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Harvey TV, Carvalho JPDS, Aquino MCCD, Oliveira BCM, Barros LDD, Fehlberg HF, Rocha CMBMD, Albuquerque GR. Giardiasis in children and dogs, and the first report of assemblage E in dogs from northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012222. [PMID: 36820730 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis is crucial for controlling giardiasis. We determined the prevalence and genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis of children and dogs from rural communities in northeastern Brazil. G. duodenalis cysts were concentrated by centrifugal flotation/sedimentation. Molecular characterization was carried out using the loci ssu-rRNA, bg, tpi, and gdh. By parasitological techniques, Giardia spp. infection was detected in 72/192 children (37.5%; 95% CI: 30.6%-44.7%) and 24/139 dogs (17.3%; 95% CI: 11.4%-24.6%). By molecular analysis, infection was detected in 60/141 children (42.5%; 95% CI: 34.3%-51.2%) and 26/92 dogs (28.3%; 95% CI: 19.4%-38.6%). The total prevalence of giardiasis was 54.9% in children (106/193; 95% CI: 47.1%-61.6%) and 32.9% in dogs (47/143; 95% CI: 25.2%-41.2%). Zoonotic assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis were detected in children, and assemblage E of G. duodenalis was detected in one child and two dogs. Parallel use of parasitological and molecular techniques proved to be a more effective strategy for detecting giardiasis in children and dogs from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Vitor Harvey
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - Jamille Pinto Dos Santos Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
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Prevalence of intestinal parasites with molecular detection and identification of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples of mammals, birds and zookeepers at Beni-Suef Zoo, Egypt. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:695-705. [PMID: 34475651 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites from various species of mammals and birds housed in a zoological garden in Beni-Suef province, Egypt. A total of 77 fecal samples were collected from various primates (16), carnivores (7) and herbivores (54). Meanwhile, 123 fecal samples were collected from two Ostrichs (Struthio camelus), five Numida meleagris (Numida meleagris), twoIndian Peafowls (Pavo cristatus), two Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) 101 Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and 11 Swan Goose (Anser sygnoides). In addition, seven stool samples from zookeepers who had been in close contact with animals and birds were examined. Salt flotation and formol ether sedimentation techniques were applied for parasitological examination. Positive samples of Giardia cysts were preserved in alcohol and kept at 4 °C until DNA extraction. Parasitological findings revealed that 48.05% of zoo animals were infected with intestinal parasites; 11.69% were positive with helminths and 27.27% with protozoa, however 9.09% had mixed infection. It was found that 75%, 57.14% and 38.89% of primates, carnivores and herbivores respectively were infected with intestinal parasites. In Primates the most prevalent parasites were Giardia spp. (43.75%) then Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (12.5%), Entamoeba coli (12.5%) and Trichuris spp. (6.25%). For carnivores, Ancylostomatidae had the highest prevalence (42.86%) followed by Spirometra spp. (14.29%). Meanwhile, Eimeria spp. (20.37%) was the most prevalent parasite in herbivores, followed by Blantidium coli (7.41%) and Tricuris spp. (7.41%), then Toxocara spp. (3.70%). Furthermore, the prevalence of infection in zoo birds was 21.95%. The identified parasites were Eimeria spp., Giardia spp., Capillaria spp., Ascaridia spp., Isospora spp. and Sublura brumpti. Stool examination of zookeepers revealed the presence of G. doudenalis and E. histolytica/ dispar cysts. The gdh gene of G. duodenalis was successfully amplified from fecal samples of zoo mammalsand zookeepers. In conclusion, the application of preventive and control measures against the propagation of infectious intestinal parasites is essential to prevent the spread of these parasites among zoo animals or to humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-020-01341-2.
