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Ultrastructural Evaluation of the Human Oocyte at the Germinal Vesicle Stage during the Application of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101636. [PMID: 35626673 PMCID: PMC9139706 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After its discovery in 1825 by the physiologist J.E. Purkinje, the human germinal vesicle (GV) attracted the interest of scientists. Discarded after laparotomy or laparoscopic ovum pick up from the pool of retrieved mature oocytes, the leftover GV was mainly used for research purposes. After the discovery of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), its developing potential was explored, and recognized as an important source of germ cells, especially in the case of scarce availability of mature oocytes for pathological/clinical conditions or in the case of previous recurrent implantation failure. We here review the ultrastructural data available on GV-stage human oocytes and their application to ARTs.
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Zou W, Slone J, Cao Y, Huang T. Mitochondria and Their Role in Human Reproduction. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1370-1378. [PMID: 31603716 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jesse Slone
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Taosheng Huang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Human Aging Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Farnezi HCM, Goulart ACX, Santos AD, Ramos MG, Penna MLF. Three-parent babies: Mitochondrial replacement therapies. JBRA Assist Reprod 2020; 24:189-196. [PMID: 32073245 PMCID: PMC7169912 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are intracellular organelles, and just like the cell nucleus they have their own genome. They are extremely important for normal body functioning and are responsible for ATP production - the main energy source for the cell. Mitochondrial diseases are associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA and are inherited exclusively from the mother. They can affect organs that depend on energy metabolism, such as skeletal muscles, the cardiac system, the central nervous system, the endocrine system, the retina and liver, causing various incurable diseases. Mitochondrial replacement techniques provide women with mitochondrial defects a chance to have normal biological children. The goal of such treatment is to reconstruct functional oocytes and zygotes, in order to avoid the inheritance of mutated genes; for this the nuclear genome is withdrawn from an oocyte or zygotes, which carries mitochondrial mutations, and is implanted in a normal anucleated cell donor. Currently, the options of a couple to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases are limited, and mitochondrial donation techniques provide women with mitochondrial defects a chance to have normal children. The nuclear genome can be transferred from oocytes or zygotes using techniques such as pronuclear transfer, spindle transfer, polar body transfer and germinal vesicle transfer. This study presents a review of developed mitochondrial substitution techniques, and its ability to prevent hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Humanas, Universidade FUMEC, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The special considerations of gene therapy for mitochondrial diseases. NPJ Genom Med 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32140258 PMCID: PMC7051955 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-020-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of gene therapy across multiple clinical trials has inspired a great deal of hope regarding the treatment of previously intractable genetic diseases. This optimism has been extended to the prospect of gene therapy for mitochondrial disorders, which are not only particularly severe but also difficult to treat. However, this hope must be tempered by the reality of the mitochondrial organelle, which possesses specific biological properties that complicate genetic manipulation. In this perspective, we will discuss some of these complicating factors, including the unique pathways used to express and import mitochondrial proteins. We will also present some ways in which these challenges can be overcome by genetic manipulation strategies tailored specifically for mitochondrial diseases.
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Niu N, Li Z, Zhu M, Sun H, Yang J, Xu S, Zhao W, Song R. Effects of nuclear respiratory factor‑1 on apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by cobalt chloride in H9C2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2153-2163. [PMID: 30628711 PMCID: PMC6390059 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced apoptosis occurs in various diseases. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) is a hypoxia mimic agent that is frequently used in studies investigating the mechanisms of hypoxia. Nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) is a transcription factor with an important role in the expression of mitochondrial respiratory and mitochondria-associated genes. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of NRF-1 on apoptosis, particularly with regard to damage caused by CoCl2. In the present study, the role of NRF-1 in mediating CoCl2-induced apoptosis was investigated using cell viability analysis, flow cytometry, fluorescence imaging, western blotting analysis, energy metabolism analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The present results revealed that the apoptosis caused by CoCl2 could be alleviated by NRF-1. Furthermore, overexpression of NRF-1 increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, hypoxia inducible factor-1α and NRF-2. Also, cell damage induced by CoCl2 may be associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, and NRF-1 suppressed this effect. Notably, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was reduced in CoCl2-treated cells, whereas overexpression of NRF-1 enhanced the OCR, suggesting that NRF-1 had protective effects. In summary, the present study demonstrated that NRF-1 protected against CoCl2-induced apoptosis, potentially by strengthening mitochondrial function to resist CoCl2-induced damage to H9C2 cells. The results of the present study provide a possible way for the investigation of myocardial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Niu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Zihua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Sun
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Shimei Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Rong Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
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