The effect of physical exercise and caloric restriction on the components of metabolic syndrome

Strength Training Reduces Fat Accumulation and Improves Blood Lipid Profile Even in the Absence of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Condition

The aim was to investigate the effect of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and metabolic adaptations in obese rats fed with unsaturated high-fat diet (HFD). The hypothesis was that strength training induces positive metabolic adaptations in obese rats despite impaired muscle hypertrophy. Male Wistar rats (n = 58) were randomized into two groups and fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 49.2% of fat. After induction and maintenance to obesity, the rats were divided into four groups: animals distributed in sedentary control (CS), control submitted to strength training protocol (CT), obese sedentary (ObS), and obese submitted to strength training protocol (ObT). The exercise protocol consisted of 10 weeks of training on a vertical ladder (three times a week) with a load attached to the animal’s tail. At the end of 10 weeks, strength training promoted positive changes in the body composition and metabolic parameters in obese animals. Specifically, ObT animals presented a reduction of 22.6% and 14.3% in body fat and adiposity index when compared to ObS, respectively. Furthermore, these rats had lower levels of triglycerides (ObT = 23.1 ± 9.5 vs. ObS = 30.4 ± 6.9 mg/dL) and leptin (ObT = 13.2 ± 7.2 vs. ObS = 20.5 ± 4.3 ng/mL). Training (ObT and CT) induced a greater strength gain when compared with the respective control groups. In addition, the weight of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle was higher in the ObT group than in the CT group, representing an increase of 26.1%. However, training did not promote hypertrophy as observed by a similar cross-sectional area of the FHL and plantar muscles. Based on these results, high-intensity strength training promoted an improvement of body composition and metabolic profile in obese rats that were fed a high-fat diet without skeletal muscle adaptations, becoming a relevant complementary strategy for the treatment of obesity.

Sportomics in professional soccer players: metabolomics results during preseason

BACKGROUND

Sportomics is the application of metabolomics to study the metabolism shifts of individuals that practice sports or do physical exercise. This aim was reached by the analysis of low molecular weight metabolites (<1.5 kDa) present in biological fluids such as blood, saliva or urine.

METHODS

In this study, authors performed a ¹H-NMR analysis of urine from 21 professional soccer players collected at 3 different time points during the preseason preparation period before the beginning of Serie A Championship (first division) in Italy.

RESULTS

Urine profile changed during the observational period. In particular, significant variations were observed for trimethylamine-N-oxide, dimethylamine, hippuric acid, hypoxanthine, guanidoacetic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, citric acid and creatine. These modifications could be related to the diet, training and microbiota. For instance, trimethylamine-N-oxide and hippuric acid are both of dietary origins but are also related to the microbiota, while 3-hydroxy-butyric acid is associated with the type of physical exercise.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first sportomics study ever performed on professional soccer players, according to authors' knowledge. In the future, sportomics could be applied in a tailored way to choose the best diet and training program in the single individual to obtain the best possible performances and to prevent injuries of athletes.

The beneficial effects of aerobic and concurrent training on metabolic profile and body composition after detraining: a 1-year follow-up in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Aerobic and concurrent training (CT, aerobic and strength training) improves body composition and metabolic profile; however, it is not known whether these positive outcomes acquired after aerobic or CT are maintained long term (⩾6 months) after program interruption in postmenopausal women. This study investigated the changes in total and appendicular body composition, bone mineral density and metabolic profile following 16 weeks of aerobic or CT, and through 6 months and 1 year of detraining in postmenopausal women.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

In total, 60 postmenopausal women were divided into the following groups: aerobic (AT), aerobic plus strength training (CT) and control group (CG), and 31 participants were assessed for the 1 year follow-up. Body composition and bone mineral density were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were assessed.

RESULTS

There were main effects of time for arm fat mass, arm lean mass and trunk lean mass (P<0.05). There was a statistical difference between AT and CG for leg fat mass and percentage of fat (P<0.05). After 6 months of detraining, leg lean mass decreased in relation to post-intervention, and there was a statistically significant interaction for total and appendicular lean mass (P<0.05). There were differences between CT and CG in glucose and between AT and CG in glucose and triacylglycerol (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

A duration of 16 weeks of aerobic or CT improved total and appendicular body composition and metabolic profile but after 6 months of detraining, leg lean mass returned to the values obtained pre-training in CT.

