1
|
Belloni A, Pugnaloni A, Rippo MR, Di Valerio S, Giordani C, Procopio AD, Bronte G. The cell line models to study tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer with mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor: A scoping review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 194:104246. [PMID: 38135018 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) represents ∼85% of all lung cancers and ∼15-20% of them are characterized by mutations affecting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). For several years now, a class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors was developed, targeting sensitive mutations affecting the EGFR (EGFR-TKIs). To date, the main burden of the TKIs employment is due to the onset of resistance mutations. This scoping review aims to resume the current situation about the cell line models employed for the in vitro evaluation of resistance mechanisms induced by EGFR-TKIs in oncogene-addicted NSCLC. Adenocarcinoma results the most studied NSCLC histotype with the H1650, H1975, HCC827 and PC9 mutated cell lines, while Gefitinib and Osimertinib the most investigated inhibitors. Overall, data collected frame the current advancement of this topic, showing a plethora of approaches pursued to overcome the TKIs resistance, from RNA-mediated strategies to the innovative combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Belloni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armanda Pugnaloni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Valerio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Giordani
- Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences on Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Domenico Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences on Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health and Sciences on Ageing (IRCCS INRCA), Ancona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun HL, Ma QY, Bian HG, Meng XM, Jin J. Novel insight on GRP/GRPR axis in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114497. [PMID: 36933382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. GRP/GRPR signalling is involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In the immune system, the unique function of GRP/GRPR in neutrophil chemotaxis suggests that GRPR can be directly stimulated through GRP-mediated neutrophils to activate selective signalling pathways, such as PI3K, PKC, and MAPK, and participate in the occurrence and development of inflammation-related diseases. In the cardiovascular system, GRP increases intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). GRP activates ERK1/2, MAPK, and AKT, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Central nervous system signal transduction mediated by the GRP/GRPR axis plays a vital role in emotional responses, social interaction, and memory. The GRP/GRPR axis is elevated in various cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, renal cell, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. GRP is a mitogen in a variety of tumour cell lines. Its precursor, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), may play an important role as an emerging tumour marker in early tumour diagnosis. GPCRs serve as therapeutic targets for drug development, but their function in each disease remains unclear, and their involvement in disease progression has not been well explored or summarised. This review lays out the above mentioned pathophysiological processes based on previous research conclusions. The GRP/GRPR axis may be a potential target for treating multiple diseases, and the study of this signalling axis is particularly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Ma
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, No. 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moody TW, Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. Bombesin, endothelin, neurotensin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide cause tyrosine phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Peptides 2021; 137:170480. [PMID: 33385499 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous peptides including bombesin (BB), endothelin (ET), neurotensin (NTS) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are growth factors for lung cancer cells. The peptides bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) resulting in elevated cAMP and/or phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover. In contrast, growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) or neuregulin (NRG)-1 bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the EGFR or HER3, increasing tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in the phosphorylation of protein substrates such as PI3K or phospholipase (PL)C. Peptide GPCRs can transactivate numerous RTKs, especially members of the EGFR/HER family resulting in increased phosphorylation of ERK, leading to cellular proliferation or increased phosphorylation of AKT, leading to cellular survival. GRCR antagonists and tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful agents to prevent RTK transactivation and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen L, Wang S, Xu W, Xu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Du X, Liu S. Value of serum tumor markers for predicting EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 49:151633. [PMID: 32977235 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether serum tumor markers (STMs) represent a valuable noninvasive tool to predict epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed for 143 NSCLC patients at the Peking University International Hospital from December 2014 to December 2019. EGFR mutations in the tumor tissues were identified by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and next generation sequencing (NGS). The relationships between EGFR mutation and several clinicopathological features were analyzed. RESULT EGFR mutation were found more frequently in female (56.67%, P = 0.01), never-smokers (55.26%, P = 0.004), and those with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) (52.17%, P < 0.001). The positive mutation rate for the EGFR gene were higher in the squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)group (≤1.5 ng/ml) and in the gastrin-releasing peptide precursor (preGRP) increased group (≥69.2 pg/ml), and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that females (Odd ratio [OR]: 2.435, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.232, 4.813, P = 0.01) and never-smokers (OR = 0.370; CI = 0.186, 0.734; P = 0.004), lung adenocarcinoma patients (OR = 9.091; CI = 2.599, 21.800; P = 0.001), the SCC group (≤1.5 ng/ml) (OR = 0.331, CI = 0.120, 0.914; P = 0.033), and the preGRP group (≥69.2 pg/ml) (OR = 5.478, CI = 1.462, 20.528; P = 0.012) patients were risk factors for EGFR gene mutation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that lung ADC and proGRP elevation were independent risk factors for predicting EGFR gene positivity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION STMs are associated with mutant EGFR status and could be integrated with other clinical factors to facilitate the classification of EGFR mutation status among NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Wen
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Xu
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Medicine Oncology, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Du
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Peking University International Hospital, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 102206 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma N, Barbon SM, Lalonde T, Maar RR, Milne M, Gilroy JB, Luyt LG. The development of peptide–boron difluoride formazanate conjugates as fluorescence imaging agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18970-18977. [PMID: 35518290 PMCID: PMC9053952 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new fluorescence imaging probes have been synthesized by incorporating a versatile alkyne-substituted boron difluoride formazanate precursor with peptides through copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition. The formazanate dye was appended to a C-terminal amino acid of ghrelin for imaging the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR-1a). To demonstrate versatile bioconjugation chemistry, the formazanate dye was added to the N-terminus of bombesin for targeting the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). These are the first examples of using this emerging class of dyes, boron difluoride formazanates, for the labelling of biomolecules. Conjugation of a boron difluoride formazanate dye to receptor targeting peptides provides cancer imaging agents for fluorescence microscopy.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | | | - Tyler Lalonde
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program
- Lawson Health Research Institute
- London
- Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Moody TW, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Neuropeptide bombesin receptor activation stimulates growth of lung cancer cells through HER3 with a MAPK-dependent mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118625. [PMID: 31862538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), prognosis still remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Studies demonstrate the importance of the EGFR/HER-receptor family in NSCLC growth, as well as that of other tumors. Recently, HER3 is receiving increased attention because of its role in drug resistance and aggressive growth. Activation of overexpressed G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) can also initiate growth by transactivating EGFR/HER-family members. GPCR transactivation of EGFR has been extensively studied, but little is known of its ability to transactivate other EGFR/HER-members, especially HER3. To address this, we studied the ability of bombesin receptor (BnR) activation to transactivate all EGFR/HER-family members and their principal downstream signaling cascades, the PI3K/Akt- and MAPK/ERK-pathways, in human NSCLC cell-lines. In all three cell-lines studied, which possessed EGFR, HER2 and HER3, Bn rapidly transactivated EGFR, HER2 and HER3, as well as Akt and ERK. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed Bn-induced formation of both HER3/EGFR- and HER3/HER2-heterodimers. Specific EGFR/HER3 antibodies or siRNA-knockdown of EGFR and HER3, demonstrated Bn-stimulated activation of EGFR/HER members is initially through HER3, not EGFR. In addition, specific inhibition of HER3, HER2 or MAPK, abolished Bn-stimulated cell-growth, while neither EGFR nor Akt inhibition had an effect. These results show HER3 transactivation mediates all growth effects of BnR activation through MAPK. These results raise the possibility that targeting HER3 alone or with GPCR activation and its signal cascades, may be a novel therapeutic approach in NSCLC. This is especially relevant with the recent development of HER3-blocking antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang P, Zhang L, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu Z. Characterization of GRP as a functional neuropeptide in basal chordate amphioxus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:384-394. [PMID: 31593737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the subphylum cephalochordata, an extant representative of the most basal chordates, whose regulation of endocrine system remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrated the existence of a functional GRP neuropeptide in amphioxus, which was able to interact with GRP receptor, activate both PKC and PKA pathways, increase gh, igf, and vegf expression. We also showed that the transcription level of amphioxus grp was affected by temperature and light, indicating the role of this gene in the regulation of energy balance and circadian rhythms. In addition, the expression of the amphioxus grp was detected in cerebral vesicle that has been proposed to be the homologous organ of vertebrate brain. These data collectively suggested that a functional GRP neuropeptide had already emerged in amphioxus, which provided insights into the evolutionary origin of GRP in chordate and the functional homology between the cerebral vesicle and vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haoyi Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu MJ, Yao S, Li TT, Yang R, Yao RS. Dual Anti-cancer and Anti-Itch Activity of PD176252 Analogues: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:992-1001. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190408133141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer patients treated with targeted anti-cancer drug suffer from itch or pruritus. Itch
or pruritus is an unpleasant sensation that brings about a negative impact on quality of life, and serious itch may
lead to dose reduction and even discontinuation. Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) plays a critical role
in itch, inflammation and cancer, and GRPR antagonist has obvious effect on cancer, inflammation and itch. The
aim of this paper is to develop a new agent with anti-cancer and anti-itch activity.
