Perfil socioeconômico e demográfico e a capacidade funcional de idosos atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família de Paranoá, Distrito Federal

A stakeholder analysis of the road transport system in Tanzania using a STAMP control structure

The way the road transport system is developed in a country affects safety. This study aims to identify the roles and relationships of road transport stakeholders and to explore the understanding of control and feedback mechanisms and associated gaps influencing road safety. A System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) model was applied to document and interview data (n = 30). Participants emphasised the hindrance of overlapping mandates among stakeholders on the road transport system's operations and underlined the roles of coalitions for road safety as system enablers. Further, the withdrawal of some controls by international agencies can increase system vulnerability. Most importantly, critical control and feedback gaps were shown to increase risks for safety within the road transport system. The findings underscore the complexity of the road transport system and add to the discussion on a system's approach to road safety.Practitioner summary: Using a STAMP methodology, we extensively studied the road transport system in Tanzania. Road transport stakeholders were identified through the review of documents, interviews were conducted, and the main findings were discussed. Control and feedback mechanisms and associated gaps were critically presented, recommendations were proposed, and policy implications were suggested.

Association between ability to form biofilm and virulence factors of poultry extra-intestinal Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

Campylobacter species are known to be able to produce biofilm, which represents an ideal protective environment for the maintenance of such fragile bacteria. Since the genetic mechanisms promoting biofilm formation are still poorly understood, in this study we assessed the ability of C. jejuni (n = 7) and C. coli (n = 3) strains isolated from diseased poultry, and previously characterized by whole genome sequencing, to form biofilm. The in vitro analyses were carried out by using a microtiter based protocol including biofilm culturing and fixation, staining with crystal violet, and measurement of the optical density (OD₅₇₀). The ability to form biofilm was categorized into four classes (no, weak, moderate, and strong producers). Potential correlations between OD₅₇₀ and the presence/absence of virulence determinants were examined. The C. jejuni were classified as no (n = 3), weak (n = 2), and moderate (n = 2) biofilm producers; however, all possessed genes involved in chemotaxis, adhesion, and invasion to the host cells. No genes present exclusively in biofilm producers or in non-biofilm producers were identified. All C. coli were classified as weak producers and showed a similar set of virulence genes between each other. A trend of increased mean OD₅₇₀ was observed in the presence of flaA and maf7 genes. No association between biofilm production classes and the explanatory variables considered was observed. The results of this study suggest that further investigations are needed to better identify and characterize the genetic determinants involved in extra-intestinal Campylobacter biofilm formation.

Complications Associated with Foodborne Listeriosis: A Scoping Review

Listeria monocytogenes is a relatively rare but highly pathogenic bacterium that can cause foodborne infections. In the United States there are ∼1600 cases per year, 94% of which result in hospitalizations and 20% in deaths. Per-case burden is high because the disease also causes serious complications, including sepsis, encephalitis, meningitis, miscarriage, and stillbirth. The disease burden of L. monocytogenes is underestimated because some of these acute complications can also result in long-term outcomes. In this article, we conducted a scoping review of L. monocytogenes complications and longer term outcomes from articles published between 2000 and 2018. Search terms were developed for four major databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) as well as gray literature and hand searches of review articles. We follow standard scoping review methodology and assessment. Out of 10,618 unique articles originally identified, 115 articles were included, representing 49 unique outcomes. The majority of studies were cohort designs (n = 67) and conducted in the United States or Europe (n = 98). Four major outcome groupings were death, neurological disorders, sepsis, and congenital infection. This study identifies substantial research on the common acute complications of L. monocytogenes and few long-term consequences of L. monocytogenes. We identify the need for additional studies to determine the longer term impacts of these acute complications.

Health profile of the elderly person accompanied by the family health strategy in a countryside of Ceará - Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between functional dependence and emotional state, cognitive function, and ambulation of the elderly people accompanied by a family health team. Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative, and prospective study was conducted in the city of Quixeré/CE between August 2020 and April 2021. Participated in 229 elderly people registered in the Family Health Strategy teams evaluated using the Lawton scale, MMSE, GDS-15, and Tinneti test. The association of variables was verified using the chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Odds Ratio (95%CI) were calculated, followed by logistic regression using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test. Results: The sample was primarily composed of women with low education, average age of 70 years, and a high demand for primary health services. Women were more vulnerable to depression, with no difference in falls related to sex. Age was a risk factor for all aspects evaluated. There was a correlation between functional dependence and all aspects analyzed. There was a relationship between the level of functional dependence and education (OR: 2.0; 95%CI: 0.05 - 78.32), living in the rural area (OR: 2.83; 95%CI: 1.6 - 5.1), depression (OR: 5.18; 95%CI: 1.2 – 22.8) and risk of falls (OR: 1.67 CI: 0.8 – 3.5), with the last two factors remaining significant in the logistic regression. Conclusion: Functional dependence to more complex daily activities among the elderly was significant, with an essential relationship with emotional and cognitive aspects and risk of falls.

