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Yu G, Xu M, Chen Y, Ke H. 25(OH)Vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder: genetic overlap and causality. GENES & NUTRITION 2023; 18:8. [PMID: 37101109 PMCID: PMC10134540 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-023-00727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify whether there exists a genetic correlation and causal relationship between 25(OH)D and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Based on large-scale genome-wide association studies, a series of genetic approaches were adopted to obtain summary statistics. Using linkage disequilibrium score regression, we assessed the shared polygenic structure between traits and performed pleiotropic analysis under composite null hypothesis (PLACO) to identify pleiotropic loci between complex traits. A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between 25(OH)D and ASD. RESULTS The linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) showed a negative genetic correlation between 25(OH)D and ASD (rg = - 0.227, P < 0.05), and PLACO analysis identified 20 independent pleiotropic loci matched to 24 pleiotropic genes, of which the function reveals an underlying mechanism on 25(OH)D and ASD. In Mendelian randomization analysis, the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method with OR = 0.941 (0.796, 1.112) and p < 0.474 did not show a causal relationship between 25(OH)D and ASD, while, in the reverse Mendelian randomization analysis, IVW method showed OR = 1.042 (0.930, 1.169), indicating no causal relationship either. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for a shared genetic overlap between 25(OH)D and ASD. Bidirectional MR analysis also did not show a definite causal relationship between 25(OH)D and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoSheng Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Li shui People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Li shui, Zhejiang, 323000 China
| | - MinZhi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Li shui People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Li shui, Zhejiang, 323000 China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Li shui People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Li shui, Zhejiang, 323000 China
| | - HaiYan Ke
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongde hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, 310006 China
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2
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Wang Z, Ding R, Wang J. The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 13:E86. [PMID: 33383952 PMCID: PMC7824115 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between vitamin D status and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well-investigated but remains to be elucidated. We quantitatively combined relevant studies to estimate whether vitamin D status was related to ASD in this work. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched to include eligible studies. A random-effects model was applied to pool overall estimates of vitamin D concentration or odds ratio (OR) for ASD. In total, 34 publications involving 20,580 participants were identified in this present study. Meta-analysis of 24 case-control studies demonstrated that children and adolescents with ASD had significantly lower vitamin D concentration than that of the control group (mean difference (MD): -7.46 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI): -10.26; -4.66 ng/mL, p < 0.0001, I2 = 98%). Quantitative integration of 10 case-control studies reporting OR revealed that lower vitamin D was associated with higher risk of ASD (OR: 5.23, 95% CI: 3.13; 8.73, p < 0.0001, I2 = 78.2%). Analysis of 15 case-control studies barring data from previous meta-analysis reached a similar result with that of the meta-analysis of 24 case-control studies (MD: -6.2, 95% CI: -9.62; -2.78, p = 0.0004, I2 = 96.8%), which confirmed the association. Furthermore, meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal vitamin D showed a trend of decreased early-life vitamin D concentration in the ASD group (MD: -3.15, 95% CI: -6.57; 0.26, p = 0.07, I2 = 99%). Meta-analysis of prospective studies suggested that children with reduced maternal or neonatal vitamin D had 54% higher likelihood of developing ASD (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12; 2.10, p = 0.0071, I2 = 81.2%). These analyses indicated that vitamin D status was related to the risk of ASD. The detection and appropriate intervention of vitamin D deficiency in ASD patients and pregnant and lactating women have clinical and public significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.)
- Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.)
- Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (Z.W.); (R.D.)