Methods:
A series of GRPR antagonist PD176252 analogues (3a-3l) were designed and synthesized. Both anticancer
and anti-itch activities were evaluated. Anti-cancer activity was evaluated in three human cancer cell
lines in vitro, the anti-itch activity in evaluated with Kunming mice by intrathecal injection of chloroquine
phosphate as a modeling medium. And the cytotoxicity on normal cells was evaluated.
Results:
Of the tested compounds, compound 3i showed potently anti-cancer activity to all cancer cell lines
tested with IC50 values of 10.5µM (lung), 11.6µM (breast) and 12.8µM (liver) respectively and it also showed
significant inhibition of the scratching behavior. Comparing with PD17625, compound 3i and 3g gave better
inhibition activities against all cancer cell lines, compound 3b, 3c and 3i showed better anti-itch activity. The
compound 3i is safe for normal breast and liver normal cells, but it has high cytotoxicity on normal lung cell.
Conclusion:
The synthesized compounds have dual anti-cancer and anti-itch activity, so the development of
drug with dual anti-tumor and anti-itch property is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Sen Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
GPCRs and EGFR – Cross-talk of membrane receptors in cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3611-3620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
10
|
Hallasch S, Frick S, Jung M, Hilger I. How gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and α vβ 3 integrin expression reflect reorganization features of tumors after hyperthermia treatments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6916. [PMID: 28761146 PMCID: PMC5537297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of tumor treatment via hyperthermia in the clinic has been reported to be heterogeneous. Here, we assessed how the presence of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and αvβ3 integrin together with the morphology of the vascularization reflects the growth behavior of tumors after hyperthermia treatment. MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice were treated either with high (46 °C) or low dose (42 °C) water hyperthermia for 60 min. Changes of GRPR and αvβ3 integrin expression were assessed via multiplexed optical imaging. Vascularization was reconstructed and quantified by µCT imaging after contrast agent injection. We found that high dose hyperthermia is capable of increasing the expression of GRPR, αvβ3 integrin, CD31, and Ki67 in tumors. Also the morphology of tumor vasculature changed (increased relative blood volume and small-diameter vessel density, decreased expression of α-SMA). Low dose hyperthermia induced comparatively moderate effects on the investigated protein expression pattern and vascular remodeling. We conclude that under defined circumstances, specific temperature doses affect the reorganization of tumor regrowth, which is triggered by residual "dormant" cells even though tumor volumes are transiently decreasing. Further on, GRPR, αvβ3 integrin expression are versatile tools to surveil potential tumor regrow during therapy, beyond the conventional determination of tumor volumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hallasch
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Sindy Frick
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Jung
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Jena, Carl-Zeiss Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaeger N, Czepielewski RS, Bagatini M, Porto BN, Bonorino C. Neuropeptide gastrin-releasing peptide induces PI3K/reactive oxygen species-dependent migration in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694321. [PMID: 28351312 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve fibers and neurotransmitters have increasingly been shown to have a role in tumor progression. Gastrin-releasing peptide is a neuropeptide linked to tumor aggressiveness, acting as an autocrine tumor growth factor by binding to its receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, expressed by many tumors. Although neuropeptides have been previously linked to tumor cell proliferation, more recent studies have uncovered roles for neuropeptides in chemotaxis and metastasis. Understanding the precise roles of such peptides in cancer is crucial to optimizing targeted therapy design. We have previously described that gastrin-releasing peptide acts directly as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils, dependent on PI3K, ERK, and p38. In this study, we investigated roles for gastrin-releasing peptide in lung adenocarcinoma. We asked if gastrin-releasing peptide would act as a proliferative and/or chemotactic stimulus for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-expressing tumor cells. In A549 cells, a non-small cell lung carcinoma line, the treatment with gastrin-releasing peptide leads to activation of AKT and ERK1/2, and production of reactive oxygen species. Gastrin-releasing peptide induced migration of A549 cells, dependent on gastrin-releasing peptide receptor and PI3K, but not ERK. However, no proliferation was observed in these cells in response to gastrin-releasing peptide, and gastrin-releasing peptide did not promote resistance to treatment with a chemotherapy drug. Our results suggest that, similar to what happens in neutrophils, gastrin-releasing peptide is a migratory, rather than a proliferative, stimulus, for non-small cell lung carcinoma cells, indicating a putative role for gastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Jaeger
- 1 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital São Lucas, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sanguinetti Czepielewski
- 1 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital São Lucas, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maira Bagatini
- 1 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital São Lucas, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara N Porto
- 3 Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Experimental, Hospital São Lucas, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- 1 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Hospital São Lucas, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas (IPB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moody TW, Tashakkori N, Mantey SA, Moreno P, Ramos-Alvarez I, Leopoldo M, Jensen RT. AM-37 and ST-36 Are Small Molecule Bombesin Receptor Antagonists. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 28785244 PMCID: PMC5519534 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While peptide antagonists for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (BB2R), neuromedin B receptor (BB1R), and bombesin (BB) receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) exist, there is a need to develop non-peptide small molecule inhibitors for all three BBR. The BB agonist (BA)1 binds with high affinity to the BB1R, BB2R, and BRS-3. In this communication, small molecule BBR antagonists were evaluated using human lung cancer cells. AM-37 and ST-36 inhibited binding to human BB1R, BB2R, and BRS-3 with similar affinity (Ki = 1.4-10.8 µM). AM-13 and AM-14 were approximately an order of magnitude less potent than AM-37 and ST-36. The ability of BA1 to elevate cytosolic Ca2+ in human lung cancer cells transfected with BB1R, BB2R, and BRS-3 was antagonized by AM-37 and ST-36. BA1 increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR and ERK in lung cancer cells, which was blocked by AM-37 and ST-36. AM-37 and ST-36 reduced the growth of lung cancer cells that have BBR. The results indicate that AM-37 and ST-36 function as small molecule BB receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Terry W. Moody,
| | - Nicole Tashakkori
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samuel A. Mantey
