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Razavi SM, Yaghoobpour T, Nazifi S. A review on acute phase response in parasitic blood diseases of ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105055. [PMID: 37862863 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic blood diseases (theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and trypanosomiasis) are common in regions where the distributions of the hosts, parasites, and vectors are convergent. They endanger animal production, and a few are also harmful to public health. The acute phase reaction (APR) is a complex, non-specific reaction that occurs in various events, including surgical trauma, infection, stress, inflammation, and neoplasia. To understand pathogenesis, we must study APR effects and acute phase proteins (APPs) alterations in naturally occurring and experimental infections. The elevation of haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen concentrations was markedly significant in bovine and ovine theileriosis. Hp, SAA, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen concentrations in anaplasmosis were dramatically elevated. A significant increase in SAA was observed in bovine babesiosis, while ovine babesiosis showed a significant rise in sialic acid levels. In cases of trypanosomiasis caused by T. vivax, there have been reports of elevated levels of Hp, complement C3, and antitrypsin. Improving our understanding of APR could result in more effective methods for diagnosis, treatment, control, and eradication of diseases. The article provides an overview of APPs alterations and other inflammation-related parameters (some cytokines, adenosine deaminase, and sialic acids) in parasitic blood diseases of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tina Yaghoobpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Machado RZ, Castilho Neto KJGDA, Gonçalves LR, Machado GF, Luvizotto MCR, Vasconcelos RDO, Jussiani G, Silva TMVD, Gimenes LU, Jackson A, Wright G, Teixeira MMG. Detection of Trypanosoma vivax in tissues of experimentally infected goats: what is the role of adipose tissue in the life cycle of this protozoon? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e017721. [PMID: 34910020 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, is responsible for great economic losses among livestock in Africa and South America. During the life cycle of these parasites, they may present different morphological, metabolic and physiological characteristics depending on the interactions that are encountered at each point of their life cycle. Although T. vivax is frequently reported in the circulation of its mammalian hosts, it has the ability to migrate to the tissues of these individuals. However, this characteristic is poorly understood. In this context, we aimed to investigate the presence of T. vivax and the changes caused in different tissues of experimentally infected goats. Despite the animals were not perfused before tissues collection, using different approaches, we demonstrated its presence in different samples, including in the adipose tissue and skin of infected animals. In addition, a mononuclear inflammatory reaction, mostly characterized by an infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were observed. The results highlight the possibility that, like other trypanosomatids, T. vivax may use these tissues during its life cycle. Future studies aiming to elucidate the length of time for which T. vivax remains active in these sites, and whether it uses these sites as a refuge from trypanocidal drugs, and whether it is capable of recolonizing the blood circulation, are much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Kayo José Garcia de Almeida Castilho Neto
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Giulia Jussiani
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FMVA, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Thiago Merighi Vieira da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Lindsay Unno Gimenes
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas - ICB, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Iliev P, Georgieva T. Acute phase biomarkers of diseases in small ruminants: an overview. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/10.15547/bjvm.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a large group of proteins synthesised mainly by the liver. Their
production is stimulated in response to disturbances in the systemic homeostasis. It is known that
each species has a specific set of APPs. Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin are the main APPs in
small ruminants and their plasma concentration is changed most significantly in comparison with
minor APPs such as ceruloplasmin. In general, APPs could provide valuable information on the general
condition of the organism but cannot point at the exact disease. Therefore, APPs should be
included as an additional indicator in clinical diagnosis. Knowledge of APPs behaviour in disease
states has a remarkable potential for detecting animals with subclinical infections, determining the
prognosis of clinical infection, differentiation between viral and bacterial disease, treatment
monitoring, vaccine effectiveness and stress conditions. The aim of this review is to present data on
APPs behaviour during some parasitic and infectious diseases as well as pathological conditions leading
to aseptic inflammation and stress in sheep and goats.
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Detection of Trypanosoma vivax using PCR and LAMP during aparasitemic periods. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:174-7. [PMID: 26414906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax affects cattle herds in Africa and Americas and has been spreading rapidly in Brazil, through introduction of animals with subclinical infections and without apparent parasitemia, which makes its diagnosis challenging. PCR and LAMP are effective in detecting the presence of T. vivax DNA in situations of low parasitemia. LAMP is simpler and faster technique than PCR, and can be performed in the field, with limited resources. In this study, the capacities of conventional PCR and LAMP for detecting T. vivax in bovine blood samples classified as aparasitemic were evaluated. The capacity of conventional PCR (56.25%) for detecting positive samples was lower than that of LAMP (93.73%). This may influence the choice of screening tests for cattle herds infected with T. vivax.
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Zhong RZ, Li HY, Sun HX, Zhou DW. Effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols on parasite resistance and acute phase protein response to Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:199-207. [PMID: 25042046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with dietary green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on parasite resistance and acute phase protein (APP) response to Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs. Thirty male Ujumqin lambs were randomly assigned to five treatment groups for an 8-week feeding period. Treatments included: (1) uninfected as control, (2) infected but not given GTP (INFGTP0) and (3)-(5) infected and fed 2, 4, or 6g GTP/kg feed (dry matter basis; INFGTP2, INFGTP4, and INFGTP6, respectively). Fecal and blood samples were collected to determine fecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), and APP concentrations. Live weight was measured once every 2 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, lambs were slaughtered to determine the adult H. contortus burden. The results demonstrated interaction effects between treatment and sampling time on the average daily gain (ADG; P=0.0005), FEC (P<0.0001), PCV (P=0.0005), and concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and α1-acid glycoprotein (α1AGP) (P<0.0001). From days 0 to 56, the ADG values for all infected lambs were lower than that of uninfected lambs, but the ADG values for all GTP-fed lambs were higher than that of INFGTP0 lambs, especially from days 28 to 42. The FECs of all GTP-fed lambs were higher than those of uninfected lambs but lower than that of INFGTP0 lambs. The PCVs of all infected lambs were lower than those of uninfected lambs, but PCV increased with increasing amounts of GTP supplementation. Furthermore, supplementation with different concentrations of GTP significantly reduced the numbers of adult H. contortus, including both males and females (P<0.0001), and the H. contortus burden in INFGTP6 lambs was reduced to uninfected levels. Overall, the SAA, Hp, LBP, and α1AGP concentrations of all infected lambs were higher than those of uninfected lambs from days 0 to 56. Two peaks in expression were observed from days 0 to 3 and at day 28, and APP concentrations of all GTP-fed lambs were lower than those of INFGTP0 lambs, except for SAA in INFGTP6 lambs. In conclusion, quantitative measurements of APP responses to H. contortus infection provide valuable diagnostic information for monitoring infection progression and treatment responses in lambs. An appropriate dose of dietary GTP supplementation can increase host resistance by reducing H. contortus burden and weight loss and suppressing blood APP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhen Zhong
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hao Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hai Xia Sun
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China
| | - Dao Wei Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, Jilin, PR China.
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