Indicadores relacionados ao retardo no diagnóstico e na instituição das precauções para aerossóis entre pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera em um hospital terciário

Health system influences on the implementation of tuberculosis infection prevention and control at health facilities in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review

Background

Tuberculosis infection prevention and control (TB-IPC) measures are consistently reported to be poorly implemented globally. TB-IPC guidelines provide limited recognition of the complexities of implementing TB-IPC within routine health systems, particularly those facing substantive resource constraints. This scoping review maps documented system influences on TB-IPC implementation in health facilities of low/middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of empirical research published before July 2018 and included studies reporting TB-IPC implementation at health facility level in LMICs. Bibliometric data and narratives describing health system influences on TB-IPC implementation were extracted following established methodological frameworks for conducting scoping reviews. A best-fit framework synthesis was applied in which extracted data were deductively coded against an existing health policy and systems research framework, distinguishing between social and political context, policy decisions, and system hardware (eg, information systems, human resources, service infrastructure) and software (ideas and interests, relationships and power, values and norms).

Results

Of 1156 unique search results, we retained 77 studies; two-thirds were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than half located in South Africa. Notable sociopolitical and policy influences impacting on TB-IPC implementation include stigma against TB and the availability of facility-specific TB-IPC policies, respectively. Hardware influences on TB-IPC implementation referred to availability, knowledge and educational development of staff, timeliness of service delivery, availability of equipment, such as respirators and masks, space for patient separation, funding, and TB-IPC information, education and communication materials and tools. Commonly reported health system software influences were workplace values and established practices, staff agency, TB risk perceptions and fears as well as staff attitudes towards TB-IPC.

Conclusion

TB-IPC is critically dependent on health system factors. This review identified the health system factors and health system research gaps that can be considered in a whole system approach to strengthen TB-IPC practices at facility levels in LMICs.

Systematic review with meta-analyses and critical appraisal of clinical prediction rules for pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitals

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review studies evaluating clinical prediction rules (CPRs) for adult inpatients suspected to have pulmonary tuberculosis.

DESIGN

Systematic review with meta-analyses.

SETTING

Hospitals. Patients Inpatients at least 15 years of age admitted to acute care.

METHODS

A search was conducted in 5 indexed electronic databases with no language or year of publication restrictions. We performed a meta-analysis for those CPRs with at least 2 validation studies. Results were reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

RESULTS

Of the 461 abstracts selected, 36 articles were fully analyzed and 11 articles were included, yielding 8 CPRs derived in 4 countries. Broad validation studies were identified for 2 CPRs. The most frequent clinical predictors were fever and weight loss. All CPRs included chest imaging signs. Most CPRs were derived in countries with a low prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and included homeless, immigrants, and those who reacted to the purified protein derivative test. Both of the CPRs derived in countries with a high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis strongly relied on chest radiograph predictors. Accuracy of the different CPRs was high (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.79-0.91). Meta-analysis of 4 validation studies for Wisnivesky's CPR indicates optimistic pooled results: sensitivity, 94.1% (95% CI, 89.7%-96.7%); negative likelihood ratio, 0.22 (95% CI, 0.12-0.40).

CONCLUSION

On the basis of a critical appraisal of the 2 best validated CPRs, the presence of weight loss and/or fever in inpatients warrants obtaining a chest radiograph, regardless of the presence of productive cough. If the chest radiograph is abnormal, the patient should be placed in isolation until more specific test results are available. Validation in different settings is required to maximize external generalization of existing CPRs.

Tuberculose: perfil de doentes, fluxo de atendimento e opinião de enfermeiros

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) e identificar o fluxograma de atendimento e a opinião dos profissionais responsáveis pelo Programa de Controle da Tuberculose de municípios do Departamento da Regional de Saúde III do Estado de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa abrangendo 122 notificações identificadas no Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose, de 2007/2008, e seis entrevistas com enfermeiros responsáveis por esse Programa, na região. RESULTADO: Das 122 notificações identificadas, 69% eram de homens, 35% desempregados, 25% etilistas e 86% com TB pulmonar. As ações de controle eram centralizadas, e os enfermeiros eram os responsáveis pelos programas da região. Estes profissionais apontaram como pontos favoráveis o envolvimento da equipe e a facilidade em solicitar exames. Como desfavoráveis, a falta de equipamentos e de profissionais e demora na realização de exames. CONCLUSÃO: A região apresenta o perfil típico para TB, incluindo aspectos de fragilidade social, ações de controle centralizadas, e os responsáveis não reconhecem a centralização das ações e a falta de autonomia das unidades como fragilidades do programa.

Prevalence of mycobacterium tuberculosis among professionals in a university hospital, Mato Grosso do Sul, 2004

Several studies have demonstrated an elevated prevalence amongst professionals of mycobacterium tuberculosis, both in the rate of infections and illness. This study was carried out in a School Hospital in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, aiming to establish the prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results of the analysis of 194 subjects showed an overall positivity for the tuberculin test of 38.7%. There was a correlation with smoking (p=0.01, RP=1. 72 (1.20-2.45- Yates's correction). The conclusion is that the establishment of a program of tuberculin screening jointly with the implementation of interventions is necessary in order to reduce the risk of nosocomial transmission.