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Narayanan J, Murphy JL, Hill VR. Detection and identification of Giardia species using real-time PCR and sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 189:106279. [PMID: 34271057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a specific region of Giardia spp. 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) that serves as an ideal target for quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection and sequencing to identify Giardia species, including the clinically-relevant G. duodenalis, in clinical and environmental samples. The presence of multiple copies of the 18S rDNA gene and variations in the selected 18S genomic region enabled the development of a rapid, sensitive qPCR screening method for the detection of Giardia spp. The analytical sensitivity of the Giardia qPCR assay was determined to be a cyst equivalent of 0.4 G. duodenalis cysts per PCR reaction. Amplicon sequencing of the PCR product confirmed Giardia spp. detection and among the 35 sequences obtained, 31, 3 and 1 isolates were classified as belonging to G. duodenalis, G. microti and G. muris, respectively. The TaqMan assay reported here may be useful for the detection of low levels of Giardia in clinical and environmental samples, and further enables the effective use of direct sequencing of the PCR product for Giardia confirmation and to identify major species of Giardia, including G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothikumar Narayanan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vincent R Hill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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de Melo GB, Bosqui LR, da Costa IN, de Paula FM, Gryschek RCB. Current status of research regarding Blastocystis sp., an enigmatic protist, in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2489. [PMID: 34231705 PMCID: PMC8240786 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazilian studies over a period of years (2000-2020), as well as point out relevant aspects of this enigmatic organism. We performed a literature search using six sources of international databases. The data were divided into diagnostic by parasitological and molecular techniques, and relevant aspects. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 studies were included in the final analysis. The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazil ranged from 0.5% to 86.6%, as determined using parasitological techniques. The highest occurrence was in the North (27.3%) and the lowest, in the Midwest region (13.4%). In Brazil, most studies have employed molecular techniques and are concentrated in the Southeast region. The Blastocystis sp. subtype ST3 had the highest average positivity, followed by ST1 and ST2. These findings represent a panorama that reflects the reality of Brazil; thus, we believe that the effectiveness of parasitological diagnosis should be considered with regard to making an appropriate choice of technique for detecting Blastocystis sp. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of further studies in the context of molecular epidemiology with regard to this genus. Blastocystis sp. is not well understood yet, and very little information regarding this genus is available; hence, further research regarding this genus is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica Baptista de Melo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Bosqui
- Laboratorio de Imunoparasitologia das Doencas Negligenciadas e Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, BR
| | - Idessania Nazareth da Costa
- Laboratorio de Imunoparasitologia das Doencas Negligenciadas e Cancer, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, BR
| | - Fabiana Martins de Paula
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM06-Laboratorio de Imunopatologia da Esquistossome), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Secao de Helmintologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Miliotou AN, Angelou A, Arsenopoulos KV, Loukeri S, Papadopoulos E. Rapid on-site diagnosis of canine giardiosis: time versus performance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 33138850 PMCID: PMC7607699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by protozoans of the genus Giardia are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Canine giardiosis constitutes a disease with a zoonotic potential; however, it is often underestimated due to its challenging diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic strip test (SpeedTM Giardia, Virbac, France) comparing it with microscopy (zinc sulfate flotation) by utilizing the combination of an enzyme immunoassay (ProSpecTTM Giardia EZ Microplate Assay, Oxoid Ltd., UK) and the PCR as the gold standard. A positive result in both ELISA and PCR was set as the gold standard. METHODS Initially, fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs compatible with giardiosis were tested with the SpeedTM Giardia test and separated into two groups of 50 samples each: group A (positive) and group B (negative). Thereafter, all samples were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and assayed by