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Anti-Sporotrichotic Activity, Lambert-W Inhibition Kinetics and 3D Structural Characterization of Sporothrix schenckii Catalase as Target of Glucosinolates from Moringa oleifera. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human fungal infections exhibit significant defensive oxidative stress responses, which contribute to their pathogenicity. An important component of these reactions is the activation of catalase for detoxification. To discover new antifungal chemicals, the antifungal activity of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera from two commercial products (Akuanandi and Mas Lait) was investigated. The methanolic extracts’ activity against Sporothrix schenckii was determined using an assay for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC). The MIC concentrations varied between 0.5 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL. Akuanandi extract had the lowest MIC (0.5 μg/mL) and MLC (1 μg/mL) values. M. oleifera methanolic extracts were tested for catalase inhibition. The Ki values of the M. oleifera extract against S. schenckii catalase (SsCAT) was found to be 0.7 μg/mL for MOE-AK and 0.08 μg/mL for MOE-ML. Catalase’s 3D structure in SsCAT is unknown. The homology of SsCAT was modeled with an in silico study using a 3D structure from SWISS MODEL and validation the predicted 3D structure was carried out using PROCHECK and MolProbity. Docking simulations were used to analyze protein interactions using Pymol, PoseView, and PLIP. The results revealed that M. oleifera glucosinolates interacts with SsCAT. A molecular interaction analysis revealed two inhibitor compounds (glucosinalbin and glucomoringin) with high binding affinity to key allosteric-site residues. The binding energies revealed that glucosinalbin and glucomoringin bind with high affinity to SsCAT (docking energy values: −9.8 and −9.0 kcal/mol, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that glucosinolates derived from M. oleifera could be used instead of synthetic fungicides to control S. schenckii infections. We hope that the findings of this work will be valuable for developing and testing novel natural anti-sporothrix therapeutic agents in the future.
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Balkrishna A, Verma S, Mulay VP, Gupta AK, Haldar S, Varshney A. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal whole-plant extracts exhibited anti-sporotrichotic effects by destabilizing peripheral integrity of Sporothrix globosa yeast cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010484. [PMID: 35714107 PMCID: PMC9205525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic topical cases of Sporotrichosis, a chronic fungal infection caused by the ubiquitously present cryptic members of the Sporothrix species complex, are treated with oral administrations of itraconazole. However, severe pulmonary or disseminated cases require repeated intra-venous doses of amphotericin B or even surgical debridement of the infected tissue. The unavoidable adverse side-effects of the current treatments, besides the growing drug resistance among Sporothrix genus, demands exploration of alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal herbs, due to their multi-targeting capacity, are gaining popularity amidst the rising antimicrobial recalcitrance. Withania somnifera is a well-known medicinal herb with reported antifungal activities against several pathogenic fungal genera. In this study, the antifungal effect of the whole plant extract of W. somnifera (WSWE) has been explored for the first time, against an itraconazole resistant strain of S. globosa. WSWE treatment inhibited S. globosa yeast form growth in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 of 1.40 mg/ml. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was found to be 50 mg/ml. Sorbitol protection and ergosterol binding assays, revealed that anti-sporotrichotic effects of WSWE correlated well with the destabilization of the fungal cell wall and cell membrane. This observation was validated through dose-dependent decrease in overall ergosterol contents in WSWE-treated S. globosa cells. Compositional analysis of WSWE through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exhibited the presence of several anti-microbial phytochemicals like withanone, withaferin A, withanolides A and B, and withanoside IV and V. Withanone and withaferin A, purified from WSWE, were 10–20 folds more potent against S. globosa than WSWE, thus, suggesting to be the major phytocompounds responsible for the observed anti-sporotrichotic activity. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the anti-sporotrichotic property of the whole plant extract of W. somnifera against S. globosa that could be further explored for the development of a natural antifungal agent against chronic Sporotrichosis. Sporotrichosis, commonly known as ‘rose gardener’s disease’ is a rare but chronic fungal infection caused by several pathogenic members of Sporothrix. Although rare, Sporotrichosis can spread to the lungs or whole body, and thus, could be fatal. However, due to low frequency of its occurrence, scientific research on Sporotrichosis has been rather limited. To exacerbate the situation, many Sporothrix members have developed resistance against the common anti-fungal agents used to treat fungal infections. Many medicinal herbs are being explored for their effectiveness against drug-resistant microorganisms. In this connection, the well-known medicinal plant, Withania somnifera, commonly known as Winter cherry in English and Ashwagandha in Hindi, has been explored for its anti-fungal potentials against several pathogenic fungi. However, to the best of our knowledge, anti-fungal effect of W. somnifera against Sporothrix has not been assessed yet. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the anti-fungal potentials of Withania somnifera whole plant extract (WSWE) against Sporothrix globosa, known to cause Sporotrichosis in Asia. This study demonstrated significant anti-sporotrichotic effect of WSWE, which could be further explored for developing an alternative natural treatment for Sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Patanjali Yog Peeth (UK) Trust, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sudeep Verma
