivated independently and adhered to polished orthodontic composite resins. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 20:544-9. [PMID: 23138741 PMCID: PMC3881799 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In orthodontics, fixed appliances placed in the oral cavity are colonized by microorganisms. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantitatively determine the independent bacterial colonization of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in orthodontic composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven orthodontic composite adhesives for bonding brackets were selected and classified into 14 groups; (GIm, GIs) Enlight, (GIIm, GIIs) Grengloo, (GIIIm, GIIIs) Kurasper F, (GIVm, GIVs) BeautyOrtho Bond, (GVm, GVs) Transbond CC, (GVIm, GVIs) Turbo Bond II, (GVIIm, GVIIs) Blugloo. 60 blocks of 4x4x1 mm of each orthodontic composite resin were made (total 420 blocks), and gently polished with sand-paper and ultrasonically cleaned. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were independently cultivated. For the quantitative analysis, a radioactive marker was used to codify the bacteria (³H) adhered to the surface of the materials. The blocks were submerged in a solution with microorganisms previously radiolabeled and separated (210 blocks for S. mutans and 210 blocks for S. sobrinus) for 2 hours at 37 ºC. Next, the blocks were placed in a combustion system, to capture the residues and measure the radiation. The statistical analysis was calculated with the ANOVA test (Sheffè post-hoc). RESULTS Significant differences of bacterial adhesion were found amongst the groups. In the GIm and GIs the significant lowest scores for both microorganisms were shown; in contrast, the values of GVII for both bacteria were significantly the highest. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the orthodontic composite resin evaluated in the GIm and GIs, obtained the lowest adherence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, which may reduce the enamel demineralization and the risk of white spot lesion formation.
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18
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Palmer EA, Vo A, Hiles SB, Peirano P, Chaudhry S, Trevor A, Kasimi I, Pollard J, Kyles C, Leo M, Wilmot B, Engle J, Peterson J, Maier T, Machida CA. Mutans streptococci genetic strains in children with severe early childhood caries: follow-up study at one-year post-dental rehabilitation therapy. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:19530. [PMID: 23248741 PMCID: PMC3523314 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotypic strains of cariogenic mutans streptococci (MS) may vary in important virulence properties. In previous published studies, we identified 39 MS strains from pediatric patients undergoing full-mouth dental rehabilitation, including the removal and/or repair of carious lesions and application of antimicrobial rinse and fluoride varnish. Objectives The objectives of this current 1-year follow-up study are to assess the variability of MS strains that occur at 1-year post-rehabilitation and characterize the xylitol-resistance properties of MS strains that predominate. Methods Plaque from five children with severe early childhood caries was collected 1-year post-rehabilitation. MS isolates were subjected to arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) for identification of genetic strains and in vitro xylitol-inhibition experiments. To more precisely define strain distributions within each patient, we isolated large numbers of isolates per patient. Results MS strains diminished from several strains pre-rehabilitation, to one dominant strain at 1-year post-rehabilitation, with several new emergent strains. The majority of the clinical MS strains, as well as the Streptococcus mutans laboratory strains ATCC 25175 and 35668, were predicted to undergo 50% inhibition with 2.48–5.58% xylitol, with some clinical MS strains being significantly more resistant in vitro. Conclusions Our follow-up study using patients from the original cohort demonstrates that specific MS strains are dominant at 1-year post-dental rehabilitation. Most of the clinical MS strains are similar in xylitol resistance to the attenuated S. mutans ATCC control strains, with some strains being more resistant to xylitol in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Palmer
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) School of Dentistry, Portland, OR
