1
|
Wang J, Zou D, Li Y, Liu P, Guo C. Drug-induced tooth discoloration: An analysis of the US food and drug administration adverse event reporting system. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1161728. [PMID: 37124229 PMCID: PMC10133538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1161728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Certain drugs can cause intrinsic or extrinsic tooth discoloration, which is not only a clinical issue but also an esthetic problem. However, limited investigations have focused on drug-induced tooth discoloration. The present work aimed to determine the drugs causing tooth discoloration and to estimate their risks of causing tooth discoloration. Methods: An observational, retrospective, and pharmacovigilance analysis was conducted, in which we extracted adverse event (AE) reports involving tooth discoloration by using the data of the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from the first quarter (Q1) of 2004 to the third quarter (Q3) of 2021. Disproportionality analyses were performed to examine risk signals for tooth discoloration and determine the drugs inducing tooth discoloration. Results: Based on predefined inclusion criteria, 1188 AE reports involving 302 suspected drugs were identified. After data mining, 25 drugs generated positive risk signals for tooth discoloration, of which 10 were anti-infectives for systemic use. The top reported drug was tetracycline (n = 106), followed by salmeterol and fluticasone (n = 68), amoxicillin (n = 60), chlorhexidine (n = 54), and nicotine (n = 52). Cetylpyridinium (PRR = 472.2, ROR = 502.5), tetracycline (PRR = 220.4, ROR = 277), stannous fluoride (PRR = 254.3, ROR = 262.8), hydrogen peroxide (PRR = 240.0, ROR = 247.6), and chlorhexidine (PRR = 107.0, ROR = 108.4) showed stronger associations with tooth discoloration than the remaining drugs. Of 625 AE reports involving 25 drugs with positive risk signals, tooth discoloration was mostly reported in patients aged 45-64 (n = 110) and ≤18 (n = 95), and 29.4% (192/652) of the reports recorded serious outcomes. Conclusion: This study revealed that certain drugs are significantly associated with tooth discoloration. Caution should be exercised when using these drugs, especially during pregnancy and early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongna Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenyu Guo, ; Pingping Liu,
| | - Chenyu Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- *Correspondence: Chenyu Guo, ; Pingping Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim DH, Bae J, Heo JH, Park CH, Kim EB, Lee JH. Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Tooth-Whitening Agents: Progress and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10042-10065. [PMID: 35704786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whitening agents, such as hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, are currently used in clinical applications for dental esthetic and dental care. However, the free radicals generated by whitening agents cause pathological damage; therefore, their safety issues remain controversial. Furthermore, whitening agents are known to be unstable and short-lived. Since 2001, nanoparticles (NPs) have been researched for use in tooth whitening. Importantly, nanoparticles not only function as abrasives but also release reactive oxygen species and help remineralization. This review outlines the historical development of several NPs based on their whitening effects and side effects. NPs can be categorized into metals or metal oxides, ceramic particles, graphene oxide, and piezoelectric particles. Moreover, the status quo and future prospects are discussed, and recent progress in the development of NPs and their applications in various fields requiring tooth whitening is examined. This review promotes the research and development of next-generation NPs for use in tooth whitening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hwan Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Bae
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials Technology Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adil M, Siddiqui M, Amin S, Xess K. Linezolid-induced black hairy tongue: A case report and review of literature. JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY & DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jdds.jdds_1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
4
|
Zou D, Xu P, Zhang Y, Lu C, Wang J, Leng B, Zhang W. The first case of teeth discoloration induced by linezolid in children in China Mainland. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:1062-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Teoh L, Moses G, McCullough MJ. A review and guide to drug‐associated oral adverse effects—Dental, salivary and neurosensory reactions. Part 1. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:626-636. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Teoh
- Melbourne Dental School The University of Melbourne Carlton Victoria Australia
| | - Geraldine Moses
- School of Pharmacy University of Queensland Woolloongabba Queensland Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barner A, Frank C, Shipton L. Tooth Discoloration in a Patient With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
7
|
Santos JA, Varandas L, Gouveia C. Reversible Teeth Discoloration in Children: A Linezolid Therapy Side Effect. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:809. [PMID: 25500501 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814562558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Varandas