the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. The performance of the SpeedTM Giardia and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation tests were calculated estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio; the chi-square and McNemar tests were used for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS Giardia cysts were not detected by microscopy in 16 out of the 50 samples (32%) of group A and in none of group B samples. Eight out of 50 samples in group B (16%) were tested positive both with the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. Fecal examination with the SpeedTM Giardia test was more sensitive (86.2%) than the parasitological method (58.6%, P < 0.001) while the specificity of both methods was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The SpeedTM Giardia test is an easy-to-perform diagnostic method for the detection of Giardia spp., which can increase laboratory efficiency by reducing time and cost and decrease underdiagnosis of Giardia spp. infections. This immunochromatographic strip test may be routinely exploited when a rapid and reliable diagnosis is required, other diagnostic techniques are unavailable and microscopy expertise is inefficient. In negative dogs with compatible clinical signs of giardiosis, it is recommended either to repeat the exam or proceed with further ELISA and PCR testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855 Athens, GR Greece
| | - Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Sofia Loukeri
- Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
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Abu-Madi M, Boughattas S, Behnke JM, Sharma A, Ismail A. Coproscopy and molecular screening for detection of intestinal protozoa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:414. [PMID: 28877704 PMCID: PMC5588727 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitosis is one of several health concerns about immigrants who travel from endemic to non-endemic regions. Reliable rapid sensitive diagnostic tools, for use in non-endemic regions, are urgently required to enable frequent assessment of immigrant workers in jobs where risk of local transmission is a particular concern (e.g. food-handlers). We assessed the burden of intestinal protozoa in newly arrived immigrants and those applying for renewal of work permits in Qatar (n = 735), by both microscopic examination of stool samples and by Real Time PCR methodology. Results Prevalence was considerably higher using RT-PCR compared with coproscopy (Blastocystis hominis: 65.2 vs 7.6%; Giardia duodenalis: 14.3 vs 2.9%; Entamoeba histolytica: 1.6 vs 1.2%). Dientamoeba fragilis was sought only by RT-PCR (prevalence of 25.4%). Prevalence of G. duodenalis was significantly higher in male subjects, associated with blue collar workers and declined over time. Prevalence of B. hominis varied significantly with region of origin of subjects with highest values recorded among African immigrants. Prevalence of D. fragilis also varied with region of origin of subjects, and was lower in young female subjects and in renewal applicants compared with first-time applicants for work permits. Conclusions We strongly recommend that, henceforth, intestinal protozoa should be screened by RT-PCR, with a particular focus on frequent assessment of immigrant food-handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Medical Commission, Ministry of Public Health, P.O. Box 42, Doha, Qatar
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Uehlinger FD, Naqvi SA, Greenwood SJ, McClure JT, Conboy G, O’Handley R, Barkema HW. Comparison of five diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples from young dogs. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jerez Puebla LE, Núñez FA, Santos LP, Rivero LR, Silva IM, Valdés LA, Millán IA, Müller N. Molecular analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic children from La Habana, Cuba. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2017; 2:105-113. [PMID: 29774288 PMCID: PMC5952668 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is considered the most common intestinal parasitic disease in humans worldwide. In Cuba, this infection has particularly a strong clinical impact on the child population. Giardia duodenalis is a highly diverse protozoan, which comprises a complex of eight morphologically identical genetic assemblages, further divided into sub-assemblages. The present study used triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes as genetic markers for the identification of G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages in correlation with clinical and epidemiological data in children attended at the Paediatric Hospital “William Soler” and at Pedro Kouri Institute, between 2015 and 2016. A prevalence of 8% of G. duodenalis infection was recorded in stool samples after concentration techniques from 68 children out of 847 analysed. A 100% detection of Giardia DNA was achieved by a SSU-rRNA PCR, whereas DNA from 63 of 68 (92.6%) was successfully amplified by tpi-PCR. By this assemblage-specific tpi-PCR 32 (50.8%) assemblage B, 17 (27.0%) assemblage A and 14 (22.2%) mixed infection (A + B) were identified. Assemblage B was significantly (P < 0.02) more frequently found in children with diarrhoea. Sequence analysis of the tpi gene of Giardia isolates from symptomatic children showed that assemblage A belonged to the sub-assemblage AII, and 4 sub assemblages BIV and 1 sub assemblage BIII were also recorded. Only 2 discordant genotyping results were observed by phylogenetic comparison of SSU-rRNA and tpi sequences. Further studies with novel molecular tools for a better discrimination at the sub-assemblage level are needed to identify the dynamics of spread of giardiasis and to verify possible correlations between Giardia genetic diversity and clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla
- Parasitology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Fidel A Núñez
- Parasitology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lissette Pérez Santos
- Virology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lázara Rojas Rivero
- Parasitology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Isabel Martínez Silva
- Paediatric Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla, Altahabana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Lucía Ayllón Valdés
- Paediatric Hospital "William Soler", Avenida 100 y Perla, Altahabana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Iraís Atencio Millán
- Parasitology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kourí", Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species and Giardia duodenalis from Symptomatic Cambodian Children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004822. [PMID: 27387755 PMCID: PMC4936737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a prospective study, 498 single faecal samples from children aged under 16 years attending an outpatient clinic in the Angkor Hospital for Children, northwest Cambodia, were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts using microscopy and molecular assays. Methodology/Principal Findings Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2.2% (11/498) of samples using microscopy and in 7.7% (38/498) with molecular tests. Giardia duodenalis cysts were detected in 18.9% (94/498) by microscopy and 27.7% (138/498) by molecular tests; 82% of the positive samples (by either method) were from children aged 1–10 years. Cryptosporidium hominis was the most common species of Cryptosporidium, detected in 13 (34.2%) samples, followed by Cryptosporidium meleagridis in 9 (23.7%), Cryptosporidium parvum in 8 (21.1%), Cryptosporidium canis in 5 (13.2%), and Cryptosporidium suis and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in one sample each. Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum positive samples were subtyped by sequencing the GP60 gene: C. hominis IaA16R6 and C. parvum IIeA7G1 were the most abundant subtypes. Giardia duodenalis was typed using a multiplex real-time PCR targeting assemblages A and B. Assemblage B (106; 76.8% of all Giardia positive samples) was most common followed by A (12.3%) and mixed infections (5.1%). Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium were malnutrition (AOR 9.63, 95% CI 1.67–55.46), chronic medical diagnoses (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 1.79–11.34) and the presence of birds in the household (AOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.16–7.73); specifically C. hominis (p = 0.03) and C. meleagridis (p<0.001) were associated with the presence of birds. The use of soap was protective against Giardia infection (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95). Conclusions/Significance This is the first report to describe the different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Cambodian children. The variety of Cryptosporidium species detected indicates both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission in this population. Interventions to improve sanitation, increase hand washing after defecation and before preparing food and promote drinking boiled water may reduce the burden of these two parasites. The parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia frequently cause diarrhea in children worldwide. They can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans, either through direct contact, from sewage, or by contamination of food and water. The importance of these infections in Cambodian children is unknown. Animals are an essential part of life in Southeast Asia with livestock as well as domestic animals living in close proximity to humans. We previously conducted a prospective study to determine the intestinal parasites causing disease in symptomatic children attending hospital in Siem Reap, Northwestern Cambodia. This study examines these two parasites in more detail using molecular methods which provide better detection and are more discriminating. We were able to determine the different”strains” of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and, along with risk factor data, concluded that most of the infections were spread between people or within households suggesting that public health programmes should concentrate on improved sanitation, community handwashing initiatives and better food and water hygiene practices.