- Autism Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Riccio MP, Catone G, Siracusano R, Occhiati L, Bernardo P, Sarnataro E, Corrado G, Bravaccio C. Vitamin D deficiency is not related to eating habits in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:792-803. [PMID: 33294482 PMCID: PMC7719555 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by the impairment of communication and social interaction and by repetitive, restricted and stereotyped interests. ASD is often accompanied by comorbidities; eating disorders are frequent and imply important nutritional deficits (i.e. deficiencies of vitamins, minerals and fatty acids). Vitamin D has a critical role in neurodevelopment and serum levels in ASD are reported inadequate. A useful reference for setting up a correct diet in childhood is the food pyramid, which is inspired by the Mediterranean Diet (MD). The MD guarantees an intake of nutrients, considered optimal to maintain an adequate nutritional status. The aim of this study is to explore serum levels of Vitamin D and food habits (through MD adherence) in a sample of children with ASD and evaluate a possible correlation between these factors. METHODS study participants include 91 children 47 presenting ASD and 44 healthy typically-developing (TD) subjects, as control group. We evaluated serum level of Vitamin D in both group; anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index-BMI-and growth percentile) and MD adherence have been explored, in order to investigate the correlation among those data and level of Vitamin D in children with ASD. Lastly, the association between Vitamin D levels and severity of ASD symptoms has been analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 74% of ASD group presented blood levels of Vitamin D under 30 ng/ml (normal range 30-100 ng/ml). The analysis performed showed that the two groups were significant different regards Vitamin D levels (t = 2.24, p < 0.05), according to literature. 31.9% of children with ASD presented a condition of overweight and 12.6% a condition of obesity. Adherence to the MD was low in 25.5% of cases. No significant statistical correlation has been found between Vitamin D serum levels, anthropometric parameters and the adherence to MD in the ASD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Riccio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Catone
- Department of Educational, Psychological and Communication Sciences. Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Siracusano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Occhiati
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Bernardo
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Sarnataro
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Corrado
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Bravaccio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
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4
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Thom RP, McDougle CJ. Immune Modulatory Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2020; 35:100836. [PMID: 32892957 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence from family history studies, immunogenetics, maternal immune activation, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation support an immune subtype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Current Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for ASD do not address the underlying pathophysiology of ASD, have not consistently been shown to address the core symptoms of ASD, and are currently only approved for treating irritability in children and adolescents. In this article, we review the immune modulatory effects of the 2 currently Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for ASD. We then provide an overview of current data on emerging treatments for ASD from multiple fields of medicine with immune modulatory effects. Although further research is needed to more clearly establish the efficacy and safety of immune modulatory treatments, early data on repurposing medications used to treat systemic inflammation for ASD demonstrate potential benefit and further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Thom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher J McDougle
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Lurie Center for Autism, Lexington, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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5
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Petruzzelli MG, Marzulli L, Margari F, De Giacomo A, Gabellone A, Giannico OV, Margari L. Vitamin D Deficiency in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:9292560. [PMID: 33014190 PMCID: PMC7520686 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9292560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) development. Recent literature focused on vitamin D status in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but with inconsistent results. Our case-control study is aimed at evaluating serum 25-hydroxyl-vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in children with ASD (ASD group, n = 54) compared to children affected by other neurological and psychiatric disorders (non-ASD group, n = 36). All patients were admitted at the Complex Operative Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Polyclinic of Bari, Italy. 25(OH)D was quantified by chemiluminescence immunoassay and level defined as: deficiency (<20 ng/mL); insufficiency (20-30); normality (30-100); toxicity (>100). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20 (significance < 0.05). The ASD group showed 25(OH)D a mean level significantly lower than control (p = 0.014). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed an association between ASD and vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.006). The nature of such association is unclear. Vitamin D deficiency may probably act as a risk factor for the development of ASD. Further studies are needed to unravel the role of vitamin D in ASD etiology and investigate its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Petruzzelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Marzulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Margari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea De Giacomo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gabellone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Orazio V. Giannico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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6
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Siracusano M, Riccioni A, Abate R, Benvenuto A, Curatolo P, Mazzone L. Vitamin D Deficiency and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2460-2474. [PMID: 32294031 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200415174311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone crucially involved in neurodevelopment. Neural cell proliferation, neurotransmission, oxidative stress and immune function represent the main mechanisms mediated by vitamin D in the Central Nervous System. Therefore, its deficiency during pregnancy and early childhood may significantly impact on a developing brain, leading to possible adverse neuropsychological outcomes including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Significant vitamin D deficiency is described within children affected by ASD and in pregnant mothers whose offspring will later develop ASD, suggesting a possible role of the hormone as a contributing risk factor in the etiopathogenesis of ASD. We reviewed the actual literature on the potential contributing role of prenatal and early postnatal vitamin D deficiency in ASD etiopathogenesis, at both genetic and environmental levels, and the possible effect of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Conflicting but promising results emerged on the topic. Further Randomized Controlled Trials studies carried out during pregnancy and early infancy are necessary for better understanding the possible contribution of vitamin D deficiency in the etiopathogenesis of autism and the potential efficacy of the hormone supplementation in the improvement of ASD core symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Siracusano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,PHD Student in Experimental Medicine- Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila AQ, Italy
| | - Assia Riccioni
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Abate
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Benvenuto
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, System Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
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7
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Jaureguiberry MS, Venturino A. Nutritional and environmental contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorders: Focus on nutrigenomics as complementary therapy. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:248-266. [PMID: 32065556 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has risen sharply in the last 30 years, posing a major public health concern and a big emotional and financial challenge for families. While the underlying causes remain to be fully elucidated, evidence shows moderate genetic heritability contribution, but heavy environmental influence. Over the last decades, modern lifestyle has deeply changed our eating, rest, and exercise habits, while exposure to air, water, and food chemical pollution has increased due to indiscriminate use of pesticides, food additives, adjuvants, and antibiotics. The result is a drastic change in the quality of our energy source input, and an overload for antioxidant and detoxification pathways that compromises normal metabolism and homeostasis. Current research shows high prevalence of food selectivity and/or food allergy among children with autism, resulting in essential micronutrient deficits that may trigger or aggravate physical and cognitive symptoms. Nutrigenomics is an emerging discipline that focuses on genotype-micronutrient interaction, and a useful approach to tailor low risk, personalized interventions through diet and micronutrient supplementation. Here, we review available literature addressing the role of micronutrients in the symptomatology of ASD, the metabolic pathways involved, and their therapeutic relevance. Personalized and supervised supplementation according to individual needs is suggested as a complement of traditional therapies to improve outcome both for children with autism and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Jaureguiberry
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue-CITAAC, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue-CITAAC, Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Neuquén, Argentina
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8
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Alzghoul L. Role of Vitamin D in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4357-4367. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191122092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder with heterogeneous etiology.