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Leguizamón J, Hernández J, Murcia MI, Soto CY. Identification of potential biomarkers to distinguish Mycobacterium colombiense from other mycobacterial species. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:46-52. [PMID: 22967705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) consists of 9 species of slow-growing mycobacteria with differing degrees of pathogenicity, host preference and environmental distribution. Mycobacterium colombiense is a novel member of MAC that is responsible for disseminated infections in HIV-infected patients in Colombia and lymphadenopathy cases in Europe. At present, methods to easily differentiate novel members of MAC are lacking. In this study, we identified possible biomarkers that are potentially useful for the detection of M. colombiense by PCR or chromatography. The Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to amplify genomic fragments of M. colombiense CECT 3035 that were subsequently used in the development of a direct colony-specific PCR assay using specific primers. The designed primers amplified a 634-bp fragment of DNA from M. colombiense, which included a 450-bp genomic region that encodes a hypothetical protein of 149 amino acids that is exclusive to M. colombiense. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that this hypothetical protein had no signal peptide, active sites or functional domains to aid its identification or classification. In addition, using thin-layer chromatography, we identified a different profile of mycolates for M. colombiense strains. The test developed in this study has potential applications in the routine identification of M. colombiense and in molecular assays designed for the surveillance of MAC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Leguizamón
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30# 45-03, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogotá, Colombia
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20
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Palmer EA, Nielsen T, Peirano P, Nguyen AT, Vo A, Nguyen A, Jackson S, Finlayson T, Sauerwein R, Marsh K, Edwards I, Wilmot B, Engle J, Peterson J, Maier T, Machida CA. Children with severe early childhood caries: pilot study examining mutans streptococci genotypic strains after full-mouth caries restorative therapy. Pediatr Dent 2012; 34:e1-e10. [PMID: 22583870 PMCID: PMC3828076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotypic strains of mutans streptococci (MS) may vary in important virulence properties and be differentially affected by specific components of full-mouth caries restorative therapy. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify mutans streptococci strains that predominate following caries restorative therapy. METHODS Plaque from 7 children with severe early childhood caries was collected before and following therapy. MS isolates (N=828) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and arbitrarily primed-PCR (AP-PCR) for assignment within MS strains. Determining the longitudinal changes in MS strain distribution over time within each patient required the isolation of larger numbers of isolates per patient, but from fewer patients. RESULTS Up to 39 genotypic strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and 7 genotypic strains of non-MS streptococci were identified by AP-PCR and 16S ribosomal rRNA gene sequencing. The number of MS strains isolated from each patient were 3 to 7 prior to treatment, diminishing to 1 to 2 dominant MS strains in most patients 6 months following therapy. CONCLUSIONS Caries restorative therapy resulted in shifts of specific mutans streptococcus and non-mutans streptococcus strains. The implications are that caries restorative therapy affects the distribution of MS strains, and that well-accepted practices for caries prevention should be more closely examined for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Palmer
- Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, Ore, USA
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Arthur RA, Cury AADB, Graner ROM, Rosalen PL, Vale GC, Paes Leme AF, Cury JA, Tabchoury CPM. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms formed in vivo under high cariogenic conditions. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:267-74. [PMID: 21861023 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity harbors several Streptococcus mutans genotypes, which could present distinct virulence properties. However, little is known about the diversity and virulence traits of S. mutans genotypes isolated in vivo under controlled conditions of high cariogenic challenge. This study evaluated the genotypic diversity of S. mutans isolated from dental biofilms formed in vivo under sucrose exposure, as well as their acidogenicity and aciduricity. To form biofilms, subjects rinsed their mouths with distilled water or sucrose solution 8 times/day for 3 days. S. mutans collected from saliva and biofilms were genotyped by arbitrarily-primed PCR. Genotypes identified in the biofilms were evaluated regarding their ability to lower the suspension pH through glycolysis and their acid susceptibility and F-ATPase activity. Most subjects harbored only one genotype in saliva, which was detected in almost all biofilm samples at high proportions. Genotypes isolated only in the presence of sucrose had higher acidogenicity than those isolated only in the presence of water. Genotypes from biofilms formed with sucrose were more aciduric after 30 and 60 min of incubation at pH 2.8 and 5.0, respectively. The present results suggest that biofilms formed under high cariogenic conditions may harbor more aciduric and acidogenic S. mutans genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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