CONSUMO DE POLIFENÓIS E SUA ASSOCIAÇÃO COM CONHECIMENTO NUTRICIONAL E ATIVIDADE FÍSICA

RESUMO Introdução: Os benefícios que a atividade física pode agregar à saúde de seus praticantes são expressivos, principalmente quando associada à dieta orientada e à prevenção de possíveis danos ocasionados pela prática. Nesse contexto, os efeitos benéficos de compostos bioativos e nutracêuticos, como os polifenóis, têm mobilizado diversos estudos. Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de polifenóis na dieta de praticantes de atividade física, associando-o ao conhecimento nutricional e ao tempo despendido nessa prática. Métodos: Este é um estudo quantitativo de caráter transversal. A amostra foi composta por 35 homens com média de idade de 27,9 anos, praticantes de atividade física em uma academia situada na cidade de São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. Para a obtenção e análise dos dados foi realizado inquérito alimentar, questionário sociodemográfico e uma escala de conhecimento nutricional. Os polifenóis ingeridos na dieta foram quantificados utilizando-se o banco de dados Phenol-Explorer. As médias de polifenóis entre os grupos foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste t para amostras independentes. A normalidade dos dados referentes ao consumo de polifenóis foi testada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Resultados: A média de tempo semanal despendido pelos indivíduos da amostra para a prática de atividade física foi de 291,7 ± 117,5 minutos, sendo aqueles que praticam por um período maior os que consomem mais polifenóis na dieta. Conclusão: Ao se analisar o consumo de polifenóis, observou-se que todos os participantes têm ingestão regular, porém em proporções inferiores à sugerida por alguns estudos. Quando avaliada a qualidade da dieta, verificou-se que a maioria consumiu frutas e vegetais, ainda que divergindo da falta de conhecimento adequado sobre a relevância nutricional desses alimentos.

Efeito agudo do exercício aeróbio na glicemia em diabéticos 2 sob medicação

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico tem sido proposto como tratamento não farmacológico do diabetes por seu efeito hipoglicemiante. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo do exercício sobre a glicemia capilar em indivíduos diabéticos que fazem uso de insulina ou antidiabéticos orais. Métodos: Foram estudados dia-béticos em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais (G1, n=7), não diabéticos (G2, n=8, grupo controle) e diabéticos em uso de insulina (G3, n=8) da Associação de Diabéticos de Bauru (ADB). Foram submetidos a avaliações clínicas, bioquímicas, pressóricas, antropométricas e a uma sessão de exercício aeróbio (60% a 80% FCmáx). A glicemia capilar foi mensurada em oito momentos durante a sessão (M1 ao M8). A análise estatística foi descritiva (média ± desvio padrão), os testes utilizados foram de Kruskal Wallis e Friedman, não paramétricos. Resultados: Participaram 23 indivíduos com idade média 59,35 ± 14,59 anos, 17 do gênero feminino e seis masculino. As taxas de glicemia do M2 ao M8 foram comparadas ao M1, sendo observadas diminuições significativas nos momentos 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (p≤0,05). Na análise inicial dos grupos G1 e G3 eram obesos e G2 sobrepeso. Na análise da variação da glicemia durante o exercício foi observado que G1 e G3 diferiram nos momentos 2, 3 e 5, G2 e G3 em todos os momentos (p<0,05). Houve redução significativa apenas no G2 (grupo controle), nos momentos 4, 5, 6 e 7 (p<0,05). Conclusão: O exercício tem ação hipoglicemiante, entretanto, nos indivíduos com alteração do metabolismo de carboidratos (G1 e G3), a redução glicêmica não é tão evidente.

Six-week anaerobic training improves proteolytic profile of diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of six-week anaerobic training on the mRNA expression of genes related to proteolysis Ubb (Ubiquitin), E2-14kDa, Trim63 (MuRF1 protein) and Nfkb1 in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Four groups were established: DE (DiabetesExercised), DS (Diabetes Sedentary), CE (Control Exercised) and CS (Control Sedentary). The training consisted of 3 sets of 12 jumps in the liquid mean with load equivalent to 50% of BW for 6 weeks. Euthanasia occurred under ip anesthesia, and blood, adipose tissue and skeletal muscles were collected. Gene expression was quantified by RT-PCR in the gastrocnemius muscle. ANOVA one-way was used for comparison among groups, with post-hoc (Tukey) when necessary, considering p < 0.05.

RESULTS

We observed reduction in the body weight and adipose tissue in the diabetic groups. The muscle mass was reduced in DS, which could be reversed by training (DE). Although DS and DE have presented similar body weight, the training protocol in DE promoted reduction in the adipose tissue, and increase of muscle mass. Anaerobic training was efficient to reduce glycaemia only in the diabetic animals until 6 hours after the end of training. The Trim63 gene expression was increased in DS; decreased Ubb gene level was observed in trained rats (CE and DE) compared to sedentary (CS and DS), and DE presented the lowest level of E2-14kDa gene expression.

CONCLUSION

Six-week anaerobic training promoted muscle mass gain, improved glycemic control, and exerted inhibitory effect on the proteolysis of gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats.