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Tylkowska A, Mocha N, Kołnierzak MM, Szenejko M. Risk Factors Associated with Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Dog Feces That Contaminate Public Areas of Warsaw, Poland. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:450. [PMID: 38338093 PMCID: PMC10854816 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A constant increase in dog numbers, especially in large towns, has been observed recently. The presence of dogs in urban spaces increases the risk of pollution by dogs' feces, which may contain growth forms of parasites including canine, soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs), most of which have a proven zoonotic potential. This study assessed the frequency of occurrence and estimated the potential risk associated with the presence of cSTHs in dogs' feces left uncollected in urban areas. The study material consisted of 200 fecal samples obtained from city and dog parks situated in selected Warsaw districts. Each fecal sample was processed using the flotation technique. Eggs of cSTHs, including Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, and hookworms from the Ancylostomatidae family were found in 23 (11.5%) of the examined fecal samples. The most prevalent species were hookworms from the family Ancylostomatidae (8%). The presence of parasites was confirmed in 14 out of 20 studied locations (70%), including eight city parks (72.7%) and six dog parks (66.7%). City and dog parks did not differ significantly in the frequency of parasite occurrence. This study indicated that dogs' feces, left uncollected, may cause environmental contamination with cSTHs. It also indicated that the presence of dogs' feces in public areas and the associated presence of parasites is still a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tylkowska
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Natalia Mocha
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Marta Małgorzata Kołnierzak
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.T.)
| | - Magdalena Szenejko
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
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Stefano VC, Loiola SH, Dos Santos BM, Soares FA, Rosa SL, Suzuki CT, Bresciani KD, Sabadini E, Falcão AX, Gomes JF. Effects of hypertonic solutions on two species of human intestinal parasites during fecal examination. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:197-203. [PMID: 36916423 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Ova and parasite examination by flotation requires hypertonic solutions, which can damage the egg and cyst membranes, leading to false negatives. The authors investigated the harmful effects of ZnSO4 and C12H22O11 solutions on the ova and parasite examination. Materials & methods: The authors processed samples using the Three Fecal Test technique. Aliquots were floated in different pH levels, temperatures and solution densities. Results: Densities above 1.12 g/ml led structures to collapse after 6-10 min. pH neutralization of the ZnSO4 solution did not prevent the parasites from changing. Conclusion: All structures were altered when standard methods were performed. To delay collapse, the parasite floating under 5 °C is highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória C Stefano
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Saulo Hn Loiola
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Bianca M Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Soares
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Stefany L Rosa
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Celso Tn Suzuki
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Katia Ds Bresciani
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, 793, Clóvis Pestana St., Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Sabadini
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 126, Josué de Castro St., Campinas, São Paulo,13083-861, Brazil
| | - Alexandre X Falcão
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo F Gomes
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
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Soares FA, Martins Dos Santos B, Rosa SL, Loiola SHN, Suzuki CTN, Sabadini E, Bresciani KDS, Falcão AX, Gomes JF. Dissolved air flotation as potential new mechanism for intestinal parasite diagnosis in feces. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106137. [PMID: 34562419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The parasitological examination of feces is recommended for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasites due to its practicality, low-cost, and moderate diagnostic sensitivity. Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is an efficient technical principle used in other areas to separate dispersed solids. This study sought the preliminary evaluation of a proof-of-concept prototype as a tool for detecting species of parasites by adjusting DAF. Two DAF prototype units were developed to evaluate microbubbles' generation amidst fecal suspension and parasites' capture. For this evaluation, samples were screened and processed by the TF-Test technique (Control) and simultaneously by DAF device. The dimensional and attachment characteristics in the formation of the microbubbles were evaluated, and the percentage of parasitic recovery in floated and not-floated regions compared by Student's t-test. The second prototype unit proved to be more efficient in forming microbubbles with diameters between 34 and 170µm. The flotation tests showed a recovery of 73.27%, 58.12%, 37.85%, and 91.89% for Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis diminuta, Giardia duodenalis, and Strongyloides stercoralis, respectively. This study confirmed the selective interaction between microbubbles and parasite eggs and larvae during the flotation process using the DAF principle for the first time through imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Soares
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-889, Brazil; Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Martins Dos Santos
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-889, Brazil; Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefany Laryssa Rosa
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-889, Brazil; Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Hudson Nery Loiola
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-889, Brazil; Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Tetsuo Nagase Suzuki
- Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; ImmunoCamp Science and Technology, Vinhedo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Sabadini
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Xavier Falcão
- Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-889, Brazil; Laboratory of Image Data Science (LIDS), Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inácio SV, Gomes JF, Falcão AX, Martins dos Santos B, Soares FA, Nery Loiola SH, Rosa SL, Nagase Suzuki CT, Bresciani KDS. Automated Diagnostics: Advances in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Humans and Animals. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715406. [PMID: 34888371 PMCID: PMC8650151 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly close proximity between people and animals is of great concern for public health, given the risk of exposure to infectious diseases transmitted through animals, which are carriers of more than 60 zoonotic agents. These diseases, which are included in the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases, cause losses in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, and in regions with temperate climates. Indeed, they affect more than a billion people around the world, a large proportion of which are infected by one or more parasitic helminths, causing annual losses of billions of dollars. Several studies are being conducted in search for differentiated, more sensitive diagnostics with fewer errors. These studies, which involve the automated examination of intestinal parasites, still face challenges that must be overcome in order to ensure the proper identification of parasites. This includes a protocol that allows for elimination of most of the debris in samples, satisfactory staining of parasite structures, and a robust image database. Our objective here is therefore to offer a critical description of the techniques currently in use for the automated diagnosis of intestinal parasites in fecal samples, as well as advances in these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Valéria Inácio
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Computing (IC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Soares FA, Benitez ADN, dos Santos BM, Loiola SHN, Rosa SL, Nagata WB, Inácio SV, Suzuki CTN, Bresciani KDS, Falcão AX, Gomes JF. A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190535. [PMID: 32491097 PMCID: PMC7269538 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0535-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Augusto Soares
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Stefany Laryssa Rosa
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Walter Bertequini Nagata
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Sandra Valéria Inácio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Automated Diagnosis of Canine Gastrointestinal Parasites Using Image Analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020139. [PMID: 32093178 PMCID: PMC7169455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Because canine intestinal parasites are considered cosmopolitan, they carry significant zoonotic potential to public health. These etiological agents are routinely diagnosed using microscopic examination commonly used because of its low cost, simple execution, and direct evidence. However, there are reports in the literature on the poor performance of this test due to low to moderate sensitivity resulting from frequent errors, procedures and interpretation. Therefore, to improve the diagnostic efficiency of microscopic examination in veterinary medicine, we developed and evaluated a unique new protocol. This system was tested in a study involving four genera of highly prevalent canine intestinal parasites in an endemic region in São Paulo state, Brazil. Fecal samples from 104 animals were collected for this research. The new protocol had a significantly higher (p < 0.0001) number of positive cases on image data, including parasites and impurities, and was elaborate to test them with the TF-GII/Dog technique, with a moderate agreement and Kappa index of 0.7636. We concluded that the new Prototic Coproparasitological Test for Dogs (PC-Test Dog) allowed a better visualization of the parasitic structures and showed a favorable result for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in dogs.
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Efficacy of two anthelmintic treatments, spinosad/milbemycin oxime and ivermectin/praziquantel in dogs with natural Toxocara spp. infection. Vet Parasitol 2017; 247:77-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Inácio SV, Gomes JF, Oliveira BCM, Falcão AX, Suzuki CTN, Dos Santos BM, de Aquino MCC, de Paula Ribeiro RS, de Assunção DM, Casemiro PAF, Meireles MV, Bresciani KDS. Validation of a new technique to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in bovine feces. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:1-5. [PMID: 27836030 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to its important zoonotic potential, cryptosporidiosis arouses strong interest in the scientific community, because, it was initially considered a rare and opportunistic disease. The parasitological diagnosis of the causative agent of this disease, the protozoan Cryptosporidium spp., requires the use of specific techniques of concentration and permanent staining, which are laborious and costly, and are difficult to use in routine laboratory tests. In view of the above, we conducted the feasibility, development, evaluation and intralaboratory validation of a new parasitological technique for analysis in optical microscopy of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, called TF-Test Coccidia, using fecal samples from calves from the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo. To confirm the aforementioned parasite and prove the diagnostic efficiency of the new technique, we used two established methodologies in the scientific literature: parasite concentration by centrifugal sedimentation and negative staining with malachite green (CSN-Malachite) and Nested-PCR. We observed good effectiveness of the TF-Test Coccidia technique, being statistically equivalent to CSN-Malachite. Thus, we verified the effectiveness of the TF-Test Coccidia parasitological technique for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and observed good concentration and morphology of the parasite, with a low amount of debris in the fecal smear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Valéria Inácio
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Institutos de Biologia e Computação, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Xavier Falcão
- UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Monally Conceição Costa de Aquino
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Silva de Paula Ribeiro
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Danilla Mendes de Assunção
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Pamella Almeida Freire Casemiro
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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