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Vallabh Prakash Mulay
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar, India
- Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Brilhante RS, Pereira VS, Oliveira JS, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, Pereira-Neto WA, Nascimento NR, Castelo-Branco DS, Cordeiro RA, Sidrim JJ, Rocha MF. Terpinen-4-ol inhibits the growth of Sporothrix schenckii complex and exhibits synergism with antifungal agents. Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1221-1233. [PMID: 31625442 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the effect of terpinen-4-ol against Sporothrix schenckii complex and its interactions with antifungals. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol was evaluated by broth microdilution. The potential effect on cellular ergosterol concentration was evaluated by spectrophotometry. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by violet crystal staining and XTT reduction assay. The potential pharmacological interactions with antifungals were evaluated by the checkerboard assay. Results: terpinen-4-ol (T-OH) showed minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 32 mg/l decreasing cellular ergosterol content and presented a SMIC ranging from 64 to 1024 mg/l for Sporothrix spp. The combinations of T-OH with itraconazole or terbinafine were synergistic. Conclusion: T-OH has antifungal activity against Sporothrix spp. and acts synergistically with standard antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sn Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue S Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas S Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anderson M Rodrigues
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 6th floor, Medical Sciences Building, CEP: 04023-062, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo P de Camargo
- Cellular Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 6th floor, Medical Sciences Building, CEP: 04023-062, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro A Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nilberto Rf Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Débora Scm Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana A Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Jc Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fg Rocha
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology & Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Oliveira AH, de Oliveira GG, Carnevale Neto F, Portuondo DF, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Anti-inflammatory activity of Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. extracts and antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:266-274. [PMID: 27856302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. is traditionally used in North and Northeast of Brazil for the treatment of dermatomycoses. Since the strategy associating immunomodulators with antifungal drugs seems to be promissory to improve the treatment efficacy in fungal infections, we aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of V. guianensis ethanolic extract of leaves (VGL) and bark (VGB) against Sporothrix schenckii ATCC 16345 and their antinflammatory activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-IT MS/MS for in situ identification of major compounds. Antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro (microdilution test) and in vivo using a murine model of S. schenckii infection. The production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 by measured by ELISA, as well as measured the production and inhibition of the NO after treatment with the plant extracts or itraconazole (ITR). RESULTS Two O-glucosyl-flavonoids and 16 prenylated benzophenone derivatives already described for Vismia were detected. Both VGL and VGB showed significant antifungal activity either in in vitro assay of microdilution (MIC=3.9µg/mL) and in vivo model of infection with reduction of S. schenckii load in spleen. It was also observed a predominance of reduction in the production of NO and the proinflammatory cytokines evaluated except TNFα, but with stimulation of IL-10, as evidence of a potential anti-inflammatory effect associated. CONCLUSION The results showed that both VGL and VGB have a significant antifungal against S. schenckii and an anti-inflammatory activity. These results can support the use of these extracts for alternative treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G G de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F Carnevale Neto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - D F Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - A Batista-Duharte
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - I Z Carlos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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