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Ribeiro LDJA, Bastos VHDV, Coertjens M. Breath-holding as model for the evaluation of EEG signal during respiratory distress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:753-760. [PMID: 38105311 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research describes the existence of a relationship between cortical activity and the regulation of bulbar respiratory centers through the evaluation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal during respiratory challenges. For example, we found evidences of a reduction in the frequency of the EEG (alpha band) in both divers and non-divers during apnea tests. For instance, this reduction was more prominent in divers due to the greater physiological disturbance resulting from longer apnea time. However, little is known about EEG adaptations during tests of maximal apnea, a test that voluntarily stops breathing and induces dyspnea. RESULTS Through this mini-review, we verified that a protocol of successive apneas triggers a significant increase in the maximum apnea time and we hypothesized that successive maximal apnea test could be a powerful model for the study of cortical activity during respiratory distress. CONCLUSION Dyspnea is a multifactorial symptom and we believe that performing a successive maximal apnea protocol is possible to understand some factors that determine the sensation of dyspnea through the EEG signal, especially in people not trained in apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Jesus Alves Ribeiro
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo do Vale Bastos
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coertjens
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
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Ideguchi H, Ichiyasu H, Fukushima K, Okabayashi H, Akaike K, Hamada S, Nakamura K, Hirosako S, Kohrogi H, Sakagami T, Fujii K. Validation of a breath-holding test as a screening test for exercise-induced hypoxemia in chronic respiratory diseases. Chron Respir Dis 2021; 18:14799731211012965. [PMID: 33906454 PMCID: PMC8718165 DOI: 10.1177/14799731211012965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of exercise-induced hypoxemia is important for evaluating disease status in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is useful for detecting exercise-induced hypoxemia. This pilot study aimed to validate the breath-holding test (BHT) as a screening for exercise-induced hypoxemia and compare its utility with that of the 6MWT in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Fifty-nine patients with chronic respiratory diseases underwent BHTs lasting 10, 15, and 20 s. Percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate, and severity of dyspnoea were measured. The participants also underwent a 6MWT, a pulmonary function test, and analysis of arterial blood gas at rest. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to identify significant predictors of desaturation in the 6MWT. The minimum SpO2 during the BHT (all durations) and 6MWT were significantly correlated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the optimal cut-off for predicting SpO2 < 90% during the 6MWT as a minimum SpO2 ≤ 94% during the 15-s BHT. Perceived dyspnoea and maximum pulse rate were significantly lower during the 15-s BHT than during the 6MWT. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, the minimum SpO2 during the 15-s BHT (β, 0.565, p < 0.001) and %DLco (β, 0.255, p < 0.028) were independent predictors of desaturation in the 6MWT. The minimum SpO2 during the 15-s BHT may be a useful measure for screening for exercise-induced hypoxemia in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The BHT is easier to perform, more readily available, and better tolerated than the 6MWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Ideguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ichiyasu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Fukushima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okabayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Akaike
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Hamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Hirosako
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kohrogi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Sakagami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fujii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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