Vitamin D can function as a fat-soluble vitamin as well as a hormone, and can exert its effect through both genomic
and non-genomic mechanisms. In the last decades, several studies have examined the relationship between
vitamin D levels and ASD. These studies demonstrated that low vitamin D status in early development has been
hypothesized as an environmental risk factor for ASD. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that
vitamin D deficiency in early life can alter brain development, dysregulates neurotransmitter balance in the brain,
decreases body and brain antioxidant ability, and alters the immune system in ways that resemble pathological
features commonly seen in ASD. In this review, we focused on the association between vitamin D and ASD. In
addition, the above-mentioned mechanisms of action that link vitamin D deficiency with ASD were also discussed.
Finally, clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation treatment of ASD have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loai Alzghoul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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9
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Shah E, Marshall I. Case 2: New-Onset Seizure in a 5-year-old Boy with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatr Rev 2019; 40:485-487. [PMID: 31477591 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esha Shah
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Ian Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Brunswick, NJ
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10
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Ali Y, Anderson LN, Smile S, Chen Y, Borkhoff CM, Koroshegyi C, Lebovic G, Parkin PC, Birken CS, Szatmari P, Maguire JL. Prospective cohort study of vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in early childhood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 23:584-593. [PMID: 38321697 DOI: 10.1177/1362361318756787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested an association between vitamin D in childhood and autism spectrum disorder. No prospective studies have evaluated whether lower vitamin D levels precede ASD diagnoses - a necessary condition for causality. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate whether vitamin D serum levels in early childhood was associated with incident physician diagnosed ASD. A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from preschool-aged children in the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network in Toronto, Canada, from June 2008 to July 2015. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured through blood samples and vitamin D supplementation from parent report. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was determined from medical records at follow-up visits. Covariates included age, sex, family history of autism spectrum disorder, maternal ethnicity, and neighborhood household income. Unadjusted and adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression with a robust error variance. In this study, 3852 children were included. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was identified in 41 children (incidence = 1.1%) over the observation period (average follow-up time = 2.5 years). An association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and autism spectrum disorder was not identified in the unadjusted (relative risk = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.97, 1.11 per 10 nmol/L increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration) or adjusted models (adjusted relative risk = 1.06; 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 1.18). An association between vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and autism spectrum disorder was also not identified (adjusted relative risk = 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.46, 1.62). Vitamin D in early childhood may not be associated with incident physician diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamna Ali
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Thing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura N Anderson
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sharon Smile
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yang Chen
- Li Ka Thing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia M Borkhoff
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gerald Lebovic
- Li Ka Thing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia C Parkin
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Birken
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jonathon L Maguire
- Li Ka Thing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Feng JY, Li HH, Shan L, Wang B, Jia FY, DU L. [Clinical effect of vitamin D 3 combined with the Early Start Denver Model in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder in toddlers]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21:337-341. [PMID: 31014425 PMCID: PMC7389219 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical effect of vitamin D3 (VitD3) combined with the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in toddlers. METHODS A total of 102 toddlers with ASD, aged 1 to 3 years, were enrolled. According to the wishes of their parents, they were divided into conventional rehabilitation, ESDM and ESDM+VitD3 groups. Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used evaluate behavior problems before treatment and after 3 months of treatment. RESULTS The conventional rehabilitation group had significant reductions in the total score and the scores on somatic movement and self-care subscales of the ABC scale after 3 months of treatment (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the ESDM group had significant reductions in the total score and the scores on somatic movement, self-care, social interaction and language subscales of the ABC scale (P<0.05), as well as a significant reduction in the total score of the CARS (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the ESDM+VitD3 group had a significant increase in the level of 25(OH)D and significant reductions in the total score and the scores on self-care, sensation, social interaction and language subscales of the ABC scale (P<0.05), as well as a significant reduction in the total score of the CARS (P<0.05). The ESDM group had a significantly greater reduction in the score on social interaction subscale than the conventional rehabilitation group (P<0.05). The ESDM+VitD3 group had a significantly greater reduction in the score on social interaction subscale than the other two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS ESDM can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of toddlers with ASD, with a significantly better clinical effect in improving social interaction and somatic movement than conventional rehabilitation. ESDM combined with VitD3 has a significantly better clinical effect in improving social communication skills and may be one of the best strategies for improving the clinical symptoms of toddlers with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Feng