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moreno P, Ramos-Álvarez I, Moody TW, Jensen RT. Bombesin related peptides/receptors and their promising therapeutic roles in cancer imaging, targeting and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1055-73. [PMID: 26981612 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1164694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite remarkable advances in tumor treatment, many patients still die from common tumors (breast, prostate, lung, CNS, colon, and pancreas), and thus, new approaches are needed. Many of these tumors synthesize bombesin (Bn)-related peptides and over-express their receptors (BnRs), hence functioning as autocrine-growth-factors. Recent studies support the conclusion that Bn-peptides/BnRs are well-positioned for numerous novel antitumor treatments, including interrupting autocrine-growth and the use of over-expressed receptors for imaging and targeting cytotoxic-compounds, either by direct-coupling or combined with nanoparticle-technology. AREAS COVERED The unique ability of common neoplasms to synthesize, secrete, and show a growth/proliferative/differentiating response due to BnR over-expression, is reviewed, both in general and with regard to the most frequently investigated neoplasms (breast, prostate, lung, and CNS). Particular attention is paid to advances in the recent years. Also considered are the possible therapeutic approaches to the growth/differentiation effect of Bn-peptides, as well as the therapeutic implication of the frequent BnR over-expression for tumor-imaging and/or targeted-delivery. EXPERT OPINION Given that Bn-related-peptides/BnRs are so frequently ectopically-expressed by common tumors, which are often malignant and become refractory to conventional treatments, therapeutic interventions using novel approaches to Bn-peptides and receptors are being explored. Of particular interest is the potential of reproducing with BnRs in common tumors the recent success of utilizing overexpression of somatostatin-receptors by neuroendocrine-tumors to provide the most sensitive imaging methods and targeted delivery of cytotoxic-compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Moreno
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- b Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director , NCI, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martínez-Ramírez AS, Garay E, García-Carrancá A, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. The P2RY2 Receptor Induces Carcinoma Cell Migration and EMT Through Cross-Talk With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1016-26. [PMID: 26443721 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are signaling elements present in the tumor microenvironment; however, their role in tumor growth is not completely understood. In the present study, we asked whether nucleotides regulate cell migration in ovarian carcinoma-derived cells. We observed that 100 μM UTP induced migration in SKOV-3 cells (1.57 ± 0.08 fold over basal), and RT-PCR showed expression of transcripts for the P2RY2 and P2RY4 receptors. Knockdown of P2RY2 expression in SKOV-3 cells (P2RY2-KD) abolished the UTP-induced migration. The mechanism activated by UTP to induce migration involves transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) since we observed that the EGFR kinase inhibitor AG1478 and the PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin inhibit this response (to 0.76 ± 0.23 and 0.46 ± 0.14 relative to the control, respectively). In agreement with these observations, UTP was able to modify the phosphorylation state of the EGFR; likewise, the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation promoted by UTP was abolished by a 30-60 min treatment with AG1478. Our data also suggested that the enhanced cell migration involves the epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, since a 12 h stimulation of SKOV-3 cells with 100 μM UTP showed an increase in vimentin and SNAIL protein levels (459.8 ± 132.4% over basal for SNAIL). Interestingly, treatment with apyrase (10 U/mL) reduces the migration of control cells and induces a considerable enrichment of E-cadherin in the cell-cell contacts, favoring an epithelial phenotype and strongly suggesting that the nucleotides released by tumor cells and acting through the P2RY2 receptor are potential regulators of invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Martínez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - E Garay
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A García-Carrancá
- Laboratorio de Virus y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando #22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico.,División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, México. Av. San Fernando #22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - F G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramos-Álvarez I, Moreno P, Mantey SA, Nakamura T, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moody TW, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Insights into bombesin receptors and ligands: Highlighting recent advances. Peptides 2015; 72:128-44. [PMID: 25976083 PMCID: PMC4641779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This following article is written for Prof. Abba Kastin's Festschrift, to add to the tribute to his important role in the advancement of the role of peptides in physiological, as well as pathophysiological processes. There have been many advances during the 35 years of his prominent role in the Peptide field, not only as editor of the journal Peptides, but also as a scientific investigator and editor of two volumes of the Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [146,147]. Similar to the advances with many different peptides, during this 35 year period, there have been much progress made in the understanding of the pharmacology, cell biology and the role of (bombesin) Bn receptors and their ligands in various disease states, since the original isolation of bombesin from skin of the European frog Bombina bombina in 1970 [76]. This paper will briefly review some of these advances over the time period of Prof. Kastin 35 years in the peptide field concentrating on the advances since 2007 when many of the results from earlier studies were summarized [128,129]. It is appropriate to do this because there have been 280 articles published in Peptides during this time on bombesin-related peptides and it accounts for almost 5% of all publications. Furthermore, 22 Bn publications we have been involved in have been published in either Peptides [14,39,55,58,81,92,93,119,152,216,225,226,231,280,302,309,355,361,362] or in Prof. Kastin's Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [137,138,331].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Zhang L, Ke X, Wang Y. Human gastrin-releasing peptide triggers growth of HepG2 cells through blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:102-10. [PMID: 23379566 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a kind of neural peptide that plays an important role in the growth of various human cancer cells. However, very little is known about the relationship between GRP and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study investigated the influences of GRP on apoptosis, as well as the mechanism that triggers HepG2 growth. The effects of GRP on cell proliferation were examined by analysis of lactate dehydrogenase. The GRP, caspase 12, and CHOP protein were detected in HepG2 and HL-7702 cells by Western blot, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related mRNA transcription was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To explore the specific pathway by which GRP induces the cell growth, we investigated the apoptosis-related pathway. The expression of GRP in HL-7702 cells inhibited tunicamycin triggered ER stress-associated XBP1, ATF4, and TRAF2 mRNA transcription. Three main ER stress-unfolded protein response pathway proteins, including spliced XBP1, cleaved ATF6, IRE1-α, PERK, and eIF2-α, were increased significantly. Furthermore, the cleaved caspase 12 activation was blocked and CHOP expression was inhibited when GRP was expressed either in HepG2 or HL-7702 cells. In conclusion, GRP triggers the growth of HepG2 cells through blocking the ER stress-mediated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiu Li
- Department of Thyroid, Mammary Gland, and Blood Vessel Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao Y, Yao J, Wu XP, Zhao L, Zhou YX, Zhang Y, You QD, Guo QL, Lu N. Wogonin suppresses human alveolar adenocarcinoma cell A549 migration in inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E81-93. [PMID: 24976450 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from various clinical and experimental studies has demonstrated that the inflammatory microenvironment facilitates tumor metastasis. Clinically, it will be a promising choice to suppress tumor metastasis by targeting inflammatory microenvironment. Our previous studies have demonstrated that wogonin (a bioflavonoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine of Huang-Qin) possesses the anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory activity, but we have little idea about its efficacy on inflammatory-induced tumor metastasis and the mechanism underlying it. In this study, we focused on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), the first step of tumor metastasis, to evaluate the effects of wogonin on tumor metastasis in inflammatory microenvironment. We found that wogonin inhibited THP-1 conditioned-medium- (CM-) and IL-6-induced EMT by inactivating STAT3 signal. And in wogonin-treated A549 cells which pretreated with THP-1 CM or IL-6, the expression level of E-cadherin, an EMT negative biomarker, increased while that of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and EMT-related transcription factors including Snail and Twist decreased. Moreover, wogonin inhibited IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3, prevented p-STAT3 dimer translocation into the nucleus, and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of p-STAT3. Interestingly, similar results were obtained in the tumor xenografts mice, including downregulation of p-STAT3, N-cadherin, and Vimentin while up-regulation of E-cadherin. Wogonin also inhibit the metastasis of A549 cells in vivo. Taken all data together, we concluded that wogonin suppresses tumor cells migration in inflammatory microenvironment by inactivating STAT3 signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mattei J, Achcar RD, Cano CH, Macedo BR, Meurer L, Batlle BS, Groshong SD, Kulczynski JM, Roesler R, Dal Lago L, Brunetto AT, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Expression in Lung Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:98-104. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0679-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in the integration of stress and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 112:44-52. [PMID: 24001571 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides act as signaling molecules that regulate a range of aspects of brain function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a 27-amino acid mammalian neuropeptide, homolog of the amphibian peptide bombesin. GRP acts by binding to the GRP receptor (GRPR, also called BB2), a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. GRP produced by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in synaptic transmission by activating GRPRs located on postsynaptic membranes, influencing several aspects of brain function. Here we review the role of GRP/GRPR as a system mediating both stress responses and the formation and expression of memories for fearful events. GRPR signaling might integrate the processing of stress and fear with synaptic plasticity and memory, serving as an important component of the set of neurobiological systems underlying the enhancement of memory storage by aversive information.
Collapse
|
20
|
Molecular subtyping of primary prostate cancer reveals specific and shared target genes of different ETS rearrangements. Neoplasia 2013; 14:600-11. [PMID: 22904677 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate whether ETS transcription factors frequently involved in rearrangements in prostate carcinomas (PCa), namely ERG and ETV1, regulate specific or shared target genes. We performed differential expression analysis on nine normal prostate tissues and 50 PCa enriched for different ETS rearrangements using exon-level expression microarrays, followed by in vitro validation using cell line models. We found specific deregulation of 57 genes in ERG-positive PCa and 15 genes in ETV1-positive PCa, whereas deregulation of 27 genes was shared in both tumor subtypes. We further showed that the expression of seven tumor-associated ERG target genes (PLA1A, CACNA1D, ATP8A2, HLA-DMB, PDE3B, TDRD1, and TMBIM1) and two tumor-associated ETV1 target genes (FKBP10 and GLYATL2) was significantly affected by specific ETS silencing in VCaP and LNCaP cell line models, respectively, whereas the expression of three candidate ERG and ETV1 shared targets (GRPR, KCNH8, and TMEM45B) was significantly affected by silencing of either ETS. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the expression of TDRD1, the topmost overexpressed gene of our list of ERG-specific candidate targets, is inversely correlated with the methylation levels of a CpG island found at -66 bp of the transcription start site in PCa and that TDRD1 expression is regulated by direct binding of ERG to the CpG island in VCaP cells. We conclude that ETS transcription factors regulate specific and shared target genes and that TDRD1, FKBP10, and GRPR are promising therapeutic targets and can serve as diagnostic markers for molecular subtypes of PCa harboring specific fusion gene rearrangements.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Description of the recent findings of the biological roles of bombesin-like peptides and their receptors in lungs. RECENT FINDINGS Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) was involved in the airway inflammation in murine models of airway hyperreactivity. The circulating proGRP could serve as a valuable tumor marker for small-cell lung cancers, and the plasma level of proGRP is more stable compared with that of serum proGRP. Recent studies also shed light on the intracellular signaling pathways of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) activation in cultured human lung cancer cells. SUMMARY The relevant biology of BLPs and their receptors in lung cancers and other lung diseases still remains largely unknown. With the development of several highly specific BRS-3 agonists, recent studies provided some insights into the biological effects of BRS-3 in lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qun Qin
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
A potent anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody inhibits cancer cell proliferation and multiple angiogenic activities of HB-EGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51964. [PMID: 23251664 PMCID: PMC3522611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and has a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Modulation of HB-EGF activity might have a therapeutic potential in the oncology area. We explored the therapeutic possibilities by characterizing the in vitro biological activity of anti-HB-EGF monoclonal antibody Y-142. EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand and species specificities of Y-142 were tested. Neutralizing activities of Y-142 against HB-EGF were evaluated in EGFR and ERBB4 signaling. Biological activities of Y-142 were assessed in cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis assays and compared with the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab, the HB-EGF inhibitor CRM197, and the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab. The binding epitope was determined with alanine scanning. Y-142 recognized HB-EGF as well as the EGFR ligand amphiregulin, and bound specifically to human HB-EGF, but not to rodent HB-EGF. In addition, Y-142 neutralized HB-EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and ERBB4, and blocked their downstream ERK1/2 and AKT signaling. We also found that Y-142 inhibited HB-EGF-induced cancer cell proliferation, endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation, and VEGF production more effectively than cetuximab and CRM197 and that Y-142 was superior to bevacizumab in the inhibition of HB-EGF-induced tube formation. Six amino acids in the EGF-like domain were identified as the Y-142 binding epitope. Among the six amino acids, the combination of F115 and Y123 determined the amphiregulin cross-reactivity and that F115 accounted for the species selectivity. Furthermore, it was suggested that the potent neutralizing activity of Y-142 was derived from its recognition of R142 and Y123 and its high affinity to HB-EGF. Y-142 has a potent HB-EGF neutralizing activity that modulates multiple biological activities of HB-EGF including cancer cell proliferation and angiogenic activities. Y-142 may have a potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent for the treatment of HB-EGF-dependent cancers.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rick FG, Buchholz S, Schally AV, Szalontay L, Krishan A, Datz C, Stadlmayr A, Aigner E, Perez R, Seitz S, Block NL, Hohla F. Combination of gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist with cytotoxic agents produces synergistic inhibition of growth of human experimental colon cancers. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2518-25. [PMID: 22751419 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of a powerful antagonist of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) RC-3940-II administered as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic agents on the growth of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 human colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. GRP-receptor mRNA and protein were found in all three cell lines tested. Exposure of HT-29 cells to 10 μM RC-3940-II led to an increase in the number of cells blocked in S phase and G 2/M and cells with lower G(0)/G(1) DNA content. Similar changes on the cell cycle traverse of HT-29 cells could also be seen at lower concentrations of RC-3940-II (1 μM) after pretreatment with 100 nM GRP (14-27), indicating a dose-dependent mechanism of action based on the blockage of BN/GRP induced proliferation of tumor cells at lower concentrations. Daily in vivo treatment with BN/GRP antagonist RC-3940-II decreased the volume of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 tumors xenografted into athymic nude mice by 25 to 67% (p < 0.005). Combined treatment with RC-3940-II and chemotherapeutic agents 5-FU and irinotecan resulted in a synergistic tumor growth suppression of HT-29, HCT-116 and HCT-15 xenografts by 43% to 78%. In HT-29 and HCT-116 xenografts the inhibition for the combinations of RC-3940-II and irinotecan vs. single substances (p < 0.05) was significantly greater. These findings support the use of RC-3940-II as an anticancer agent and may help to design clinical trials using RC-3940-II in combinations with cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc G Rick
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest gene family in the human genome, play a crucial role in multiple physiological functions as well as in tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, various molecules like hormones, lipids, peptides and neurotransmitters exert their biological effects by binding to these seven-transmembrane receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are highly specialized transducers able to modulate diverse signaling pathways. Furthermore, numerous responses mediated by GPCRs are not dependent on a single biochemical route, but result from the integration of an intricate network of transduction cascades involved in many physiological activities and tumor development. This review highlights the emerging information on the various responses mediated by a selected choice of GPCRs and the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors exert a primary action in cancer progression. These findings provide a broad overview on the biological activity elicited by GPCRs in tumor cells and contribute to the identification of novel pharmacological approaches for cancer patients.
Collapse
|
25
|
Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain function and as a drug target. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 23251133 PMCID: PMC3523293 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides acting on specific cell membrane receptors of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily regulate a range of important aspects of nervous and neuroendocrine function. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a mammalian neuropeptide that binds to the GRP receptor (GRPR, BB2). Increasing evidence indicates that GRPR-mediated signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) plays an important role in regulating brain function, including aspects related to emotional responses, social interaction, memory, and feeding behavior. In addition, some alterations in GRP or GRPR expression or function have been described in patients with neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric disorders, as well as in brain tumors. Findings from preclinical models are consistent with the view that the GRPR might play a role in brain disorders, and raise the possibility that GRPR agonists might ameliorate cognitive and social deficits associated with neurological diseases, while antagonists may reduce anxiety and inhibit the growth of some types of brain cancer. Further preclinical and translational studies evaluating the potential therapeutic effects of GRPR ligands are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Roesler, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neural Tumor Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. e-mail:
| | - Gilberto Schwartsmann
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational MedicinePorto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moody TW, Sancho V, di Florio A, Nuche-Berenguer B, Mantey S, Jensen RT. Bombesin receptor subtype-3 agonists stimulate the growth of lung cancer cells and increase EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Peptides 2011; 32:1677-84. [PMID: 21712056 PMCID: PMC3152616 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonists were investigated on lung cancer cells. The BRS-3 agonist (DTyr(6), (Ala(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA1), but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) increased significantly the clonal growth of NCI-H1299 cells stably transfected with BRS-3 (NCI-H1299-BRS-3). Also, BA1 addition to NCI-H727 or NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells caused Tyr(1068) phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Similarly, (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA2) and (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), 4-Cl,Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA3) but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) caused EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1-induced EGFR or ERK tyrosine phosphorylation was not inhibited by addition of BW2258U89 (BB(2)R antagonist) or PD168368 (BB(1)R antagonist) but was blocked by (DNal-Cys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys-Nal)NH(2) (BRS-3 ant.). The BRS-3 ant. reduced clonal growth of NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1, BA2, BA3 and BRS-3 ant. inhibit specific (125)I-BA1 binding to NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells with an IC(50) values of 1.1, 21, 15 and 750nM, respectively. The ability of BRS-3 to regulate EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells was reduced by AG1478 or gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), N-acetylcysteine (anti-oxidant), Tiron (superoxide scavenger) and DPI (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). These results demonstrate that BRS-3 agonists may stimulate lung cancer growth as a result of EGFR transactivation and that the transactivation is regulated by BRS-3 in a Src-, reactive oxygen and matrix metalloprotease-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brunetto de Farias C, Rosemberg DB, Heinen TE, Koehler-Santos P, Abujamra AL, Kapczinski F, Brunetto AL, Ashton-Prolla P, Meurer L, Reis Bogo M, Damin DC, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R. BDNF/TrkB content and interaction with gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade in colorectal cancer. Oncology 2011; 79:430-9. [PMID: 21474968 DOI: 10.1159/000326564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurotrophin and neuropeptide pathways are emerging targets in cancer. Here we show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB, are present in colorectal cancer and that BDNF levels are increased in tumors compared to nontumor tissue. In addition, we investigate the role of BDNF in influencing the response of colorectal cancer cells to inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR). METHODS Fresh-frozen sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens and adjacent nonneoplastic tissue from 30 patients, as well as paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer samples from 21 patients, were used in this study. Cell proliferation and mRNA and protein levels were examined in HT-29 or SW620 cells treated with a GRPR antagonist, human recombinant BDNF (hrBDNF), a Trk antagonist K252a, or cetuximab. RESULTS Expression of BDNF and TrkB was detected in tumor samples and cell lines. BDNF levels were higher in tumor samples compared to nonneoplastic tissue. BDNF expression and secretion were increased by GRPR blockade in HT-29 cells through a mechanism dependent on epidermal growth factor receptors. Treatment with hrBDNF prevented the effect of GRPR blockade on cell proliferation, whereas a Trk inhibitor reduced proliferation. CONCLUSIONS BDNF and TrkB are present in colorectal cancer and might contribute to resistance to GRPR antagonists.
Collapse
|
28
|
Moody TW, Berna MJ, Mantey S, Sancho V, Ridnour L, Wink DA, Chan D, Giaccone G, Jensen RT. Neuromedin B receptors regulate EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in lung cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 637:38-45. [PMID: 20388507 PMCID: PMC3921891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB), a member of the bombesin family of peptides, is an autocrine growth factor for many lung cancer cells. The present study investigated the ability of NMB to cause transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in lung cancer cells. By Western blot, addition of NMB or related peptides to NCI-H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, caused phosphorylation of Tyr(1068) of the EGF receptor. The signal was amplified using NCI-H1299 cells stably transected with NMB receptors. The transactivation of the EGF receptor or the tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by AG1478 or gefitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and NMB receptor antagonist PD168368 but not the GRP receptor antagonist, BW2258U89. The transactivation of the EGF receptor caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), or transforming growth factor (TGF)alpha antibody. The transactivation of the EGF receptor and the increase in reactive oxygen species caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or Tiron. Gefitinib inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells and its sensitivity was increased by the addition of PD168368. The results indicate that the NMB receptor regulates EGF receptor transactivation by a mechanism dependent on Src as well as metalloprotease activation and generation of reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tumor-associated macrophages in clear cell renal cell carcinoma express both gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor: a possible modulatory role of immune effectors cells. World J Urol 2009; 28:335-41. [PMID: 20012906 PMCID: PMC2874056 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) frequently express the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates tumor cell proliferation and neoangiogenesis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) comprise an important cellular component of these tumors. We analyzed the GRP/GRP-R network in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC) with special regard to its expression by macrophages, tumor cells and microvessels. Methods Gastrin-releasing peptide and GRP-R expression in 17 ccRCC and 9 non-ccRCC were analyzed by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining. Results Tumor-associated macrophages expressed GRP and GRP receptor in ccRCC. Tumor cells and microvessels showed low to intermediate GRP-R expression in nearly all cases. In 12 ccRCC tumor epithelia also expressed low levels of GRP. Microvascular GRP expression was found in nine cases of ccRCC. For non-RCC, the expression of GRP and GRP receptor expression pattern was similar. Conclusions Tumor-associated macrophages are the main source of GRP in RCC. GRP receptor on TAM, tumor epithelia and microvessels might be a molecular base of a GRP/GRP receptor network, potentially acting as a paracrine/autocrine modulator of TAM recruitment, tumor growth and neoangiogenesis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang L, De Baetselier P, Beyaert R. Targeting the EGF receptor ectodomain in the context of cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1347-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220903277264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
31
|
Zou H, Thomas SM, Yan ZW, Grandis JR, Vogt A, Li LY. Human rhomboid family-1 gene RHBDF1 participates in GPCR-mediated transactivation of EGFR growth signals in head and neck squamous cancer cells. FASEB J 2009; 23:425-32. [PMID: 18832597 PMCID: PMC2638965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an activated oncogene in many cancers. It can be transactivated by ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We show here that a novel gene, human rhomboid family-1 (RHBDF1), which was recently reported to have a pivotal role in epithelial cancer cell growth in culture and in xenograft tumors, participates in the modulation of GPCR-mediated EGFR transactivation. The RHBDF1 protein localizes mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Silencing the RHBDF1 gene in head and neck squamous cancer cell line 1483 cells with siRNA causes an inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) -induced phosphorylation of EGFR and EGFR-dependent signaling proteins p44/42 MAPK and AKT, accompanied by an inhibition of GRP-induced survival, proliferation, and invasion of the cells. The EGFR signaling pathway itself remains intact, however, as the cells remain responsive to exogenous EGF. In addition, RHBDF1 gene silencing disrupts GRP-stimulated secretion of EGFR ligand TGF-alpha, but not the production of latent TGF-alpha, whereas engineered overexpression of RHBDF1 markedly accelerates the secretion of TGF-alpha. These findings are consistent with the view that RHBDF1 is critically involved in a GPCR ligand-stimulated process leading to the activation of latent EGFR ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Zou
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms by which mammalian bombesin receptors are regulated and which intracellular signaling pathways have been characterized to mediate agonist-dependent receptor biological effects. RECENT FINDINGS Mammalian bombesin receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in a larger array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions than previously reported. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of animals genetically deficient of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor demonstrated roles in memory and fear behavior, lung development and injury, small intestinal cell repair, autocrine tumor growth, and mediating signals for pruritus and penile reflexes. Intracellular signaling studies predominantly of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor owing to its frequent overexpression in some human malignancies showed that PI3 kinase activation is an important mechanism of cell proliferation. Tumor cell treatment including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonists combined with inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor resulted in an additive effect on blocking cell proliferation. Novel molecular mechanisms of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype-3 and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene regulation have been elucidated. SUMMARY Inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling in human malignancies represents an attractive target for pharmacological treatment. Novel functions of bombesin related peptides have been identified including processes in the central nervous system, lung and intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Weber
- Boston University School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang JC, Ok JH, Busby JE, Borowsky AD, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Aberrant activation of androgen receptor in a new neuropeptide-autocrine model of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:151-60. [PMID: 19117998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced prostate cancer with androgen deprivation therapy inevitably renders the tumors castration-resistant and incurable. Under these conditions, neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer (CaP) cells is often detected and neuropeptides released by these cells may facilitate the development of androgen independence. Exemplified by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), these neuropeptides transmit their signals through G protein-coupled receptors, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer, and aberrantly activate androgen receptor (AR) in the absence of androgen. We developed an autocrine neuropeptide model by overexpressing GRP in LNCaP cells and the resultant cell line, LNCaP-GRP, exhibited androgen-independent growth with enhanced motility in vitro. When orthotopically implanted in castrated nude mice, LNCaP-GRP produced aggressive tumors, which express GRP, prostate-specific antigen, and nuclear-localized AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies of LNCaP-GRP clones suggest that GRP activates and recruits AR to the cognate promoter in the absence of androgen. A Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, AZD0530, inhibits androgen-independent growth and migration of the GRP-expressing cell lines, and blocks the nuclear translocation of AR, indicating the involvement of SFK in the aberrant activation of AR and demonstrating the potential use of SFK inhibitor in the treatment of castration-resistant CaP. In vivo studies have shown that AZD0530 profoundly inhibits tumor metastasis in severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with GRP-autocrine LNCaP cells. This xenograft model shows autocrine, neuropeptide- and Src kinase-mediated progression of androgen-independent CaP postcastration, and is potentially useful for testing novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joy C Yang
