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Marinkovic M, Tran ON, Wang H, Abdul-Azees P, Dean DD, Chen XD, Yeh CK. Extracellular matrix turnover in salivary gland disorders and regenerative therapies: Obstacles and opportunities. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:693-703. [PMID: 37719063 PMCID: PMC10502366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) extracellular matrix (ECM) has a major influence on tissue development, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration after injury. During aging, disease, and physical insult, normal remodeling of the SG microenvironment (i.e. ECM) becomes dysregulated, leading to alterations in matrix composition which disrupt tissue architecture/structure, alter cell activity, and negatively impact gland function. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large and diverse family of metalloendopeptidases which play a major role in matrix degradation and are intimately involved in regulating development and cell function; dysregulation of these enzymes leads to the production of a fibrotic matrix. In the SG this altered fibrotic ECM (or cell microenvironment) negatively impacts normal cell function and the effectiveness of gene and stem cell therapies which serve as a foundation for many SG regenerative therapies. For this reason, prospective regenerative strategies should prioritize the maintenance and/or restoration of a healthy SG ECM. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential for mitigating damage to the SG microenvironment by ameliorating inflammation, reducing fibrosis, and repairing the damaged milieu of extracellular regulatory cues, including the matrix. This review addresses our current understanding of the impact of aging and disease on the SG microenvironment and suggests critical deficiencies and opportunities in ECM-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Marinkovic
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229-4404, USA
| | - Olivia N. Tran
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Parveez Abdul-Azees
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229-4404, USA
| | - David D. Dean
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229-4404, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229-4404, USA
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Abd Elazeem EA, Ismail MME, Zaghloul HS, Selim AO, Gaballah MH, Oraby EEA, Gaballah IF. Estimation of postmortem interval in myocardial stab wounds and firearm injuries: An immunohistochemical comparative study using C5b-9 and cardiac Troponin C. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 324:110846. [PMID: 34062353 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is a critical component of forensic death investigations. C5b-9 and cardiac Troponin C (cTnC) have the potential as markers for myocardial damage and can be suitable markers for determination of PMI. The aim of current study was to estimate different postmortem intervals using C5b-9 and cTnC detected by immunohistochemical technique in stab wounds and firearm injuries of the heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cardiac tissue samples from 70 forensic autopsy cadavers were obtained from XXXXXXX morgue, processed, for histopathological examination as well as immunohistochemical detection of C5b-9 and cTnC expression. The surface area of the positive C5b-9 and troponin C immune reactive cardiac tissue was measured morphometrically then the data were used to construct multiple regression equations for the estimation of PMI. RESULTS Histopathological autolytic changes occurred in all groups and increased in intensity with the increase in the PMI in stab wound and firearm injury groups. These findings were supported by immunohistochemical morphometric analysis. Constructed equations to estimate PMI were highly accurate especially those combining both markers. CONCLUSION C5b-9 and cTnC can be considered reliable indicators of myocardial damage and can be used either separately or in combination for accurate estimation of PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Awad Abd Elazeem
- General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, United Arab Emirates; Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Egypt
| | - Manal Mohy Eldin Ismail
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hala Said Zaghloul
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Assmaa O Selim
- Medical Histology & Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Iman Fawzy Gaballah
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Tumer MK, Cicek M. Differential immunohistochemical expression of type I collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 2 among major salivary glands of young and geriatric mice. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26:e20170484. [PMID: 29898178 PMCID: PMC6007966 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to demonstrate the immunohistochemical changes associated with MMP-2 and type 1 collagen separately for the first time in the major salivary glands (the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands) that occur with aging in mice. Material and Methods Fourteen Balb/c white mice (50-80 g) were used in this study. The animals were divided into two equal groups. Group I consisted of young animals (2-month-old) (n=7) and Group II consisted of older animals (18-month-old) (n=7). After routine histological follow-ups, Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Masson’s Trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining was performed for type I collagen and MMP-2. Results We observed that there were age-related decreases in the number of acinar cells, increase in eosinophilic zymogen granules in cells, collagen accumulation in fibrotic areas and dilatation in interlobular ducts. Also, while type I collagen and MMP-2 immunoreactivity were moderate in the salivary glands of the young mice, they were high in the salivary glands of the old mice (p=0.001). In the H-score assessment, MMP-2 immunoreactivity was lower at a significant level in young mice than in old mice (p=0.001). Conclusions This study showed that anatomical, physiological and morphological abnormalities occur in all three major salivary glands as a natural consequence of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kemal Tumer
- Gaziomanspasa University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokat, Turkey.,Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cicek
