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Arbee-Kalidas N, Moutlana HJ, Moodley Y, Kebalepile MM, Motshabi Chakane P. The association between cardiopulmonary exercise testing and postoperative outcomes in patients with lung cancer undergoing lung resection surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295430. [PMID: 38060569 PMCID: PMC10703215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise capacity should be determined in all patients undergoing lung resection for lung cancer surgery and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) remains the gold standard. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between preoperative CPET and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing lung resection surgery for lung cancer through a review of the existing literature. METHODS A search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception until December 2022. Studies investigating associations between preoperative CPET and postoperative outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUIPS tool. A random effect model meta-analysis was performed. I2 > 40% indicated a high level of heterogeneity. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies were included with 6450 patients. Twenty-eight studies had low risk of bias. [Formula: see text] peak is the oxygen consumption at peak exercise and serves as a marker of cardiopulmonary fitness. Higher estimates of [Formula: see text] peak, measured and as a percentagege of predicted, showed significant associations with a lower risk of mortality [MD: 3.66, 95% CI: 0.88; 6.43 and MD: 16.49, 95% CI: 6.92; 26.07] and fewer complications [MD: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.12; 3.00 and MD: 9.82, 95% CI: 5.88; 13.76]. Using a previously defined cutoff value of > 15mL/kg/min for [Formula: see text] peak, showed evidence of decreased odds of mortality [OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.28-0.81] and but not decreased odds of postoperative morbidity [OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.64-1.00]. There was no relationship between [Formula: see text] slope, which depicts ventilatory efficiency, with mortality [MD: -9.60, 95% CI: -27.74; 8.54] however, patients without postoperative complications had a lower preoperative [Formula: see text] [MD: -2.36, 95% CI: -3.01; -1.71]. Exercise load and anaerobic threshold did not correlate with morbidity or mortality. There was significant heterogeneity between studies. CONCLUSIONS Estimates of cardiopulmonary fitness as evidenced by higher [Formula: see text] peak, measured and as a percentage of predicted, were associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. A cutoff value of [Formula: see text] peak > 15mL/kg/min was consistent with improved survival but not with fewer complications. Ventilatory efficiency was associated with decreased postoperative morbidity but not with improved survival. The heterogeneity in literature could be remedied with large scale, prospective, blinded, standardised research to improve preoperative risk stratification in patients with lung cancer scheduled for lung resection surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Arbee-Kalidas
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hlamatsi Jacob Moutlana
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moses Mogakolodi Kebalepile
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Palesa Motshabi Chakane
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Lee P, Loo BW, Biswas T, Ding GX, El Naqa IM, Jackson A, Kong FM, LaCouture T, Miften M, Solberg T, Tome WA, Tai A, Yorke E, Li XA. Local Control After Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:160-171. [PMID: 30954520 PMCID: PMC9446070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous dose and fractionation schedules have been used to treat medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. We evaluated published experiences with SBRT to determine local control (LC) rates as a function of SBRT dose. METHODS AND MATERIALS One hundred sixty published articles reporting LC rates after SBRT for stage I NSCLC were identified. Quality of the series was assessed by evaluating the number of patients in the study, homogeneity of the dose regimen, length of follow-up time, and reporting of LC. Clinical data including 1, 2, 3, and 5-year tumor control probabilities for stages T1, T2, and combined T1 and T2 as a function of the biological effective dose were fitted to the linear quadratic, universal survival curve, and regrowth models. RESULTS Forty-six studies met inclusion criteria. As measured by the goodness of fit χ2/ndf, with ndf as the number of degrees of freedom, none of the models were ideal fits for the data. Of the 3 models, the regrowth model provides the best fit to the clinical data. For the regrowth model, the fitting yielded an α-to-β ratio of approximately 25 Gy for T1 tumors, 19 Gy for T2 tumors, and 21 Gy for T1 and T2 combined. To achieve the maximal LC rate, the predicted physical dose schemes when prescribed at the periphery of the planning target volume are 43 ± 1 Gy in 3 fractions, 47 ± 1 Gy in 4 fractions, and 50 ± 1 Gy in 5 fractions for combined T1 and T2 tumors. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage NSCLC is radioresponsive when treated with SBRT or stereotactic ablative radiation therapy. A steep dose-response relationship exists with high rates of durable LC when physical doses of 43-50 Gy are delivered in 3 to 5 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Billy W Loo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tithi Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - George X Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Issam M El Naqa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tamara LaCouture
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson Health New Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey
| | - Moyed Miften
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Colorado University School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Timothy Solberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wolfgang A Tome