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Tooth discoloration is a common problem for which patients seek dental care. Various medications can directly or indirectly result in tooth discoloration. As clinicians, it is our responsibility to know these therapeutic drugs which can cause tooth discoloration and educate our fellow colleagues to take necessary precautions when prescribing these medications. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to give an overview of the various medications that can be linked to tooth discoloration and to suggest the precautionary measures that can be taken to avoid or minimize it. Clinical Relevance: Dental discoloration potential of medications always needs to be considered before prescribing them.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
We describe 3 children who developed teeth and tongue discoloration while receiving intravenous linezolid for 2 to 3 weeks. Linezolid was coadministered with piperacillin-tazobactam or meropenem. Teeth and tongue discoloration was reversible with dental cleaning after discontinuation of linezolid. We review the published pediatric and adult cases regarding teeth and tongue discoloration after linezolid administration.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most common and troublesome microorganisms causing disease in humans, despite the development of effective antibiotics. Linezolid is a member of a new class of synthetic antibiotics called oxazolidinones, introduced into therapy due to the increasing resistance of Gram-positive pathogens to traditional antibiotics. Information about the pharmacokinetics and tolerability profile of linezolid in the pediatric population mostly derive from adult studies and especially in the neonatal field relatively few data are available. Here we summarize linezolid's characteristics and report data available in the literature regarding linezolid use in newborns and children. For this purpose, a Medline search was performed between 1990 and 2006 involving the term "linezolid" combined with the terms "newborn", "infant", "child", "pediatrics". Additional information was obtained from Reactions Weekly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cuzzolin
- Department of Medicine & Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar A, Kumar V, Singh J, Hooda A, Dutta S. Drug-induced discoloration of teeth: an updated review. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2012; 51:181-5. [PMID: 21917545 DOI: 10.1177/0009922811421000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The problem of tooth discoloration is emerging in our society because of the poor oral hygiene, physical agents, environmental chemicals, mouth rinses, some dental procedures, general systemic conditions, and drugs. Other common causes of tooth discoloration include excessive use of tea, coffee, tobacco smoking and chewing, chewing of betel morsel (piper betel, paan), and so on. Drug-induced tooth discoloration can be prevented by avoiding prescriptions of well-known offender drugs known to cause tooth discoloration during pregnancy and in young children. This review describes some important groups of drugs that cause tooth discoloration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garazzino S, Tovo PA. Clinical experience with linezolid in infants and children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 4:iv23-iv41. [PMID: 21521704 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of multidrug-resistant organisms has required the development of new antimicrobials. Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone, has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains. Although approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002, the clinical experience with linezolid in the paediatric population is still limited, also given the fact that in most European countries the paediatric use of linezolid is off-label. In this paper we summarize the actual evidence on both licensed and off-label clinical uses of linezolid in children, including efficacy, safety and tolerability issues. Taking into account the potential bias in comparing heterogeneous clinical trials and reports, the available literature data suggest that linezolid is a safe and effective agent for the treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections in neonates and children. At present, linezolid is reserved for those children who are intolerant to or fail conventional agents. A linezolid-containing regimen can be a valuable option for treating multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in children as well as disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. Given the rare occurrence of serious side effects, careful monitoring of haematological parameters, possible drug interactions and neurological manifestations is recommended in linezolid-treated children, especially in case of prolonged treatments. Appropriate linezolid dosage and hospital infection control measures are essential to avoid the spread of linezolid resistance. Further studies are needed to establish novel paediatric indications for linezolid use and to assess the tolerability of long-term treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Garazzino
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Piazza Polonia 94, Turin, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Darkening of the tongue and oral mucosa is a reaction pattern that can be related to a number of physiologic, metabolic, and toxic disorders, and medications and exogenous substances. Black discoloration of the tongue should be distinguished from black "hairy" tongue, which is characterized by hypertrophy of the filiform papillae. We report a case of a 42-year-old man presented with a black discoloration of his tongue during treatment with linezolid for spondylodiscitis. So in conclusion, tongue discoloration is a benign and reversible condition and a probable adverse event associated with linezolid. We present this case to increase clinicians' awareness of a new potential adverse effect of linezolid.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dotis J, Iosifidis E, Ioannidou M, Roilides E. Use of linezolid in pediatrics: a critical review. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e638-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
