Protein synthesis regulation by leucine

Preliminary analysis of pathways and their implications during salinity stress in abalone

Transcriptome sequencing has offered immense opportunities to study non-model organisms. Abalone is an important marine mollusk that encounters harsh environmental conditions in its natural habitat and under aquaculture conditions; hence, research that increases molecular information to understand abalone physiology and stress response is noteworthy. Accordingly, the study used transcriptome sequencing of the gill tissues of abalone exposed to low salinity stress. The aim is to explore some enriched pathways during salinity stress and the crosstalk and functions of the genes involved in the candidate biological processes for future further analysis of their expression patterns. The data suggest that abalone genes such as YAP/TAZ, Myc, Nkd, and Axin (involved in the Hippo signaling pathway) and PI3K/Akt, SHC, and RTK (involved in the Ras signaling pathways) might mediate growth and development. Thus, deregulation of the Hippo and Ras pathways by salinity stress could be a possible mechanism by which unfavorable salinities influence growth in abalone. Furthermore, PEPCK, GYS, and PLC genes (mediating the Glucagon signaling pathway) might be necessary for glucose homeostasis, reproduction, and abalone meat sensory qualities; hence, a need to investigate how they might be influenced by environmental stress. Genes such as MYD88, IRAK1/4, JNK, AP-1, and TRAF6 (mediating the MAPK signaling pathway) could be useful in understanding abalone's innate immune response to environmental stresses. Finally, the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway hints at the mechanism by which new raw materials for protein biosynthesis are mobilized for physiological processes and how abalone might respond to this process during salinity stress. Low salinity clearly regulated genes in these pathways in a time-dependent manner, as hinted by the heat maps. In the future, qRT-PCR verification and in-depth study of the various genes and proteins discussed would provide enormous molecular information resources for the abalone biology.

Ketogenic Diet in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Opportunities

Although cancer is still one of the most significant global challenges facing public health, the world still lacks complementary approaches that would significantly enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. One of the essential strategies during cancer treatment is following a healthy diet program. The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently emerged as a metabolic therapy in cancer treatment, targeting cancer cell metabolism rather than a conventional dietary approach. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and very-low-carbohydrate with adequate amounts of protein, has shown antitumor effects by reducing energy supplies to cells. This low energy supply inhibits tumor growth, explaining the ketogenic diet's therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment. This review highlights the crucial mechanisms that explain the ketogenic diet's potential antitumor effects, which probably produces an unfavorable metabolic environment for cancer cells and can be used as a promising adjuvant in cancer therapy. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid background for researchers and physicians to design new combination therapies based on KD and conventional therapies.

Leucine-activated nanohybrid biofilm for skin regeneration via improving cell affinity and neovascularization capacity

Nanohybrids containing amino acid are doped into biodegradable nanofibrous membranes, which improves the cell affinity, the migration and growth of fibroblasts, and the neovascularization capacity, comprehensively accelerating a rapid wound healing.