- Department of Urology and Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao KJ, Shen JK. Advances of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in treatment of tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:63-67. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), known as autocrine growth factors in tumors, is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many human malignant tumors, and high expression of its receptor, GRPR, in a large spectrum of human cancers gives support to the conclusion that GRPR is a new molecular target in experimental and clinical cancer therapy. GRPRs may be potential carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds. Moreover, blocking gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling pathways by means of antisence oligonucleotide, RNA interference and its antagonists has exhibited impressive antitumor activity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cross talk of signals between EGFR and IL-6R through JAK2/STAT3 mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2008; 100:134-44. [PMID: 19088723 PMCID: PMC2634691 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas, with direct or indirect activation of EGFR able to trigger tumour growth. We demonstrate significant activation of both signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and its upstream activator Janus kinase (JAK)2, in high-grade ovarian carcinomas compared with normal ovaries and benign tumours. The association between STAT3 activation and migratory phenotype of ovarian cancer cells was investigated by EGF-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in OVCA 433 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. Ligand activation of EGFR induced a fibroblast-like morphology and migratory phenotype, consistent with the upregulation of mesenchyme-associated N-cadherin, vimentin and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This occurred concomitantly with activation of the downstream JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Both cell lines expressed interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), and treatment with EGF within 1 h resulted in a several-fold enhancement of mRNA expression of IL-6. Consistent with that, EGF treatment of both OVCA 433 and SKOV3 cell lines resulted in enhanced IL-6 production in the serum-free medium. Exogenous addition of IL-6 to OVCA 433 cells stimulated STAT3 activation and enhanced migration. Blocking antibodies against IL-6R inhibited IL-6 production and EGF- and IL-6-induced migration. Specific inhibition of STAT3 activation by JAK2-specific inhibitor AG490 blocked STAT3 phosphorylation, cell motility, induction of N-cadherin and vimentin expression and IL6 production. These data suggest that the activated status of STAT3 in high-grade ovarian carcinomas may occur directly through activation of EGFR or IL-6R or indirectly through induction of IL-6R signalling. Such activation of STAT3 suggests a rationale for a combination of anti-STAT3 and EGFR/IL-6R therapy to suppress the peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Neoplasia: An Anniversary of Progress. Neoplasia 2007. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
38
|
Zandi R, Larsen AB, Andersen P, Stockhausen MT, Poulsen HS. Mechanisms for oncogenic activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2013-23. [PMID: 17681753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a membrane spanning glycoprotein, which frequently has been implicated in various cancer types. The mechanisms by which EGFR becomes oncogenic are numerous and are often specific for each cancer type. In some tumors, EGFR is activated by autocrine/paracrine growth factor loops, whereas in others activating mutations promote EGFR signaling. Overexpression and/or amplification of the EGFR gene are prevalent in many cancer types leading to aberrant EGFR signaling. In addition, failure to attenuate receptor signaling by receptor downregulation can also lead to cellular transformation. Heterodimerization of EGFR with ErbB2 inhibits downregulation of EGFR and thereby prolongs growth factor signaling. This also indicates that cross-talk between EGFR and heterologous receptor systems serves as another mechanism for oncogenic activation of EGFR. Because of its role in tumor promotion, the EGFR has been intensely studied as a therapeutic target. There are currently two major mechanisms by which the EGFR is targeted: antibodies binding to the extracellular domain of EGFR and small-molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitors. However, tumorigenesis is a multi-step process involving several mutations, which might explain why EGFR therapeutics has only been partially successful. This highlights the importance of pinpointing the mechanisms by which EGFR becomes oncogenic in a particular cancer. In this review, each of the above mentioned mechanisms will be discussed, as a detailed molecular and genetic understanding of how EGFR contributes to the malignant phenotype might offer new promise for the design, development and clinical evaluation of future tumor-specific anticancer approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roza Zandi
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finnsen Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Siegfried JM, Gubish CT, Rothstein ME, Queiroz de Oliveira PE, Stabile LP. Signaling pathways involved in cyclooxygenase-2 induction by hepatocyte growth factor in non small-cell lung cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:769-79. [PMID: 17550984 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.034215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested a role for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met pathway in tumorigenesis. Some actions of HGF are believed to be mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)). We examined four c-Met-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines for effects of HGF on COX-2. HGF increased COX-2 protein expression 3-fold over basal levels. Induction of COX-2 occurred through both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 pathways. HGF treatment caused activation of the activator protein-1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, and cAMP response element-binding protein transcription factors, and COX-2 induction was blocked by actinomycin D. The half-life of COX-2 mRNA was also increased by HGF. HGF stimulation resulted in a 4-fold increase in PGE(2) secretion, and treatment of NSCLC cells with exogenous PGE(2) significantly increased cell proliferation. The addition of PGE(2) to NSCLC cells also led to rapid phosphorylation of c-Met in the absence of HGF, which was blocked by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition. EGFR ligands were released in response to PGE(2). This suggests that secretion of PGE(2) induced by HGF/c-Met pathway activation can further activate the c-Met pathway via EGFR in a reinforcing loop that is independent of HGF. HGF and PGE(2) each significantly stimulated invasion in NSCLC cells. Cells transiently transfected with c-Met antisense plasmid showed a significant decrease in HGF- or PGE(2)-induced invasion. PGE(2)-induced invasion was EGFR-dependent, confirming a link between PGE(2), EGFR, and c-Met. Targeting of both the HGF/c-Met and PGE(2) pathways with a neutralizing antibody to HGF and celecoxib resulted in enhanced anti-invasion effects in response to HGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Siegfried
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Qiao J, Kang JH, Cree J, Evers BM, Chung DH. Ets1 transcription factor mediates gastrin-releasing peptide-induced IL-8 regulation in neuroblastoma cells. Neoplasia 2007; 9:184-91. [PMID: 17401458 PMCID: PMC1838576 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in tumor progression in various cancers, including neuroblastoma. We have previously shown that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates neuroblastoma growth and that its cell surface receptors, gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRP-R), are overexpressed in advanced-stage human neuroblastomas; however, the effects of GRP on angiogenesis are not clearly elucidated. Interleukin (IL) 8, a proinflammatory chemokine, plays an important role during tumor angiogenesis. Ets transcription factors, such as oncoproteins, cause tumor development and are also known to induce IL-8 expression. In the present study, we found an increased expression of Ets1 in more undifferentiated human neuroblastomas. Stable transfection of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells with Ets1 plasmid resulted in increased IL-8 luciferase activity and IL-8 secretion into cell culture media. Conversely, silencing of Ets1 resulted in a significant decrease in IL-8 secretion in SK-N-SH cells. Moreover, exogenous GRP treatment increased Ets1 (T38) phosphorylation and Ets1 nuclear accumulation, and enhanced Ets1 binding to its DNA consensus sequence, resulting in the stimulation of IL-8 mRNA expression and protein secretion. Our findings demonstrate that GRP upregulates proangiogenic IL-8 expression in an Ets1-dependent manner, suggesting a critical role of this process during GRP-induced neuroblastoma angiogenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qiao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
| | - Jung-Hee Kang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
| | - Jeremy Cree
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
| | - B Mark Evers
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
| | - Dai H. Chung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
- Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0353, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu X, Carlisle DL, Swick MC, Gaither-Davis A, Grandis JR, Siegfried JM. Gastrin-releasing peptide activates Akt through the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and abrogates the effect of gefitinib. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:1361-72. [PMID: 17349623 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a mitogen for lung epithelial cells and initiates signaling through a G-protein-coupled receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). Because GRPR transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we investigated induction by GRP of Akt, an EGFR-activated signaling pathway, and examined effects of GRP on viability of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells exposed to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. GRP induced Akt activation primarily through c-Src-mediated transactivation of EGFR. Transfection of dominant-negative c-Src abolished GRP-induced EGFR and Akt activation. GRP induced release of amphiregulin, and pre-incubation with human amphiregulin neutralizing antibody eliminated GRP-induced Akt phosphorylation. Pretreatment with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 completely blocked GRP-initiated Akt phosphorylation. These results suggest that GRP stimulates Akt activation primarily via c-Src activation, followed by extracellular release of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin, leading to the activation of EGFR and PI3K. Pretreatment of NSCLC cells with GRP resulted in an increase in the IC(50) of gefitinib of up to 9-fold; this protective effect was mimicked by the pretreatment of cells with amphiregulin and reversed by Akt or PI3K inhibition. GRP appears to rescue NSCLC cells exposed to gefitinib through release of amphiregulin and activation of the Akt pathway, suggesting GRPR and/or EGFR autocrine pathways in NSCLC cells may modulate therapeutic response to EGFR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Lab 2.7, 5117 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Thomas SM, Bhola NE, Zhang Q, Contrucci SC, Wentzel AL, Freilino ML, Gooding WE, Siegfried JM, Chan DC, Grandis JR. Cross-talk between G Protein–Coupled Receptor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Pathways Contributes to Growth and Invasion of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11831-9. [PMID: 17178880 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are often both overexpressed and contribute to the growth of cancers by activating autocrine pathways. GPCR ligands have been reported to trigger EGFR signaling via receptor cross-talk in cancer cells. Here, we show that GPCR ligands prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bradykinin (BK) activate EGFR signaling. Inhibition of EGFR using several strategies, including small-molecule inhibitors and an EGFR-specific antibody, resulted in partial attenuation of signaling downstream of EGFR. PGE2 and BK triggered EGFR signaling by increasing selective autocrine release of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme abrogated BK- or PGE2-mediated activation of EGFR signaling. Both PGE2 and BK stimulated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) invasion via EGFR. Treatment of HNSCC cells with the BK antagonist CU201 resulted in growth inhibition. The combination of CU201 with the EGFR small-molecule inhibitor erlotinib resulted in additive inhibitory effects on HNSCC cell growth in vitro. Inhibition of the PGE2 synthesis pathway with sulindac induced HNSCC cytotoxicity at high doses (EC(50), 620 micromol/L). However, combined inhibition of both EGFR with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib and GPCR with sulindac at low doses of 6 and 310 micromol/L, respectively, resulted in synergistic killing of HNSCC tumor cells. Combined blockade of both EGFR and GPCRs may be a rational strategy to treat cancers, including HNSCC that shows cross-talk between GPCR and EGFR signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Watson SA, Grabowska AM, El-Zaatari M, Takhar A. Gastrin - active participant or bystander in gastric carcinogenesis? Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:936-46. [PMID: 17128210 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin is a pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic hormone with a central role in acid secretion in the gastric mucosa and a long-standing association with malignant progression in transgenic mouse models. However, its exact role in human gastric malignancy requires further validation. Gastrin expression is tightly regulated by two closely associated hormones, somatostatin and gastrin-releasing peptide, and aspects of their interaction may be deregulated during progression to gastric adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, agonists and antagonists of the receptors for all three hormones have shown modest clinical efficacy against gastric adenocarcinoma, which might provide useful information on the future combined use of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Watson
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu Y, Shao Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Oxidative inhibition of receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase kappa by ultraviolet irradiation activates epidermal growth factor receptor in human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27389-97. [PMID: 16849327 PMCID: PMC3738260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602355200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation rapidly increases tyrosine phosphorylation (i.e. activates) of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) in human skin. EGFR-dependent signaling pathways drive increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases, whose actions fragment collagen and elastin fibers, the primary structural protein components in skin connective tissue. Connective tissue fragmentation, which results from chronic exposure to solar UV irradiation, is a major determinant of premature skin aging (photoaging). UV irradiation generates reactive oxygen species, which readily react with conserved cysteine residues in the active site of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTP). We report here that EGFR activation by UV irradiation results from oxidative inhibition of receptor type PTP-kappa (RPTP-kappa). RPTP-kappa directly counters intrinsic EGFR tyrosine kinase activity, thereby maintaining EGFR in an inactive state. Reversible, oxidative inactivation of RPTP-kappa activity by UV irradiation shifts the kinase-phosphatase balance in favor of EGFR activation. These data delineate a novel mechanism of EGFR regulation and identify RPTP-kappa as a key molecular target for antioxidant protection against skin aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Roesler R, Luft T, Oliveira SHS, Farias CB, Almeida VR, Quevedo J, Dal Pizzol F, Schröder N, Izquierdo I, Schwartsmann G. Molecular mechanisms mediating gastrin-releasing peptide receptor modulation of memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:350-7. [PMID: 16735043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrin-releasing peptide-preferring bombesin receptor (GRPR) has been implicated in memory formation, the underlying molecular events are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined interactions between the GRPR and cellular signaling pathways in influencing memory consolidation in the hippocampus. Male Wistar rats received bilateral infusions of bombesin (BB) into the dorsal hippocampus immediately after inhibitory avoidance (IA) training. Intermediate doses of BB enhanced, whereas a higher dose impaired, 24-h IA memory retention. The BB-induced memory enhancement was prevented by pretraining infusions of a GRPR antagonist or inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase and protein kinase A (PKA), but not by a neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) antagonist. We next further investigated the interactions between the GRPR and the PKA pathway. BB-induced enhancement of consolidation was potentiated by coinfusion of activators of the dopamine D1/D5 receptor (D1R)/cAMP/PKA pathway and prevented by a PKA inhibitor. We conclude that memory modulation by hippocampal GRPRs is mediated by the PKC, MAPK, and PKA pathways. Furthermore, pretraining infusion of BB prevented beta-amyloid peptide (25-35)-induced memory impairment, supporting the view that the GRPR is a target for the development of cognitive enhancers for dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Roesler
- Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, Campus Centro/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Q, Thomas SM, Lui VWY, Xi S, Siegfried JM, Fan H, Smithgall TE, Mills GB, Grandis JR. Phosphorylation of TNF-alpha converting enzyme by gastrin-releasing peptide induces amphiregulin release and EGF receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6901-6. [PMID: 16641105 PMCID: PMC1458991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509719103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors induce EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling, leading to the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. Elucidation of the mechanism of EGFR activation by G protein-coupled receptors may identify new signaling paradigms. A gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)/GRP receptor-mediated autocrine pathway was previously described in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. In the present study, we demonstrate that TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), a disintegrin and metalloproteinse-17, undergoes a Src-dependent phosphorylation that regulates release of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin upon GRP treatment. Further investigation reveals the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) as the intermediate of c-Src and TACE, contributing to their association and TACE phosphorylation. Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), a downstream target of PI3-K, has been identified as the previously undescribed kinase to directly phosphorylate TACE upon GRP treatment. These findings suggest a signaling cascade of GRP-Src-PI3-K-PDK1-TACE-amphiregulin-EGFR with multiple points of interaction, translocation, and phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown of PDK1 augmented the antitumor effects of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, indicating PDK1 as a therapeutic target to improve the clinical response to EGFR inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jill M. Siegfried
- *Pharmacology, and
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Huizhou Fan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854; and
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- *Pharmacology, and
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jennifer Rubin Grandis
- Departments of Otolaryngology
- *Pharmacology, and
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A review of the past, present, and future directions of neoplasia. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1039-46. [PMID: 16354585 PMCID: PMC1501177 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|