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Association between placental global DNA methylation and blood pressure during human pregnancy. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1002-1009. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Targeting the Epigenome as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:287-313. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Ngo H, Tortorella SM, Ververis K, Karagiannis TC. The Warburg effect: molecular aspects and therapeutic possibilities. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:825-34. [PMID: 25253100 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been about nine decades since the proposal of Otto Warburg on the metabolism of cancer cells. Unlike normal cells which undergo glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen, proliferating and cancer cells exhibit an increased uptake of glucose and increased rate of glycolysis and predominantly undergo lactic acid fermentation. Whether this phenomenon is the consequence of genetic dysregulation in cancer or is the cause of cancer still remains unknown. However, there is certainly a strong link between the genetic factors, epigenetic modulation, cancer immunosurveillance and the Warburg effect, which will be discussed in this review. Dichloroacetate and 3-bromopyruvate are among the substances that have been studied as potential cancer therapies. With our expanding knowledge of cellular metabolism, therapies targeting the Warburg effect appear very promising. This review discusses different aspects of these emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Ngo
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Novak P, Stampfer MR, Munoz-Rodriguez JL, Garbe JC, Ehrich M, Futscher BW, Jensen TJ. Cell-type specific DNA methylation patterns define human breast cellular identity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52299. [PMID: 23284978 PMCID: PMC3527522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a role in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and stem cell differentiation. Tissue specific differential methylation has also been well characterized. We sought to extend these studies to create a map of differential DNA methylation between different cell types derived from a single tissue. Using three pairs of isogenic human mammary epithelial and fibroblast cells, promoter region DNA methylation was characterized using MeDIP coupled to microarray analysis. Comparison of DNA methylation between these cell types revealed nearly three thousand cell-type specific differentially methylated regions (ctDMRs). MassARRAY was performed upon 87 ctDMRs to confirm and quantify differential DNA methylation. Each of the examined regions exhibited statistically significant differences ranging from 10-70%. Gene ontology analysis revealed the overrepresentation of many transcription factors involved in developmental processes. Additionally, we have shown that ctDMRs are associated with histone related epigenetic marks and are often aberrantly methylated in breast cancer. Overall, our data suggest that there are thousands of ctDMRs which consistently exhibit differential DNA methylation and may underlie cell type specificity in human breast tissue. In addition, we describe the pathways affected by these differences and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and physiological overlap between normal cellular differentiation and breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Novak
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Azuma M, Koyama D, Kikuchi J, Yoshizawa H, Thasinas D, Shiizaki K, Kuro-o M, Furukawa Y, Kusano E. Promoter methylation confers kidney-specific expression of the Klotho gene. FASEB J 2012; 26:4264-74. [PMID: 22782974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aging suppressor geneKlotho is predominantly expressed in the kidney irrespective of species. Because Klotho protein is an essential component of an endocrine axis that regulates renal phosphate handling, the kidney-specific expression is biologically relevant; however, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Here we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that promoter methylation restricts the expression of the Klotho gene in the kidney. Based on evolutionary conservation and histone methylation patterns, the region up to -1200 bp was defined as a major promoter element of the human Klotho gene. This region displayed promoter activity equally in Klotho-expressing and -nonexpressing cells in transient reporter assays, but the activity was reduced to ∼20% when the constructs were integrated into the chromatin in the latter. Both endogenous and transfected Klotho promoters were 30-40% methylated in Klotho-nonexpressing cells, but unmethylated in Klotho-expressing renal tubular cells. DNA demethylating agents increased Klotho expression 1.5- to 3.0-fold in nonexpressing cells and restored the activity of silenced reporter constructs. Finally, we demonstrated that a severe hypomorphic allele of Klotho had aberrant CpG methylation in kl/kl mice. These findings might be useful in therapeutic intervention for accelerated aging and several complications caused by Klotho down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Azuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Radhakrishnan R, Kabekkodu S, Satyamoorthy K. DNA hypermethylation as an epigenetic mark for oral cancer diagnosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:665-76. [PMID: 21649736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is the largest group of cancers which fall into the head and neck category. While genetic alterations in oral cancer have long been documented, the effect of epigenetic changes is more recent. The recent