Pedestrians’ Perception of Pedestrian Bridges—A Qualitative Study in Dar es Salaam

Background: About 30 percent of all road traffic deaths in Tanzania involve pedestrians. As one of the strategies to protect them, pedestrian overhead bridges have been constructed across busy roads, and plans to build more bridges are in place. It has, however, been shown that such pedestrian bridges do not necessarily discourage street-level road crossing, even when pedestrians must cross multiple lanes with heavy traffic. This paper explores the perceptions of pedestrians when crossing urban roads emphasizing pedestrian bridge users. Methods: Nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted in situ around six pedestrian bridges in Dar es Salaam. All interviews were conducted in Swahili, recorded using digital devices, transcribed verbatim then translated into English. Content analysis was employed using qualitative data analysis software (MAXQDA). Results: We identified three overarching themes, namely, I don’t know if it’s right or wrong, they already decided; the bridge is just a crossing facility, not for other purposes; and follow your gut feeling, even if you don’t know how things will end. The results suggest that many participants prefer to look for alternative means of transport and resorted to more alternative routes just to avoid using pedestrian bridges due to bridges length and crossing time. Conclusion: These findings highlight the concerns caused by alternative uses of pedestrian bridges and underscore the importance of involving local communities and other stakeholders during planning.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia frequency in older adults living in nursing homes: an integrative review

PURPOSE

To synthesize the scientific knowledge on the frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia in older adults living in nursing homes.

RESEARCH STRATEGIES

The study question followed the PECO strategy and the search was performed in the Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases, using keywords and specific free terms.

SELECTION CRITERIA

articles with no time or language restrictions that reported the frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia in older adults living in nursing homes and the diagnostic criteria.

DATA ANALYSIS

it was analyzed the population characteristics, the concept of "oropharyngeal dysphagia", the methods for identifying the outcome and the frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the articles followed the criteria of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).

RESULTS

Fifteen articles were included. There was great variability in relation to the sample size, with a predominance of longevous old women. The concept of dysphagia, when mentioned, was heterogeneous. Diagnostic criteria were diverse and mostly comprised of questionnaires or clinical trials results. No studies used instrumental tests. The frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia in the studied population ranged from 5.4% to 83.7%, being higher in studies that used clinical tests, but with greater precision of confidence intervals in studies that used questionnaires and large sample size.

CONCLUSION

The frequency of oropharyngeal dysphagia in older adults living in nursing homes has wide variability. Methodological discrepancies among studies compromise the reliability of frequency estimates and highlight the need for research with better defined and standardized methodological criteria.

Genetic Characterization of Native Donkey (Equus asinus) Populations of Turkey Using Microsatellite Markers

Simple Summary

This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability of Turkish native donkey (Equus asinus) populations, using polymorphism of 17 microsatellite markers. The results revealed a highly mixed genotype of all the examined donkeys, suggesting that two different group of breeds can be distinguished from each other on the basis of microsatellite markers.

Abstract

This study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the Turkish donkey populations. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of Turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. A panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of Turkey. One hundred and forty-two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. The highest number of alleles was observed in AHT05 (12) and the lowest in ASB02 and HTG06 (4), while ASB17 was monomorphic. The mean H_O in the Turkish donkey was estimated to be 0.677, while mean H_E was 0.675. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each locus and ranged from 0.36 (locus ASB02) to 0.98 (locus AHT05), which has the highest number of alleles per locus in the present study. The average PIC in our populations was 0.696. The average coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) over the 17 loci was 0.020 ± 0.037 (p < 0.01). The G_ST values for single loci ranged from −0.004 for LEX54 to 0.162 for COR082. Nei’s gene diversity index (H_t) for loci ranged from 0.445 (ASB02) to 0.890 (AHT05), with an average of 0.696. A Bayesian clustering method, the Structure software, was used for clustering algorithms of multi-locus genotypes to identify the population structure and the pattern of admixture within the populations. When the number of ancestral populations varied from K = 1 to 20, the largest change in the log of the likelihood function (ΔK) was when K = 2. The results for K = 2 indicate a clear separation between Clade I (KIR, CAT, KAR, MAR, SAN) and Clade II (MAL, MER, TOK, KAS, KUT, KON, ISP, ANT, MUG, AYD and KAH) populations.

Disability on performing daily living activities in the elderly and history of falls: an analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to verify the association between types of dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living and the occurrence of falls in the elderly.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, population-based study using data from 23,815 elderly people drawn from the National Health Survey (NHS) in 2013. The NHS, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Ministry of Health, presents data collected in 81,767 households in more than 1,600 municipalities. The association between the independent variable (ADL disabilities) and the dependent variable (history of falls) was performed through multiple and crude analyses, regression.

RESULTS

There was a greater association between using the toilet and transfers (ABVD) and falls, and between shopping and taking care of finances (IADL) and falls. In addition, the association between Basic Activities of Daily Living and falls was greater for up to four activities, and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for up to three activities.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the results obtained in the NHS reinforce the planning of preventive strategies considering the functional dependence.

abdeldayem H, Ezzat S, Dorgham LS. Effect of educational intervention on knowledge and attitude towards research, research ethics, and biobanks among paramedical and administrative teams in the National Liver Institute, Egypt

Background

Medical research has increased greatly in many developing countries during the recent decade, motivated by the need to improve health in these countries. Such research needs to be guided by fundamental ethical principles to ensure the protection of patient’s rights and welfare. Also, biobanks have become increasingly important for the study of health and disease. There is a significant public interest in the outcomes of genetic research, which include diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive health methods. This study was conducted assess and raise the knowledge and attitude towards several aspects of research, related ethics, and biobank ethical issues for paramedical and administrative teams working at the National Liver Institute (NLI).

Results

The education intervention study was effective in increasing percentage of good knowledge in paramedical and administrative teams (p value < 0.001). Also, the education intervention study was effective in increasing percentage of positive attitude in paramedical and administrative teams (p value < 0.001).

Conclusion

There were good knowledge and attitude about research and related ethics, but poor knowledge and attitude about biobanking. The educational intervention study significantly increased knowledge and attitude about research, related ethics, and biobanks.