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El Basha NR, Zaki MM, Hassanin OM, Rehan MK, Omran D. GiardiaAssemblagesAandBin Diarrheic Patients: A Comparative Study in Egyptian Children and Adults. J Parasitol 2016; 102:69-74. [DOI: 10.1645/14-676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Llewellyn S, Inpankaew T, Nery SV, Gray DJ, Verweij JJ, Clements ACA, Gomes SJ, Traub R, McCarthy JS. Application of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR to Assess Prevalence and Intensity Of Intestinal Parasite Infections in a Controlled Clinical Trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004380. [PMID: 26820626 PMCID: PMC4731196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate quantitative assessment of infection with soil transmitted helminths and protozoa is key to the interpretation of epidemiologic studies of these parasites, as well as for monitoring large scale treatment efficacy and effectiveness studies. As morbidity and transmission of helminth infections are directly related to both the prevalence and intensity of infection, there is particular need for improved techniques for assessment of infection intensity for both purposes. The current study aimed to evaluate two multiplex PCR assays to determine prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasite infections, and compare them to standard microscopy. Methodology/Principal Findings Faecal samples were collected from a total of 680 people, originating from rural communities in Timor-Leste (467 samples) and Cambodia (213 samples). DNA was extracted from stool samples and subject to two multiplex real-time PCR reactions the first targeting: Necator americanus, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris trichiura; and the second Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia. duodenalis, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Samples were also subject to sodium nitrate flotation for identification and quantification of STH eggs, and zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation for detection of protozoan parasites. Higher parasite prevalence was detected by multiplex PCR (hookworms 2.9 times higher, Ascaris 1.2, Giardia 1.6, along with superior polyparasitism detection with this effect magnified as the number of parasites present increased (one: 40.2% vs. 38.1%, two: 30.9% vs. 12.9%, three: 7.6% vs. 0.4%, four: 0.4% vs. 0%). Although, all STH positive samples were low intensity infections by microscopy as defined by WHO guidelines the DNA-load detected by multiplex PCR suggested higher intensity infections. Conclusions/Significance Multiplex PCR, in addition to superior sensitivity, enabled more accurate determination of infection intensity for Ascaris, hookworms and Giardia compared to microscopy, especially in samples exhibiting polyparasitism. The superior performance of multiplex PCR to detect polyparasitism and more accurately determine infection intensity suggests that it is a more appropriate technique for use in epidemiologic studies and for monitoring large-scale intervention trials. Gastrointestinal parasites including soil-transmitted helminths cause considerable morbidity worldwide, especially in resource-poor communities. Large-scale epidemiologic and treatment efficacy studies are regularly undertaken to determine the optimum ways to reduce or eliminate parasites from endemic communities, thereby reducing the burden of disease. Accurate and sensitive tests for detection of soil transmitted helminths and protozoa are of great importance to the success of such trials. Increasingly recognised is the importance of accurately determine the infection intensity, as morbidity and transmission pressure of helminth infections are directly related this and not just to prevalence. A vast majority of studies use standard microscopy methods which, although well accepted, may not be as accurate as more recently developed molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR. Therefore, there is need for further evaluation of multiplex PCR techniques and their ability to detect infections and provide infection intensity data. In the current study real-time PCR showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of intestinal helminths and protozoa especially in cases of mixed infections as well as more accurate determination of infection intensity compared to microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Llewellyn
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Archie C. A. Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Santina J. Gomes
- Laboratorio Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Rebecca Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Molecular identification of Ancylostoma species from dogs and an assessment of zoonotic risk in low-income households, São Paulo State, Brazil. J Helminthol 2016; 91:14-19. [PMID: 26752269 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection stands out for its worldwide distribution and for its veterinary and public health relevance. Based on copromicroscopic examinations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, we assessed, respectively, the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the identification of canine hookworm species in faeces recovered from 278 dogs living in households of an inland municipality of São Paulo State, Brazil. Intestinal parasites were found in 67.3% of dogs and hookworm infection was found at the highest prevalence rate (56.6%), followed by Toxocara canis (11.9%), Isospora spp. (11.9%), Giardia spp. (5.8%), Sarcocystis spp. (4.0%), 'Hammondia-like' (1.4%), Dipylidium caninum (1.1%) and Trichuris vulpis (0.7%). Of 158 samples positive for hookworm eggs, 106 (67.1%) were amplified by PCR and, of those, 88 (55.7%) were successfully sequenced for species identification. Single infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense were recorded in 61.4% and 12.5%, respectively, and mixed infections were found in 26.1%. The nucleotide sequences of both species showed high identity rates (98-100%) when compared with reference sequences. Although A. caninum was the most prevalent hookworm in the dogs assessed, the occurrence of both A. caninum and A. braziliense in single and/or mixed infections poses a potential risk for the local population in a low-income area, especially children, to acquire cutaneous larva migrans (CLM).
