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Fular A, Bisht N, Sharma AK, Chigure G, Nagar G, Ghosh S. Evaluation of cytotoxic effects of amitraz and fipronil on digestive, reproductive and neural processes of engorged Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) female. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102031. [PMID: 36115182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fipronil and amitraz are potentially toxic compounds used for controlling ticks infesting pet and livestock. The use of fipronil on large animals was limited because of its high costs while amitraz is still persisting in the market since its introduction over four decades ago. Though resistance in ticks against these pesticides has been reported worldwide since 2000, the toxicity of these chemicals at cellular level in ticks is still poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine the gross and cellular impact of fipronil and amitraz on the gut, ovaries and synganglion of engorged Rhipicephalus microplus females. Fipronil and amitraz treated tick groups showed formation of a large number of vacuoles of different size throughout the cytoplasm of generative cells whereas sessile, residual and detached digestive cells were very low in numbers. The treatment of ticks resulted in the formation of vacuolations at periphery of all oocytes. Ultra-thin sections of the synganglion revealed severe rupture of neural lamella and perineurium with apoptosis of neural cells after fipronil treatment whereas in the amitraz treated ticks, severe destruction of neuropile region and extensive vacuolation of type I and II cells of cortical region as compared to the unexposed ticks were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UttarPradesh 243122, India.
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Aguilar-Díaz H, Quiroz-Castañeda RE, Salazar-Morales K, Miranda-Miranda E. A newly optimized protocol to extract high-quality hemolymph from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus: Improving the old conditions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 2:100066. [PMID: 36589873 PMCID: PMC9795341 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites with importance to animal and human health. In recent years, the study of ticks has had significant development, including immune response, vector-host interactions, physiological and multi-omics approaches. However, one of the main impediments is obtaining a significant amount of high-quality hemolymph. For this reason, we developed a protocol that allows obtaining up to 100 μl of hemolymph free of host blood per engorged tick. The technique consists of continuous hipocuticular punctures of the tick dorsum and an anticoagulant buffer that impedes hemolymph coagulation, allowing constant extravasation and ensuring high yields. Additionally, the hemocytes recovered with this protocol are intact and can be used for further analysis. The high-quality hemolymph obtained using this protocol and its applications will help to better understand the processes involving the hemolymph and its components. Although there are other hemolymph extraction protocols, the method developed here is very well suited for Rhipicephalus microplus, and in our experience, results in better yields and high-quality samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Aguilar-Díaz
- Unidad de Artropodología del Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico,Corresponding author.
| | - Rosa Estela Quiroz-Castañeda
- Unidad de Anaplasmosis del Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Karina Salazar-Morales
- Unidad de Artropodología del Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Estefan Miranda-Miranda
- Unidad de Artropodología del Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Penha T, Costa ACC, Lima ADS, Camargo-Mathias MI, Blank AF, Abreu-Silva AL, Costa-Júnior LM. Effects of acaricidal essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis and their main components on vitellogenesis in Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2021; 299:109584. [PMID: 34583144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is an important cattle tick, and resistant strains to synthetic compounds have been widespread. The combined effects of different essential oil compounds enhance biological activity and reduce selection for the development of target organism resistance. Essential oils of two different genotypes of each of Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis and their main components, the isomers thymol and carvacrol, have acted as acaricides against R. microplus. Little is known about the effects of the essential oils of L. sidoides and L. gracilis and thymol and carvacrol on the morphophysiology of R. microplus ovaries. This study aimed to identify the morphological changes in the ovaries of R. microplus females treated with essential oils from two different genotypes of each of L. sidoides (102 and 103) and L. gracilis (106 and 201) and the terpenes thymol and carvacrol through histological techniques. The LC50 and LC75 of essential oils and thymol and carvacrol were used for Adult Immersion Test (AIT) with groups of five fully engorged females of R. microplus. A negative control (DMSO 3% solution) was performed. Seven days after the AIT, the ticks were dissected to collect ovaries and their histologic analysis. Only the group treated with the essential oil of L. gracilis genotype 106 at the LC50 had no change compared with the control. The other groups showed the following changes in oocytes I to V: vacuolation, chorion deformation, disorganization of yolk granules, and irregularities at the cell periphery, causing incomplete process of vitellogenesis. Thus, the essential oils tested in this study may be potent products for the control of cattle ticks and thereby preventing further life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Penha
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65065-545, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Anderson Cássio Campelo Costa
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, 65055-310, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Aldilene da Silva Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65065-545, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Arie Fitzgerald Blank
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon S/N, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Abreu-Silva