15
|
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of linezolid in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Clin Ther 2010; 32:66-88. [PMID: 20171414 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid is marketed for the treatment of severe, vancomycin-resistant infections with gram-positive bacteria in adults. Most information regarding the pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, and tolerability of linezolid is derived from adult studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to summarize evidence regarding the use of linezolid in infants and children, focusing on the drug's clinical efficacy data and tolerability profile. METHODS A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases, from their inception through July 20, 2009, using the following terms: linezolid, newborn, infant, child, pediatrics, adolescent, human, clinical trial, and case report. Articles were excluded if they were redundant or not pertinent. (Articles that did not focus on the use of linezolid in children were considered not pertinent.) Bibliographies of all relevant articles were also evaluated. RESULTS Forty-seven publications regarding the use of linezolid in children were included in the review: 5 pharmacokinetic studies, 32 case reports, 6 randomized clinical trials (RCTs), 2 uncontrolled trials, 1 subanalysis of 2 published RCTs, and 1 subanalysis of published data about linezolid's tolerability. Pharmacokinetic data on linezolid use in children were derived from studies that enrolled 447 children. Plasma pharmacokinetics of linezolid in pediatric patients were found to be age dependent. Results from 6 vancomycinor cefadroxil-controlled RCTs (including 1480 children) evaluating linezolid treatment in children reported variable clinical cure rates, ranging from 75.0% to 93.2% in children with skin and skin-structure infections and from 77.5% to 90.0% in children with bacteremia or pneumonia. No significant difference in clinical cure rates between the linezolid group and the comparator group was observed in any study. The most frequently reported adverse events were diarrhea (from 3.1% to 16.8%), nausea and/or vomiting (from 2.9% to 11.9%), and thrombocytopenia (from 1.9% to 4.7%). To date, 3 cases of neuropathy have been described in children. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed pediatric studies in skin and skin-structure infections, bacteremia, or pneumonia found that linezolid was associated with high clinical cure rates (75.0%-93.2%) that did not differ significantly from those of vancomycin or cefadroxil. RCTs enrolling children with other types of infection (eg, osteomyelitis, endocarditis), as well as long-term studies, are needed to draw definitive conclusions about linezolid's efficacy and tolerability in pediatric patients. Careful monitoring for adverse events and possible linezolid resistance continues to be essential.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Linezolid has demonstrated activity against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant aerobic Gram-positive cocci. The availability of intravenous and oral formulations, with near 100% bioavailability of the latter, is hoped to facilitate the management of multiply drug-resistant Gram-positive infections. Linezolid was approved for clinical use in the United States in April 2000 and has subsequently been approved in other countries for the management of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, complicated and uncomplicated skin and soft-tissue infections, and infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, including cases with concurrent bacteremia. Additional studies have demonstrated potential use in febrile cancer patients with neutropenia, and case reports have documented some efficacy in the management of infective endocarditis, tuberculosis, nocardiosis, and in anaerobic infections. Given the potential for significantly increased use of linezolid, a thorough review and update of its tolerability and safety profile is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Sequi Canet J, Bernal Ferrer A, Sala Langa M. Linezolid y tuberculosis resistente, una nueva y potente arma. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 68:306-7. [DOI: 10.1157/13116718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
19
|
|
20
|
Amir KA, Bobba RK, Clarke B, Nagy-Agren S, Arsura EL, Balogun SA, Evans JM. Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: Treatment-related adverse event? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 4:260-3. [PMID: 17062327 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increased occurrence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections, linezolid treatment might be administered more often. New rare adverse events are likely to follow. CASE SUMMARY A 65-year-old man (weight, 91 kg; height, 185 cm) presented to the emergency department at the University of Virginia-affiliated Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, after a recent (8 weeks) kidney transplantation with a 24-hour history of fatigue, chills, arthralgias, increased urinary frequency, and onset of tongue discoloration. Two days before admission, he completed a 14-day course of linezolid 600 mg PO BID for ampicillin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infection. He was afebrile on admission and the dorsal aspect of his tongue was blackened centrally, browner peripherally, with normal pink mucosa on the periphery. Based on the Naranjo probability scale, the calculated score for tongue discoloration as a drug-related adverse event was 7 out of a maximum score of 13 points, designating it as a probable cause. The patient's tongue discoloration improved moderately during the hospital stay and resolved 6 months after the discontinuation of linezolid. CONCLUSIONS We report a rare association of linezolid and tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient that improved with discontinuation. We present this case to increase clinicians' awareness of the potential adverse event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil A Amir
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
It is essential that every health care professional who is involved with the prescription or recommendation of drugs be fully aware of any resultant disorders that may arise as a side-effect. A range of drugs can affect the teeth. In this review article, drugs that have the potential to induce changes in teeth have been classified as those leading to tooth discoloration (intrinsic and extrinsic), physical damage to tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum), and alteration in tooth sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Tredwin
- Units of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
In recent years, serious skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by multidrug resistant pathogens have become more common. While the majority of SSTIs are caused by Staphylococcus aureus or beta-haemolytic streptococci that are methicillin/oxacillin susceptible, the emergence of methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant community-acquired and nosocomial Gram-positive pathogens has created a need for different therapeutic agents, such as linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin, and newer generation carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. This review focuses on agents presently in clinical development for the treatment of SSTIs caused by Gram-positive pathogens such as staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Newer-generation carbapenems, such as meropenem and ertapenem, are characterised by a broad-spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and -negative aerobes and anaerobes, and are resistant to hydrolysis by many beta-lactamases. Current-generation fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, have demonstrated better eradication rates for S. aureus than conventional penicillin and cephalosporins. These antimicrobial agents can be used to treat methicillin-susceptible staphylococcal and streptococcal strains. Oxazolidinones, streptogramin combinations and cyclic lipopeptides have novel mechanisms of action and have been studied in several multinational phase III clinical trials in the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated SSTIs. They possess a broad spectrum of activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, including MRSA and VRE. Linezolid has been shown to be active against a wide variety of community-acquired and nosocomial antimicrobial-resistant pathogens with comparability to vancomycin, as well as resulting in reduced lengths of hospital stay. Cyclic lipopeptides such as daptomycin have a unique mechanism of action by disruption of bacterial membrane electric potentials with less likelihood for development of cross-resistance. Daptomycin has recently been US FDA approved for the treatment of complicated SSTI. However, rapid development of resistance to some of these newer agents has already been reported and this trend magnifies the importance of further need for effective antimicrobial agents. Several investigational agents, such as dalbavancin, oritavancin and tigecycline, are in advanced stages of development and are likely to proceed to licensing in the next few years. With their long half-lives, these agents have an advantage of less frequent dose administration with more rapid bactericidal activity and less likelihood for development of resistance. However, because of their proven activity against highly resistant organisms, these antibacterial agents should be reserved only for life-threatening situations and/or when resistant pathogens are suspected. Rational antimicrobial use coupled with awareness of infection control measures is paramount to avert the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Raghavan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center Hospital, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12:617-32. [PMID: 14558186 DOI: 10.1002/pds.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Shuster J. Shock-Like Sensations Associated with Antidepressant Withdrawal Acute Tumor Lysis Syndrome Caused by Hydroxyurea Zolpidem-Induced Visual Hallucinations Tooth Discoloration with Linezolid Sleepwalking Caused by SSRI ADR-Related Reports from the Archives of Internal Medicine. Hosp Pharm 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/001857870303800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), to discuss methods of prevention, and to promote reporting of ADRs to the FDA's medWatch program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting preventable ADR to medWatch, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Shuster
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia; and Institute for Safe Medication Practices, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006
| |
Collapse
|