- Department of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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12
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Arastoo AA, Khojastehkia H, Rahimi Z, Khafaie MA, Hosseini SA, Mansouri MT, Yosefyshad S, Abshirini M, Karimimalekabadi N, Cheraghi M. Evaluation of serum 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels in children with autism Spectrum disorder. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:150. [PMID: 30558646 PMCID: PMC6296143 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D plays an important role in etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). We aimed to evaluate the serum 25 - hydroxyl vitamin D level among children with ASDs in Ahvaz city, Iran. METHODS It was a cross-sectional study which had conducted on 62 subjects in two groups: a case group (n = 31) consisted of ASD children who study in especial schools; and a control group (n = 31) of healthy children who were selected by simple random sampling from regular schools in Ahvaz city, Iran during 2016. Maching between two groups has done regarding Socioeconomic status, type and amount of food intake, place of living and age. The levels of serum 25 - hydroxyl vitamin D were assessed in early morning means fasted state and also measured using ELISA method. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The significant level was considered < 0.05. RESULTS In ASD children, the average serum 25-hydroxyvitamine D level was 9.03 ± 4.14 ng/mg. In ASD group, 96.8% (30 subjects) had vitamin D deficiency. In healthy children group, average serum 25-hydroxyvitamine D level was 15.25 ± 7.89 ng/mg. Average serum 25-hydroxyvitamine D level in intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P > 0.001). Although the parents of patients in control group reported longer exposure to sun (27.42 m per day against 33.06 m per day), no significant difference was observed between these groups in terms of exposure to sun (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A significant difference was observed between serum 25-hydroxyvitamine D levels between the healthy and ASD children. It is recommended to use vitamin D supplement in children with ASDs under medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Arastoo
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Public Health, Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hesam Khojastehkia
- Cherraan's college of pharmacy Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, India
| | - Zahra Rahimi
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Public Health, Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Syed Ahmad Hosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Mansouri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Shabnam Yosefyshad
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Abshirini
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Noshin Karimimalekabadi
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maria Cheraghi
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Public Health, Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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13
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Jia F, Shan L, Wang B, Li H, Miao C, Xu Z, Lin CP, Saad K. Bench to bedside review: Possible role of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:360-365. [PMID: 29241119 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of dysfunctions in social interaction, communication, and behaviors. Studies have demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and in individuals increased the risk of ASD. A genetic polymorphism study has pinpointed that genotype AA/A-allele of GC rs4588 in children is associated with ASD, which encodes the vitamin D binding protein. Translating the mentioned points into clinical practice, several clinical trials have demonstrated that vitamin D supplementation can improve the core symptoms in children with ASD. One paper also showed that possible prophylactic effect for the reoccurrence of ASD by vitamin D supplement during pregnancy and early childhood. Herein, this review aims to address the recent advances in this field and to clarify the possible role of vitamin D in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Shan
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyue Miao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhida Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Neurological Research Center of First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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14
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Barbeau WE. Neonatal and regressive forms of autism: Diseases with similar symptoms but a different etiology. Med Hypotheses 2017; 109:46-52. [PMID: 29150292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be a debilitating, life-long neurocognitive disease. ASD is caused by genetic and epigenetic factors and largely unknown and poorly understood environmental triggers. Signs and symptoms of ASD often appear in the first year of life while the disease strikes other infants who had previously been developing normally at around 2years of age. Ozonoff and her colleagues recently suggested that there are three different pathways or trajectories for the development of ASD in infants 6-24months of age. I hypothesize that pathway 1 is caused by in utero insult/injury, pathway 2 by obstetric complications at birth, and pathway 3 by environmental triggers of ASD affecting infants 0-3years of age. Faster progress can be made in elucidating the underlying causes of neonatal and regressive forms of ASD if the diseases are investigated separately, instead of being part of the same disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Barbeau
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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15