explosion in science of how chromatin organization modulates the gene expression has highlighted the epigenetic mechanism of oral cancer pathogenesis. DNA methylation, which is an important epigenetic marker, is perhaps the best characterized chemical modification of mammalian DNA and provides a stable, heritable, and critical component of epigenetic regulation. This review attempts to decipher the epigenetic aspects of oral cancer by evaluating the DNA methylation status through its various stages from normal to potentially malignant to malignant states. In doing so, we emphasize DNA methylation as a novel biomarker in oral cancer research, thus opening newer avenues in oral cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Human Chondrosarcoma Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Like Gene Expression Pattern via an Epigenetic Switch: Evidence for Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition during Sarcomagenesis. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:598218. [PMID: 21559267 PMCID: PMC3087947 DOI: 10.1155/2011/598218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are mesenchymally derived cells that reportedly acquire some epithelial characteristics; however, whether this is a progression through a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) during chondrosarcoma development is still a matter of investigation. We observed that chondrosarcoma cells acquired the expression of four epithelial markers, E-cadherin,desmocollin 3, maspin, and 14-3-3σ, all of which are governed epigenetically through cytosine methylation. Indeed, loss of cytosine methylation was tightly associated with acquired expression of both maspin and 14-3-3σ in chondrosarcomas. In contrast, chondrocyte cells were negative for maspin and 14-3-3σ and displayed nearly complete DNA methylation. Robust activation of these genes was also observed in chondrocyte cells following 5-aza-dC treatment. We also examined the transcription factor snail which has been reported to be an important mediator of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). In chondrosarcoma cells snail is downregulated suggesting a role for loss of snail expression in lineage maintenance. Taken together, these results document an epigenetic switch associated with an MET-like phenomenon that accompanies chondrosarcoma progression.
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Chenau J, Michelland S, de Fraipont F, Josserand V, Coll JL, Favrot MC, Seve M. The cell line secretome, a suitable tool for investigating proteins released in vivo by tumors: application to the study of p53-modulated proteins secreted in lung cancer cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:4579-91. [PMID: 19639960 DOI: 10.1021/pr900383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant processes such as metastasis, invasion, or angiogenesis are tightly dependent on the composition of the extracellular medium, which is itself affected by the release of proteins by the tumor cells. p53, a major tumor suppressor protein very frequently mutated and/or inactivated in cancer cells, is known to modulate the release of proteins by the tumor cells; however, while p53-modulated intracellular proteins have been extensively studied, little is known concerning their extracellular counterparts. Here, we characterized the p53-dependent secretome of a lung tumor model in vitro (H358 human nonsmall cell lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a homozygous deletion of p53) and demonstrate that the modulation of exported proteins can also be detected in vivo in the plasma of tumor-bearing mice. We used a clone of H358, stably transfected with a tetracycline-inducible wild-type p53-expressing vector. With the use of iTRAQ labeling and LC-MALDI-MS/MS analysis, we identified 909 proteins released in vitro by the cells, among which 91 are p53-modulated. Three proteins (GDF-15, FGF-19, and VEGF) were also investigated in H358/TetOn/p53 xenograft mice. The ELISA dosage on total tumor protein extracts confirmed the influence of p53 on the release of these proteins in vivo. Moreover, the GDF-15 concentration was measured in the plasma and its p53-dependent modulation was confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing that the in vitro cell line secretome is reliable and reflects the extracellular release of proteins from tumor cells in vivo and could be used to identify putative tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chenau
- Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, INSERM, Institut Albert Bonniot U823, Grenoble, France
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Vrba L, Jensen TJ, Garbe JC, Heimark RL, Cress AE, Dickinson S, Stampfer MR, Futscher BW. Role for DNA methylation in the regulation of miR-200c and miR-141 expression in normal and cancer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8697. [PMID: 20084174 PMCID: PMC2805718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microRNA-200 family participates in the maintenance of an epithelial phenotype and loss of its expression can result in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, the loss of expression of miR-200 family members is linked to an aggressive cancer phenotype. Regulation of the miR-200 family expression in normal and cancer cells is not fully understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Epigenetic mechanisms participate in the control of miR-200c and miR-141 expression in both normal and cancer cells. A CpG island near the predicted mir-200c/mir-141 transcription start site shows a striking correlation between miR-200c and miR-141 expression and DNA methylation in both normal and cancer cells, as determined by MassARRAY technology. The CpG island is unmethylated in human miR-200/miR-141 