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, 65055-310, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Livio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, 65065-545, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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de Queiroz VT, Campos NC, Nunes ET, Costa AV, Coelho JD, Trivilin LO, de Melo DCA, Morais PAB, Martins IVF. 1,8-cineole and castor oil in sodium lauryl ether sulphate disrupt reproduction and ovarian tissue of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:316-326. [PMID: 32250481 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Essential and fixed oils have been researched as alternatives to chemical acaricides. The activity of volatile compounds from essential oils (1,8-cineole, citral and eugenol) at 1.0% (w/v) and fixed oil (castor oil) at 0.3% (w/v) dissolved in 2.0% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.2% (w/v) Tween 80® was assessed against Rhipicephalus microplus using immersion tests. 1,8-cineole (29.0%) and castor oil (30.2%) had the highest reproductive inhibition rate. A second experiment was performed to verify the effect of the 1,8-cineole (10.0% w/v) and, or castor oil (0.3% w/v) on tick reproduction using different solubilizing agents. The highest reproductive inhibition was observed for the combination of 1,8-cineole/castor oil (94.1%) and 1,8-cineole in 2.0% (w/v) sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) (92.8%). A third experiment showed morphological changes in R. microplus oocytes at different stages of development, as well as in pedicel cells. The most intense effects were observed when ticks were immersed in the formulation containing 1,8-cineole (10.0% w/v) and castor oil (0.3% w/v) dissolved in 2% (w/v) SLES. These findings highlight the potential of this formulation as an alternative for managing cattle ticks as their cytotoxic effects can reduce R. microplus reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T de Queiroz
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - N C Campos
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - E T Nunes
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - A V Costa
- Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - J D Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - L O Trivilin
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - D C A de Melo
- Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - P A B Morais
- Graduate Program in Agrochemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - I V F Martins
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo/UFES, Alto Universitário, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Ultrastructural changes induced by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in the ovary of the tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101507. [PMID: 32993927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess the effects on the ovary of fed female Argas persicus following spraying of the ticks with spores of the fungus Beauveria bassiana suspended in triton X100 at a concentration of 107 conidia/mL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations provided evidence that B. bassiana invaded the ovary, causing extensive morphological damage and deterioration of the developing oocytes. Destruction of the shape and internal organelles of young and previtellogenic oocytes and complete inhibition of vitellogenesis was evident. This histopathological study is the first demonstration of ultrastructural damage in the ovaries of A. persicus after infection with B. bassiana. The data presented confirm that B. bassiana affects the ovary either directly by entering the oocytes and/or indirectly by producing toxins in the haemolymph that interfere with the development of oocytes, thus potentially contributing to the control of this tick in a way that is safe for its host and the environment.
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Barbosa CDS, Borges LMF, Louly CCB, Rocha TL, de Sabóia-Morais SMT, Miguita CH, Garcez WS, Garcez FR. In vitro activity of 3β-O-tigloylmelianol from Guarea kunthiana A. Juss (Meliaceae) on oogenesis and ecdysis of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:5-11. [PMID: 26844755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of 3β-O-tigloylmelianol from Guarea kunthiana A. Juss (Meliaceae) on oogenesis, as a larvicide and on ecdysis of the larvae and the nymphs of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae). On the oogenesis' test, 48 engorged females were divided into three groups, evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment. Half of the females were treated with 0.01% 3β-O-tigloylmelianol diluted in distilled water and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while the other half (controls) were exposed to distilled water and 5% DMSO. After treatment, the ovaries were weighed in order to measure the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and were also subjected to standard histological technical tests. On the larvicide and ecdysis' tests, 3β-O-tigloylmelianol was tested at concentrations of 0.01, 0.005, 0.0025 and 0.00125%. Compared with the controls, there was a reduction of GSI of approximately 50% on the treated group, which started at 48 h post treatment. Overall, the protolimonoid 3β-O-tigloylmelianol has caused a significant reduction in the number of oocytes. It has also caused alteration of the cytoplasmic and germinal vesicle diameters. Morphological changes, such as vacuolization, chorion irregularity which has modified the oocytes' morphology as well as alterations on the yolk's granules were also observed. The compound was not larvicide, however, interfered in the ecdysis of the larvae and the nymphs. This study shows that the protolimonoid 3β-O-tigloylmelianol from G. kunthiana acts on oogenesis and ecdysis of R. (B.) microplus, but not as larvicide, indicating that it acts on the endocrine system of the tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina da Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, MS, Brazil.
| | - Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratório de Comportamento Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Henrique Miguita
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Walmir Silva Garcez
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodriguez Garcez
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais Bioativos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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