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Anuar TS, Nor Azreen S, Salleh FM, Moktar N. Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis among Orang Asli in Malaysia: application of the triosephosphate isomerase gene. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:78. [PMID: 24520940 PMCID: PMC3933338 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a flagellate parasite which has been considered the most common protozoa infecting human worldwide. Molecular characterization of G. duodenalis isolates have revealed the existence of eight groups (Assemblage A to H) which differ in their host distribution. Assemblages A and B are found in humans and in many other mammals. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify assemblage's related risk factors of G. duodenalis among Orang Asli in Malaysia. Stool samples were collected from 611 individuals aged between 2 and 74 years old of whom 266 were males and 345 were females. Socioeconomic data were collected through a pre-tested questionnaire. All stool samples were processed with formalin-ether sedimentation and Wheatley's trichrome staining techniques for the primary identification of G. duodenalis. Molecular identification was carried out by the amplification of a triosephosphate isomerase gene using nested-PCR assay. RESULTS Sixty-two samples (10.2%) were identified as assemblage A and 36 (5.9%) were assemblage B. Risk analysis based on the detected assemblages using univariate and logistic regression analyses identified subjects who have close contact with household pets i.e. dogs and cats (OR = 2.60; 95% CI = 1.42, 4.78; P = 0.002) was found to be significant predictor for assemblage A. On the other hand, there were three significant risk factors caused by assemblage B: (i) children ≤15 years old (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.11, 4.87; P = 0.025), (ii) consuming raw vegetables (OR = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.27, 6.26; P = 0.011) and (iii) the presence of other family members infected with giardiasis (OR = 6.31; 95% CI = 2.99, 13.31; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present study highlighted that G. duodenalis infection among Orang Asli was caused by both assemblages with significant high prevalence of assemblage A. Therefore, taking precaution after having contact with household pets and their stool, screening and treating infected individuals, awareness on the importance of good health practices and washing vegetables are the practical intervention ways in preventing giardiasis in Orang Asli community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengku Shahrul Anuar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Azreen
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatmah Md Salleh
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Moktar
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 17:269-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Li J, Zhang P, Wang P, Alsarakibi M, Zhu H, Liu Y, Meng X, Li J, Guo J, Li G. Genotype identification and prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in pet dogs of Guangzhou, Southern China. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:368-71. [PMID: 22554420 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated parasite and is considered one of the most common causes of protozoal diarrhea in both humans and animals worldwide. This paper represents the first study of the prevalence of G. duodenalis in pet dogs in Guangzhou, China. Faecal samples (209 specimens) were obtained from young (<6 months old), adult (6 months to 3 years) and elder dogs (>3 years old). 8.61% (18/209) faecal samples were recorded positive using microscopy examination, and 11.00% (23/209) using PCR. The prevalence was significantly higher in diarrheic dogs (26.31%) compared with non-diarrheic dogs (5.10%), while it was higher in young (25.58%) than both adult (7.37%) and elder (7.04%) dogs and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The prevalence in male dogs 11.30% (13/115) was higher than females 10.87% (10/92), and in suburban dogs (12.15%) higher than urban 9.80%, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Sequence analysis of the 23 PCR-positive samples revealed the presence of Assemblage D (18/23), and zoonotic Assemblage A (5/23). The present investigation reported a high infection rate of G. duodenalis in pet dogs, especially in young dogs. Genotypic characterization demonstrated that the zoonotic Assemblage A was found, a fact that poses a potential risk of G. duodenalis transmission from pet dogs to humans. It is suggested that pet owners should take appropriate hygiene measures to prevent and control giardiasis in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, People's Republic of China
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