expressing epithelial cells and in miR-200c/miR-141 positive tumor cells. The CpG island is heavily methylated in human miR-200c/miR-141 negative fibroblasts and miR-200c/miR-141 negative tumor cells. Mouse cells show a similar inverse correlation between DNA methylation and miR-200c expression. Enrichment of permissive histone modifications, H3 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation, is seen in normal miR-200c/miR-141-positive epithelial cells, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to real-time PCR. In contrast, repressive H3K9 dimethylation marks are present in normal miR-200c/miR-141-negative fibroblasts and miR-200c/miR-141 negative cancer cells and the permissive histone modifications are absent. The epigenetic modifier drug, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, reactivates miR-200c/miR-141 expression showing that epigenetic mechanisms play a functional role in their transcriptional control. Conclusions/Significance We report that DNA methylation plays a role in the normal cell type-specific expression of miR-200c and miR-141 and this role appears evolutionarily conserved, since similar results were obtained in mouse. Aberrant DNA methylation of the miR-200c/141 CpG island is closely linked to their inappropriate silencing in cancer cells. Since the miR-200c cluster plays a significant role in EMT, our results suggest an important role for DNA methylation in the control of phenotypic conversions in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Vrba
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Biology Centre ASCR, v.v.i., Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Taylor J. Jensen
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James C. Garbe
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald L. Heimark
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Cress
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sally Dickinson
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Martha R. Stampfer
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard W. Futscher
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hitchler MJ, Domann FE. Metabolic defects provide a spark for the epigenetic switch in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:115-27. [PMID: 19362589 PMCID: PMC2728018 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a pathology that is associated with aberrant gene expression and an altered metabolism. Whereas changes in gene expression have historically been attributed to mutations, it has become apparent that epigenetic processes also play a critical role in controlling gene expression during carcinogenesis. Global changes in epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been observed in cancer. These epigenetic alterations can aberrantly silence or activate gene expression during the formation of cancer; however, the process leading to this epigenetic switch in cancer remains unknown. Carcinogenesis is also associated with metabolic defects that increase mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species, create an atypical redox state, and change the fundamental means by which cells produce energy. Here, we summarize the influence of these metabolic defects on epigenetic processes. Metabolic defects affect epigenetic enzymes by limiting the availability of cofactors like S-adenosylmethionine. Increased production of reactive oxygen species alters DNA methylation and histone modifications in tumor cells by oxidizing DNMTs and HMTs or through direct oxidation of nucleotide bases. Last, the Warburg effect and increased glutamine consumption in cancer influence histone acetylation and methylation by affecting the activity of sirtuins and histone demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hitchler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Liu S, Howell P, Ren S, Fodstad O, Riker AI. The 14-3-3sigma gene promoter is methylated in both human melanocytes and melanoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:162. [PMID: 19473536 PMCID: PMC2695475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence demonstrates that 14-3-3sigma acts as a tumor suppressor gene inactivated by methylation of its 5' CpG islands in epithelial tumor cells, while remaining un-methylated in normal human epithelia. The methylation analysis of 14-3-3sigma has been largely overlooked in melanoma. METHODS The methylation status of 14-3-3sigma CpG island in melanocytes and melanoma cells was analyzed by methylation-specific sequencing (MSS) and quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP). 14-3-3sigma mRNA and protein expression in cell lines was detected by real-time RT-PCR and western blot. Melanoma cells were also treated by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC), a demethylating agent, and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA), to evaluate their effects on 14-3-3sigma gene expression. RESULTS 14-3-3sigma is hypermethylated in both human melanocytes and most melanoma cells in a lineage-specific manner, resulting in the silencing of 14-3-3sigma gene expression and the active induction of 14-3-3sigma mRNA and protein expression following treatment with DAC. We also observed a synergistic effect upon gene expression when DAC was combined with TSA. The promoter methylation status of 14-3-3sigma was analyzed utilizing Q-MSP in 20 melanoma tissue samples and 10 cell lines derived from these samples, showing that the majority of melanoma samples maintain their hypermethylation status of the 14-3-3sigma gene. CONCLUSION 14-3-3sigma is hypermethylated in human melanoma in a cell-linage specific manner. Spontaneous demethylation and re-expression of 14-3-3sigma is a rare event in melanoma, indicating 14-3-3sigma might have a tentative role in the pathogenesis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhu Liu
