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Pitombeira MCSR, Júnior PAS, Murta SMF, Romanha A, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Rocha REO, Ferreira RS, da Silveira FF, Castelo-Branco FS, Carvalho AS, Boechat N. New 2-nitroimidazole-N-acylhydrazones, analogs of benznidazole, as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400059. [PMID: 38627301 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Worldwide, an estimated 8 million people are infected with T. cruzi, causing more than 10,000 deaths per year. Currently, only two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole (BNZ), are approved for its treatment. However, both are ineffective during the chronic phase, show toxicity, and produce serious side effects. This work aimed to obtain and evaluate novel 2-nitroimidazole-N-acylhydrazone derivatives analogous to BNZ. The design of these compounds used the two important pharmacophoric subunits of the BNZ prototype, the 2-nitroimidazole nucleus and the benzene ring, and the bioisosterism among the amide group of BNZ and N-acylhydrazone. The 27 compounds were obtained by a three-step route in 57%-98% yields. The biological results demonstrated the potential of this new class of compounds, since eight compounds were potent and selective in the in vitro assay against T. cruzi amastigotes and trypomastigotes using a drug-susceptible strain of T. cruzi (Tulahuen) (IC50 = 4.3-6.25 µM) and proved to be highly selective with low cytotoxicity on L929 cells. The type I nitroreductase (TcNTR) assay suggests that the new compounds may act as substrates for this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelly C S R Pitombeira
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pos -Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB-UFRJ, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-CCS, Bloco J, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Policarpo A S Júnior
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional e Proteômica de Leishmania spp e Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvane Maria Fonseca Murta
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional e Proteômica de Leishmania spp e Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Romanha
- Grupo de Genômica Funcional e Proteômica de Leishmania spp e Trypanosoma cruzi, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael E O Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquíımica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquíımica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia F da Silveira
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frederico S Castelo-Branco
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alcione S Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratorio de Sintese de Farmacos LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos-FIOCRUZ, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pos -Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB-UFRJ, Centro de Ciências da Saúde-CCS, Bloco J, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Muraca G, Ruiz ME, Gambaro RC, Scioli-Montoto S, Sbaraglini ML, Padula G, Cisneros JS, Chain CY, Álvarez VA, Huck-Iriart C, Castro GR, Piñero MB, Marchetto MI, Alba Soto C, Islan GA, Talevi A. Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:804-818. [PMID: 37533841 PMCID: PMC10390827 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected endemic disease prevalent in Latin American countries, affecting around 8 million people. The first-line treatment, benznidazole (BNZ), is effective in the acute stage of the disease but has limited efficacy in the chronic stage, possibly because current treatment regimens do not eradicate transiently dormant Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) appear to be a promising approach for delivering pharmaceutical active ingredients as they can have a positive impact on bioavailability by modifying the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the drug. In this study, BNZ was successfully loaded into nanocarriers composed of myristyl myristate/Crodamol oil/poloxamer 188 prepared by ultrasonication. A stable NLC formulation was obtained, with ≈80% encapsulation efficiency (%EE) and a biphasic drug release profile with an initial burst release followed by a prolonged phase. The hydrodynamic average diameter and zeta potential of NLC obtained by dynamic light scattering were approximately 150 nm and -13 mV, respectively, while spherical and well-distributed nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of the nanoparticles indicated that BNZ might be dispersed in the nanoparticle matrix in an amorphous state. The mean size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and %EE of the formulation remained stable for at least six months. The hemolytic effect of the nanoparticles was insignificant compared to that of the positive lysis control. The nanoparticle formulation exhibited similar performance in vitro against T. cruzi compared to free BNZ. No formulation-related cytotoxic effects were observed on either Vero or CHO cells. Moreover, BNZ showed a 50% reduction in CHO cell viability at 125 µg/mL, whereas NLC-BNZ and non-loaded NLC did not exert a significant effect on cell viability at the same concentration. These results show potential for the development of new nanomedicines against T. cruzi.
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Ciapponi A, Barreira F, Perelli L, Bardach A, Gascón J, Molina I, Morillo C, Prado N, Riarte A, Torrico F, Villar JC, Reidel S, Gibbons L, Sosa-Estani S. Direct evidence gap on fixed versus adjusted-dose benznidazole for adults with chronic Chagas disease without cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:2-16. [PMID: 36420767 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the comparative efficacy and safety of a fixed dose of benznidazole (BZN) with an adjusted-dose for Trypanosoma cruzi-seropositive adults without cardiomyopathy. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis following Cochrane methods, and the PRISMA-IPD statement for reporting. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) allocating participants to fixed or adjusted doses of BZN for T. cruzi-seropositive adults without cardiomyopathy were included. We searched (December 2021) Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and trial registries and contacted Chagas experts. Selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane tool, and a GRADE summary of finding tables were performed independently by pairs of reviewers. We conducted a random-effects IPD meta-analysis using the one-stage strategy, or, if that was impossible, the two-stage strategy. RESULTS Five RCTs (1198 patients) were included, none directly comparing fixed with adjusted doses of BZN. Compared to placebo, BZN therapy was strongly associated with negative qPCR and sustainable parasitological clearance regardless of the type of dose and subgroup analysed. For negative qPCR, the fixed/adjusted rate of odds ratios (RORF/A ) was 8.83 (95% CI 1.02-76.48); for sustained parasitological clearance, it was 4.60 (95% CI 0.40-52.51), probably indicating at least non-inferior effect of fixed doses, with no statistically significant interactions by scheme for global and most subgroup estimations. The RORF/A for treatment interruption due to adverse events was 0.44 (95% CI 0.14-1.38), probably indicating no worse tolerance of fixed doses. CONCLUSIONS We found no direct comparison between fixed and adjusted doses of BZN. However, fixed doses versus placebo are probably not inferior to weight-adjusted doses of BZN versus placebo in terms of parasitological efficacy and safety. Network IPD meta-analysis, through indirect comparisons, may well provide the best possible answers in the near future. REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019120905).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ciapponi
- Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Barreira
- Chagas Clinical Project, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Río de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Perelli
- Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,International Health Program, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Morillo
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nilda Prado
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adelina Riarte
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Parasitología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Juan Carlos Villar
- Departamento de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardioinfantil, Instituto de Cardiología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sara Reidel
- Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Centro de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Salud Pública, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Chagas Clinical Project, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Río de Janeiro, Brazil
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Frade VP, Moreira CHV, Sabino EC, Bedor DCG, Ghilard FDR, Oliveira CDL, Sanches C. Population pharmacokinetic modeling of benznidazole in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e4. [PMID: 35137898 PMCID: PMC8815855 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling of benznidazole (BZD) in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. This was part of a Brazilian prospective cohort study with eight patients diagnosed with Chagas disease during the beginning of BZD treatment up to the 60th day. On the 15th day of treatment, a blood sampling was collected and analyzed. A one-compartment PK model was developed using Pmetrics. Patients with an average age of 50.3 (SD: 6.2) years old, 6 female patients and 2 males, 70.2 kg (14.2), receiving a 5 mg/Kg/day dose were included. PK parameters estimated for CL, V and Ka were 6.27 L/h, 38.97 L and 1.66 h-1, respectively. This is the first study to establish a population pharmacokinetic modeling of BZD in Brazilian patients with chronic Chagas disease. Therefore, further studies are needed to obtain the complete characterization of BZD pharmacokinetics.
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