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - An Tai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ellen Yorke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - X Allen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Lederman D, Easwar J, Feldman J, Shapiro V. Anesthetic considerations for lung resection: preoperative assessment, intraoperative challenges and postoperative analgesia. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:356. [PMID: 31516902 PMCID: PMC6712248 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article is intended to provide a general overview of the anesthetic management for lung resection surgery including the preoperative evaluation of the patient, factors influencing the intraoperative anesthetic management and options for postoperative analgesia. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among cancer patients in the United States. In patients undergoing lung resection, perioperative pulmonary complications are the major etiology of morbidity and mortality. Risk stratification of patients should be part of the preoperative assessment to predict their risk of short-term vs. long-term pulmonary complications. Improvements in surgical technique and equipment have made video assisted thoracoscopy and robotically assisted thoracoscopy the procedures of choice for thoracic surgeries. General anesthesia including lung isolation has become essential for optimizing visualization of the operative lung but may itself contribute to pulmonary complications. Protective lung ventilation strategies may not prevent acute lung injury from one-lung ventilation, but it may decrease the amount of overall lung injury by using small tidal volumes, positive end expiratory pressure, low peak and plateau airway pressures and low inspired oxygen fraction, as well as by keeping surgical time as short as possible. Because of the high incidence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain syndrome following thoracic surgery, which can impact a patient's normal daily activities for months to years after surgery, postoperative analgesia is a necessary part of the anesthetic plan. Multiple options such as thoracic epidural analgesia, intravenous narcotics and several nerve blocks can be considered in order to prevent or attenuate chronic pain syndromes. Enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery is a relatively new topic with many elements taken from the experience with colorectal surgery. The goal of enhanced recovery is to improve patient outcome by improving organ function and decreasing postoperative complications, and therefore decreasing length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Lederman
- New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Jasmeet Easwar
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Feldman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Shapiro
- New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Sanchez-Lorente D, Navarro-Ripoll R, Guzman R, Moises J, Gimeno E, Boada M, Molins L. Prehabilitation in thoracic surgery. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S2593-S2600. [PMID: 30345096 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.08.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surgical resection remains the best treatment option for patients with early stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it may be responsible of postoperative complication and mortality, especially in patients with impaired pulmonary function. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs have been focused mainly in minimal invasive surgery approach during lung resection and respiratory rehabilitation after surgery. Preoperative exercise-based intervention (prehabilitation) has demonstrated reduction of morbi-mortality in other surgeries but in thoracic surgery continues to be under discussion. Cardio-pulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold standard technique to predict postoperative morbi-mortality. The implementation of a preoperative respiratory rehabilitation could optimize patient's physical capacity before surgery and improve outcomes and enhance recovery. The aim of this systematic review of the literature is to identify the effectiveness and safety of prehabilitation programs in thoracic surgery, the type of exercise and its duration, and the group of patients with best benefit. Prehabilitation is a safe intervention without side effects in patients. High-intensity interval training (HIT) with duration of 2 to 6 weeks seems to be the best exercise programme in a prehabilitation intervention but it exists heterogeneity in terms of intensity and duration. Prehabilitation increase exercise capacity and significantly enhances pulmonary function. But the reduction of postoperative complication and mortality has not been clearly demonstrated. Different criteria selection, type of intervention and small sample size, in addition to no randomization, could justify disparate results. It seems that not all patients can benefit from prehabilitation and it could be indicated only in patients with impaired lung function. Further randomized clinical trials with enough patients, correct duration of HIT (2 to 6 weeks) and focused in COPD patients are needed to clarify the suitability of prehabilitation. Meanwhile, safety of prehabilitation and good results of some studies support this intervention in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Lorente
- General Thoracic Surgery Department, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Navarro-Ripoll
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rudith Guzman
- General Thoracic Surgery Department, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Moises
- Department of Pneumology, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Gimeno
- Department of Pneumology, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Boada
- General Thoracic Surgery Department, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laureano Molins
- General Thoracic Surgery Department, Clinical Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Araujo LH, Baldotto C, Castro GD, Katz A, Ferreira CG, Mathias C, Mascarenhas E, Lopes GDL, Carvalho H, Tabacof J, Martínez-Mesa J, Viana LDS, Cruz MDS, Zukin M, Marchi PD, Terra RM, Ribeiro RA, Lima VCCD, Werutsky G, Barrios CH. Lung cancer in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol 2018; 44:55-64. [PMID: 29538545 PMCID: PMC6104542 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562017000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident types of cancer and a leading cause of cancer mortality in Brazil. We reviewed the current status of lung cancer by searching relevant data on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in the country. This review highlights several issues that need to be addressed, including smoking control, patient lack of awareness, late diagnosis, and disparities in the access to cancer health care facilities in Brazil. We propose strategies to help overcome these limitations and challenge health care providers, as well as the society and governmental representatives, to work together and to take a step forward in fighting lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Araujo
- . Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
- . Instituto COI de Educação e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | - Clarissa Baldotto
- . Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
- . Instituto COI de Educação e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | - Gilberto de Castro
- . Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira - Icesp - São Paulo (SP) Brasil
- . Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Artur Katz
- . Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | - Carlos Gil Ferreira
- . Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
- . Fundação do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Heloisa Carvalho
- . Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
- . Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Zukin
- . Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA - Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
- . Instituto COI de Educação e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Mingarini Terra
- . Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira - Icesp - São Paulo (SP) Brasil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Werutsky
- . Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group - LACOG - Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil
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Zhang ZY, Chen LL, Xu W, Sigdel K, Jiang XT. Effects of silencing endothelin-1 on invasion and vascular formation in lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4390-4396. [PMID: 28599441 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), which exists not only in the vascular endothelium but is also widely present in various tissues and cells, is an important cardiovascular regulatory factor that serves an important role in maintaining the basal vascular tone and homeostasis in the cardiovascular system. In the present study, the ET-1 gene was silenced by RNA interference, and the effects on lung cancer cell proliferation and tumor cell invasion were then detected by Cell Counting kit-8 and Transwell assays. In addition, the expression of apoptosis, growth and invasion-associated proteins, including RhoA/C, vascular endothelial growth factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor, AKT, E-cadherin and cyclooxygenase-2 was evaluated by western blotting upon silencing ET-1. In the present study, Endostar, a recombinant human endostatin injectable drug, was also used, and it was assessed whether the sensitivity of tumor cells to this drug could be increased by silencing ET-1. Both in vivo and in vivo tests were carried out in the present study. The experimental data indicated that ET-1 silencing can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and invasion, particularly in the presence of Endostar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Keshavraj Sigdel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Tang Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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Shafiek H, Valera JL, Togores B, Torrecilla JA, Sauleda J, Cosío BG. Risk of postoperative complications in chronic obstructive lung diseases patients considered fit for lung cancer surgery: beyond oxygen consumption. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 50:772-779. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Increasing physical activity and exercise in lung cancer: reviewing safety, benefits, and application. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 10:861-71. [PMID: 25831230 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be a difficult disease frequently diagnosed in late stages with a high mortality and symptom burden. In part because of frequent lung comorbidity, even lung cancer survivors often remain symptomatic and functionally limited. Though targeted therapy continues to increase treatment options for advanced-stage disease, symptom burden remains high with few therapeutic options. In the last several decades, exercise and physical activity have arisen as therapeutic options for obstructive lung disease and lung cancer. To date, exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, improve quality of life, and potentially reduce length of stay and postoperative complications. Multiple small trials have been performed in perioperative non-small-cell lung cancer patients, although fewer studies are available for patients with advanced-stage disease. Despite the increased interest in this subject over the last few years, a validated exercise regimen has not been established for perioperative or advanced-stage disease. Clinicians underutilize exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation as a therapy, in part because of the lack of evidence-based consensus as to how and when to implement increasing physical activity. This review summarizes the existing evidence on exercise in lung cancer patients.
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Santos BFA, Souza HCD, Miranda APB, Cipriano FG, Gastaldi AC. Performance in the 6-minute walk test and postoperative pulmonary complications in pulmonary surgery: an observational study. Braz J Phys Ther 2016; 20:66-72. [PMID: 26786074 PMCID: PMC4835166 DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To assess functional capacity in the preoperative phase of pulmonary surgery by
comparing predicted and obtained values for the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in
patients with and without postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC) METHOD: Twenty-one patients in the preoperative phase of open thoracotomy were evaluated
using the 6MWT, followed by monitoring of the postoperative evolution of each
participant who underwent the routine treatment. Participants were then divided
into two groups: the group with PPC and the group without PPC. The results were
also compared with the predicted values using reference equations for the 6MWT RESULTS: Over half (57.14%) of patients developed PPC. The 6MWT was associated with the
odds for PPC (odds ratio=22, p=0.01); the group without PPC in the postoperative
period walked 422.38 (SD=72.18) meters during the 6MWT, while the group with PPC
walked an average of 340.89 (SD=100.93) meters (p=0.02). The distance traveled by
the group without PPC was 80% of the predicted value, whereas the group with PPC
averaged less than 70% (p=0.03), with more appropriate predicted values for the
reference equations CONCLUSIONS: The 6MWT is an easy, safe, and feasible test for routine preoperative evaluation
in pulmonary surgery and may indicate patients with a higher chance of developing
PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna F A Santos
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C D Souza
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline P B Miranda
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Federico G Cipriano
- Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ada C Gastaldi
- Departamento de Biomecânica, Medicina e Reabilitação do Aparelho Locomotor, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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