- Kahramanmaras Sütcü Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Mahalakshmi V, Gururaj N, Sathya R, Sabarinath TR, Sivapathasundharam B, Kalaiselvan S. Assessment of histological changes in antemortem gingival tissues fixed at various time intervals: A method of estimation of postmortem interval. J Forensic Dent Sci 2016; 8:114. [PMID: 27555737 PMCID: PMC4970413 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.186373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Conventional methods to estimate the time of death are adequate, but a histological method is yet unavailable to assess postmortem interval (PMI). The autolytic changes that occur in an unfixed antemortem gingival tissue which reflects histologically at an early stage are similar to changes that occur in postmortem tissue. These histological changes can be used and applied in a postmortem tissue as a method to assess PMI. Aims: The aim of the study is to assess the histological changes in a gingival tissue left unfixed for various time intervals and to correlate the findings with duration. Materials and Methods: Sixty gingival tissues obtained from patients following therapeutic extractions, impactions, gingivectomy and crown lengthening procedures were used. Each tissue obtained was divided into two pieces and labeled as “A”, the control group and “ B” the study group. Tissues labeled “A” were fixed in 10% formalin immediately and tissues labeled“B” were placed in closed containers and fixed after 15, 30, 45 min, 1, 2, and 4 h time interval. Of the sixty tissues in the study group “ B”, ten tissues were used for each time interval under investigation. All the fixed tissues were processed, stained, assessed, and analyzed statistically using Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Results: Histological changes appear at 15 min in an unfixed antemortem tissue. At 2 h interval, all layers with few cells in basal cell layer are involved. At 4 h interval, loss of stratification and complete homogenization of cells in the superficial layers with prominent changes in basal layer is evident. There was a positive correlation (<1.0) between the time interval and the appearance of the histological changes. Conclusion: Histological changes such as complete homogenization of cells in superficial layers and loss of epithelial architecture at 4 h in unfixed antemortem tissue may be used as a criterion to estimate PMI, after further studies on postmortem tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mahalakshmi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, India
| | - N Gururaj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, India
| | - R Sathya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, India
| | - T R Sabarinath
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, India
| | - B Sivapathasundharam
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kalaiselvan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, India
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Azevedo-Alanis LR, Tolentino EDS, de Assis GF, Cestari TM, Lara VS, Damante JH. Acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation in human sublingual glands: a microscopic postmortem study. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 23:459-66. [PMID: 26537715 PMCID: PMC4621937 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some morphological investigations on aged human sublingual glands (HSG) found eventual phenomena identified as autolysis and mucous extravasation, the exact meaning of these findings has not been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerson Francisco de Assis
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mary Cestari
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Tolentino EDS, Teixeira CS, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Honório HM, Damante JH. Phenotype and cell proliferation activity of duct-like structures in human sublingual glands: a histological and immunohistochemical study. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221919 PMCID: PMC4510659 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several age-related microscopic changes in the salivary glands, including the increase in the number of duct-like structures (DLS). However, the true origin and the phenotype of the DLS are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heitor Marques Honório
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Sá JCRD, Tolentino EDS, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Iwaki Filho L, Lara VS, Damante JH. Morphology and morphometry of the human sublingual glands in mouth floor enlargements of edentulous patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:540-6. [PMID: 24473720 PMCID: PMC3891278 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic mouth floor enlargements may be observed in edentulous patients. These
masses, which protrude from the mouth floor, may complicate the fitting of dentures
and require surgery. Whether this "entity" may be considered an anatomical variation
of the mouth floor or represent specific alterations in the sublingual gland is not
known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liogi Iwaki Filho
- Maringá State University, Department of Dentistry, MaringáPR, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, BauruSP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, BauruSP, Brazil
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Kurtulus A, Acar K, Sorkun H, Kelten C, Boz B. The relationship between adrenal gland morphometric changes and postmortem interval in rats: a stereological study. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2012; 14:214-8. [PMID: 22503244 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of determining time of death is crucial to forensic cases. The ability to use adrenal gland volume changes and adrenal medulla chromaffin cell counts to obtain the postmortem interval was examined in this study. A total of 15 rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and divided into three groups. The left adrenal glands were quickly excised in the first group at 0 h, in the second group at 12 h and in the third group at 24 h. Subsequently, the samples were fixed in 10% formalin solution and embedded in paraffin according to standard procedures. Ten to fifteen sections were obtained from each left adrenal gland by taking 30 μm thick sections; then, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The adrenal cortex and medullar volumes were calculated by Cavalieri's principle, which is a stereological method. The adrenal medullary chromaffin cell count was evaluated by the optical fractionator method. The total volume of the adrenal gland was determined as 4.82±1 mm(3) at 0 h, 6.32±0.28 mm(3) at 12 h and 8.35±1.73 mm(3) at 24 h. Increases in the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla and the total volume of the adrenal gland at 12 and 24 h postmortem compared with at 0 h were statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference between the groups in terms of the total number chromaffin cells was statistically significant (p<0.05). In this preliminary study, we evaluated the total volume of the adrenal gland and the number of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. We concluded that these parameters could be used reliably in determining the postmortem interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kurtulus
- Pamukkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Denizli, Turkey
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