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Föcker M, Antel J, Ring S, Hahn D, Kanal Ö, Öztürk D, Hebebrand J, Libuda L. Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1043-1066. [PMID: 28176022 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While vitamin D is known to be relevant for bone health, evidence has recently accumulated for an impact on mental health. To identify the potential benefits and limitations of vitamin D for mental health, an understanding of the physiology of vitamin D, the cut-off values for vitamin D deficiency and the current status of therapeutic trials is paramount. Results of a systematic PUBMED search highlight the association of vitamin D levels and mental health conditions. Here, we focus on children and adolescents studies as well as randomized controlled trials on depression in adults. 41 child and adolescent studies were identified including only 1 randomized controlled and 7 non-controlled supplementation trials. Overall, results from 25 cross-sectional studies as well as from 8 longitudinal studies suggest a role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Findings from supplementation trials seem to support this hypothesis. However, randomized controlled trials in adults revealed conflicting results. Randomized controlled trials in childhood and adolescents are urgently needed to support the potential of vitamin D as a complementary therapeutic option in mental disorders. Study designs should consider methodological challenges, e.g., hypovitaminosis D at baseline, appropriate supplementation doses, sufficient intervention periods, an adequate power, clinically validated diagnostic instruments, and homogenous, well-defined risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Föcker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ring
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Hahn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Özlem Kanal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dana Öztürk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Libuda
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstr. 21, 45147, Essen, Germany
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16
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Li J, Wang L, Yu P, Shi L, Zhang K, Sun ZS, Xia K. Vitamin D-related genes are subjected to significant de novo mutation burdens in autism spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:568-577. [PMID: 28407358 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a putative environmental risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Besides, de novo mutations (DNMs) play essential roles in ASD. However, it remains unclear whether vitamin D-related genes (VDRGs) carry a strong DNM burden. For the 943 reported VDRGs, we analyzed publicly-available DNMs from 4,327 ASD probands and 3,191 controls. We identified 126 and 44 loss-of-function or deleterious missense mutations in the probands and the controls, respectively, representing a significantly higher DNM burden (p = 1.06 × 10-5 ; odds ratio = 2.11). Specifically, 18 of the VDRGs were found to harbor recurrent functional DNMs in the probands, compared with only one in the controls. In addition, we found that 108 VDRGs with functional DNMs in the probands were significantly more likely to exhibit haploinsufficiency and genic intolerance (p < 0.0078). These VDRGs were also significantly interconnected and co-expressed, and also with other known ASD-risk genes (p < 0.0014), thereby forming a functional network enriched in chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and neuronal function. We provide straightforward genetic evidences for the first time that VDRGs with a strong degree of DNM burden in ASD and DNMs of VDRGs could be involved in the mechanism underlying in ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leisheng Shi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Gillberg C, Fernell E, Kočovská E, Minnis H, Bourgeron T, Thompson L, Allely CS. The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper. Autism Res 2017; 10:1022-1044. [PMID: 28401679 PMCID: PMC5485071 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the "autisms" [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as "steroid metabolism" and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022-1044. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva Kočovská
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute58 Turner StreetE1 2ABLondon
| | - Helen Minnis
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions UnitParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéHuman Genetics and Cognitive FunctionsParisFrance
- FondaMental FoundationCréteilFrance
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare S. Allely
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SalfordManchesterEngland
- Honorary Research Fellow in the College of MedicalVeterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Departments of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Chen J, Xin K, Wei J, Zhang K, Xiao H. Lower maternal serum 25(OH) D in first trimester associated with higher autism risk in Chinese offspring. J Psychosom Res 2016; 89:98-101. [PMID: 27663117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal serum vitamin D status in first trimester and risk of ASD at age 3-7years in the offspring. METHODS Using a case-control design, 68 children diagnosed with ASD and 68 sex and age matched typically-developing children were included. Archived maternal blood samples from the first trimester of pregnancy (11-13weeks gestational age) were identified for those participants. Maternal serum levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH) D], unmetabolized folic acid (FA), vitamin B12, homocysteine (HCY) and High Sensitivity C Reactive protein (CRP) were measured from those samples. We examined the associations between those factors in pregnancy and diagnosis of ASD with logistic regression using SPSS. RESULTS Mothers in autistic group had significantly lower maternal serum levels of 25(OH) D than in typically-developing group [19.2(IQR: 15.8-22.9)ng/ml vs. 24.3(19.3-27.3)ng/ml, P<0.001], with 55.9% and 29.4% being vitamin D deficient, respectively (P<0.001). Levels of 25(OH) D increased with decreasing severity of ASD as defined by the CARS score (r=-0.302, P<0.001). Maternal first trimester serum levels of 25(OH) D in the lower 3 quartiles (quartile 1, 2, 3) (compared to the highest quartile) was associated with increased odds of ASD diagnosis in offspring [OR (95% CI) Q1: 1.36(0.84-2.58, P=0.25); Q2: 2.68(1.44-4.29, P=0.006); Q3:3.99(2.58-7.12, P<0.001)]. CONCLUSIONS Lower first trimester maternal serum levels of 25(OH) D were associated with increased risk of developing autism in offspring. If these findings are confirmed, this may present an opportunity for prenatal intervention to reduce the risk for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Chen
- Faculty of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China; Department of Medical Psychology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China.
