Antiulcer, wound healing and hepatoprotective activities of the seaweeds Gracilaria crassa, Turbinaria ornata and Laurencia papillosa from the southeast coast of India

Structural characterization, antioxidant and anti-uropathogenic potential of biogenic silver nanoparticles using brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata

Alternative treatment strategies for urinary tract infections (UTIs) are becoming more necessary due to increasing drug resistance patterns in uropathogens. Nanoparticle-based therapeutics is emerging as a way to treat UTIs. In the present study, using Turbinaria ornata extract, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized, characterized, and their anti-uropathogenic activity was evaluated. The stability and formation of synthesized To-AgNPs were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DLS. An FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of seaweed functional groups in To-AgNPs, a XRD analysis confirmed their crystalline nature, and SEM imaging confirmed their spherical nature with an average size of 73.98 nm with diameters ranging from 64.67 to 81.28 nm. This was confirmed by TEM results. DLS determined that the cumulant hydrodynamic diameter of To-AgNPs was 128.3 nm with a PdI of 0.313 and the zeta potential value were found to be -63.3 mV which indicates the To-AgNPs are negatively charged and more stable. DPPH assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity of biosynthesized To-AgNPs, while an agar well diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity against uropathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The To-AgNPs showed the highest susceptibility to S. aureus (15.75 ± 0.35 mm) and E. coli (15 ± 0.7 mm) with MIC values of 0.0625 and 0.125 mg/ml, respectively in macro broth dilution method and observed considerable membrane damage under CLSM and SEM. To-AgNPs displayed stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, suggesting they may be developed as a new class of antimicrobial agents for treating UTIs.

The hepatoprotective candidates by synergistic formula of marine and terrestrial against Acetaminophen toxicity using in-vitro, in-vivo, and in silico screening approach

Background

One of the most regularly used hepatotoxic medicines is paracetamol (acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; APAP). It causes liver failure in overdoses but is safe at therapeutic dosages. Combination therapy combining many natural compounds with a synergistic impact as hepatoprotective agents has become an essential therapeutic method against various disorders.

Objective

Due to the lack of literature on paracetamol's effects on hematological and hepatic status parameters in male albino mice, the main goal of this study was to compare the hepatoprotective activities of a mixture of three marine-derived polyphenolics and polysaccharides (Sargassum vulgare Bacillus oceanisediminis, and alginic acids) to Chrysanthemum extract and the mixture of them.

Methods

Sargassumvulgare, Bacillus Oceanisediminis, and alginate, as well as Chrysanthemum ethanol extracts, were tested for APAP-induced liver damage. Group 1 received saline solution subcutaneously, while Group 2 received 500 mg/kg body weight/day APAP intraperitoneal. Group 3 got 200 mg/day algal extract i.p. As in group 3, group 4 got an i.p. dose of 200 mg of algal extract before the APAP dose. This group was protected by Sargassum vulgare extract. Group 5: Received 200 mg/100 g/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extracts i.p. for one week. Group 6: Received 200 mg/body of Bacillus oceanisediminis extract i.p. for one week before APAP treatment. Alginate (p200 mg/body weight/day) was given to Group 7. As in group 7, group 8 received 200 mg/body weight/day alginate extract i.p. before APAP. Group 9: Chrysanthemum extracts 200 mg/day for a week. Group 10: got an i.p. dose of Chrysanthemum extracts for one week before the APAP dose. Group 11: Four mixed extracts (Bacillus Oceanisediminis, Sargassum vulgare, Chrysanthemum, and alginate) were i.p200 mg/day for one week as a positive (+ve) control group. Group 12: Received i.p200 mg/kg combination extract for one week before APAP.

Results

Due to their synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, marine extracts and combinations of marine-derived extracts demonstrated a great effect against APAP toxicity, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential against APAP-induced liver damage.

Conclusion

The synergy of the three marine-derived combinations may lead to novel liver toxicity prevention agents.

Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Antioxidant, and Wound Healing Activities of Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh from Gulf of Mannar, India

Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J., tropical brown algae, was found in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean ecosystems. In accordance with recent studies, Turbinaria ornata J. has potent anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore the biological activities of ethanolic extract of T. ornata J. by analyzing the presence of phytochemical components, antioxidant property, antimicrobial activity, and the wound healing activity. From the results, phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of T. ornata J. showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, oils, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content which were estimated to be 0.683±0.001 Abs and 0.433±0.001 Abs, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of T. ornata J. extract showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity of about 58.8% at 200μg/mL and total antioxidant activity of 0.257 Abs at 100μg/mL concentration, as compared to that of their respective controls. The ethanolic extract of T. ornata J. exhibited the maximum zone of inhibition against the clinical pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with their potent antimicrobial activity. Wound healing effects of the ethanolic extract of T. ornata J were analyzed by using zebrafish model. The results showed the rapid and significant regeneration of the wounded caudal fin on day 14. Therefore, the preliminary results of this study strongly support that the ethanolic extract of T. ornata J. may be effective in wound healing and regeneration of the wounded tissues.

Comparative evaluation of Gracilaria algae 3% cream vs Clobetasol 0.05% cream in treatment of plaque type psoriasis: A randomized, split-body, triple-blinded clinical trial

Gracilaria algae is red macro algae which has demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory effects. Our objective was to compare the efficacy of Gracilaria algae topical cream 3% vs Clobetasol cream 0.05% in treatment of plaque-type psoriasis. Thirty adult patients with baseline modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score ≤12 were randomized to receive either Clobetasol or Gracilaria algae cream on right or left-sided symmetric plaques once daily for 8 weeks and follow-up of 4 weeks. Modified PASI score, patient's satisfaction using VAS and global physician assessment score were assessed to evaluate clinical response. Thirty patients with 94 symmetrical psoriasis plaques were enrolled in this trial. The mean baseline modified PASI score of both sides was similar; however, at the end of trial, modified PASI score was reduced more on the sides treated with Gracilaria algae cream (0.80 ± 0.19% vs 0.63 ± 0.25%, P < .05). No significant difference was found regarding mean physician global assessment score between the two groups (P > .05). Patients' satisfaction was significantly higher in favor of algae cream only at week 8 of the intervention (P < .05). Gracilaria algae cream can be an effective and safe alternative of Clobetasol in the treatment of plaque type psoriasis.

Neophytadiene from Turbinaria ornata Suppresses LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and Sprague Dawley Rats

This study investigates the mode of action of Neophytadiene (MT), a molecule isolated from a marine algae Turbinaria ornata in LPS-induced inflammation in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Neophytadiene (25, 50, 100 μM/mL) was treated to LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells to identify its anti-inflammatory potential by measuring the level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nitric oxide (NO) using Griess reagent. The mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL-6 and IL-10), and the protein expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were quantified by Western blot analysis. Subsequently, Neophytadiene (12, 25, 50 mg/kg b.wt/p.o) was pre-treated for 7 days to the experimental animals followed by LPS (10 mg/kg) injection interaperitonially. After LPS induction, blood was collected and the haematological parameters were analysed followed by isolation of heart tissue for biochemical molecular and histopathological analysis Neophytadiene significantly inhibited the NO production and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Further, the expression of TNF-α, IL1β, NF-κB, iNOS, PI3k/Akt and MAPK in the heart tissue was modulated by Neophytadiene significantly confirming the anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, the effect of Neophytadiene on LPS-induced cardiac injury can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory antioxidant and cardioprotective properties.