| | - Kuolin Xin
- Department of Medical Psychology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Department of Outpatient, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China
| | - Kangli Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China.
| | - Huajun Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Aviation Medicine, Beijing 100142, China
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20
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Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review. Nutrients 2016; 8:236. [PMID: 27110819 PMCID: PMC4848704 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D status in early development has been hypothesised as an environmental risk factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), given the concurrent increase in the prevalence of these two conditions, and the association of vitamin D with many ASD-associated medical conditions. Identification of vitamin D-ASD factors may provide indications for primary and secondary prevention interventions. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies on vitamin D-ASD relationship, including potential mechanistic pathways. We identified seven specific areas, including: latitude, season of conception/birth, maternal migration/ethnicity, vitamin D status of mothers and ASD patients, and vitamin D intervention to prevent and treat ASD. Due to differences in the methodological procedures and inconsistent results, drawing conclusions from the first three areas is difficult. Using a more direct measure of vitamin D status—that is, serum 25(OH)D level during pregnancy or childhood—we found growing evidence for a relationship between vitamin D and ASD. These findings are supported by convincing evidence from experimental studies investigating the mechanistic pathways. However, with few primary and secondary prevention intervention trials, this relationship cannot be determined, unless randomised placebo-controlled trials of vitamin D as a preventive or disease-modifying measure in ASD patients are available.
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21
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Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:341-50. [PMID: 26514973 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0786-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D may play an important role in the etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Vitamin D is regarded as a neuroactive steroid affecting brain development and function. It plays an essential role in myelination, which is important for connectivity in the brain. Studies have shown that decreased vitamin D levels in patients, decreased maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy, and decreased exposure to solar UVB might increase the risk for ASD. In addition, autism symptoms and global functioning may improve after vitamin D supplementation. Here, we sought to aggregate information from previous publications on vitamin D levels and ASD, in order to achieve a higher statistical power and thereby to determine the validity of vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for ASD. For this meta-analysis, 11 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, accounting for a total of 870 ASD patients and 782 healthy controls. Levels of serum 25(OH) D in participants with ASD were significantly lower than controls, suggesting that lower vitamin D level might be a risk factor for ASD.
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22
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Kočovská E, Andorsdóttir G, Weihe P, Halling J, Fernell E, Stóra T, Biskupstø R, Gillberg IC, Shea R, Billstedt E, Bourgeron T, Minnis H, Gillberg C. Vitamin d in the general population of young adults with autism in the faroe islands. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 44:2996-3005. [PMID: 24927807 PMCID: PMC4221602 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as a possible risk factor for developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels were examined in a cross-sectional population-based study in the Faroe Islands. The case group consisting of a total population cohort of 40 individuals with ASD (aged 15–24 years) had significantly lower 25(OH)D3 than their 62 typically-developing siblings and their 77 parents, and also significantly lower than 40 healthy age and gender matched comparisons. There was a trend for males having lower 25(OH)D3 than females. Effects of age, month/season of birth, IQ, various subcategories of ASD and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule score were also investigated, however, no association was found. The very low 25(OH)D3 in the ASD group suggests some underlying pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kočovská
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 411 19, Göteborg, Sweden,
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