- Ochsner Cancer Institute, Department of Surgery 1514 Jefferson Highway, BH334 New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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12
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Petrovich M, Veprintsev DB. Effects of CpG methylation on recognition of DNA by the tumour suppressor p53. J Mol Biol 2008; 386:72-80. [PMID: 19084536 PMCID: PMC2666794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of DNA is one of the mechanisms controlling the expression landscape of the genome. Its pattern is altered in cancer and often results in the hypermethylation of the promoter regions and abnormal expression of tumour suppressor genes. Methylation of CpG dinucleotides located in the binding sites of transcription factors may contribute to the development of cancers by preventing their binding or altering their specificity. We studied the effects of CpG methylation on DNA recognition by the tumour suppressor p53, a transcription factor involved in the response to carcinogenic stress. p53 recognises a large number of DNA sequences, many of which contain CpG dinucleotides. We systematically substituted a CpG dinucleotide at each position in the consensus p53 DNA binding sequence and identified substitutions tolerated by p53. We compared the binding affinities of methylated versus non-methylated sequences by fluorescence anisotropy titration. We found that binding of p53 was not affected by cytosine methylation in a majority of cases. However, for a few sequences containing multiple CpG dinucleotides, such as sites in the RB and Met genes, methylation resulted in a four- to sixfold increase in binding of p53. This approach can be used to quantify the effects of CpG methylation on the DNA recognition by other DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry B. Veprintsev
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
- Corresponding author. Fax: +44 1223 412178.
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Kovacheva VP, Davison JM, Mellott TJ, Rogers AE, Yang S, O'Brien MJ, Blusztajn JK. Raising gestational choline intake alters gene expression in DMBA-evoked mammary tumors and prolongs survival. FASEB J 2008; 23:1054-63. [PMID: 19047067 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient that serves as a donor of metabolic methyl groups used during gestation to establish the epigenetic DNA methylation patterns that modulate tissue-specific gene expression. Because the mammary gland begins its development prenatally, we hypothesized that choline availability in utero may affect the gland's susceptibility to cancer. During gestational days 11-17, pregnant rats were fed a control, choline-supplemented, or choline-deficient diet (8, 36, and 0 mmol/kg of choline, respectively). On postnatal day 65, the female offspring received 25 mg/kg of a carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene. Approximately 70% of the rats developed mammary adenocarcinomas; prenatal diet did not affect tumor latency, incidence, size, and multiplicity. Tumor growth rate was inversely related to choline content in the prenatal diet, resulting in 50% longer survival until euthanasia, determined by tumor size, of the prenatally choline-supplemented rats compared with the prenatally choline-deficient rats. This was accompanied by distinct expression patterns of approximately 70 genes in tumors derived from the three dietary groups. Tumors from the prenatally choline-supplemented rats overexpressed genes that confer favorable prognosis in human cancers (Klf6, Klf9, Nid2, Ntn4, Per1, and Txnip) and underexpressed those associated with aggressive disease (Bcar3, Cldn12, Csf1, Jag1, Lgals3, Lypd3, Nme1, Ptges2, Ptgs1, and Smarcb1). DNA methylation within the tumor suppressor gene, stratifin (Sfn, 14-3-3sigma), was proportional to the prenatal choline supply and correlated inversely with the expression of its mRNA and protein in tumors, suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism may underlie the altered molecular phenotype and tumor growth. Our results suggest a role for adequate maternal choline nutrition during pregnancy in prevention/alleviation of breast cancer in daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela P Kovacheva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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14
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Yagi S, Oda-Sato E, Uehara I, Asano Y, Nakajima W, Takeshita T, Tanaka N. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine restores proapoptotic function of p53 in cancer cells resistant to p53-induced apoptosis. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:680-8. [PMID: 18608210 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701840212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The expression of p53-target genes encoding the proapoptotic factor Noxa, but not PUMA, was not induced by p53 in HCT116 and SW480 cells, which show resistance to apoptosis in response to p53 overexpression. The lack of p53 inducibility of Noxa was restored by treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR). Furthermore, p53 induced apoptosis in HCT116 and SW480 cells treated with 5-aza-CdR. Moreover, the inhibition of Noxa expression by RNAi in 5-aza-CdR-treated HCT116 cells resulted in the partial inhibition of p53-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that epigenetic cancer therapy is possible for some cancers in combination with forced p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Yagi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Lal G, Padmanabha L, Provenzano M, Fitzgerald M, Weydert J, Domann FE. Regulation of 14-3-3sigma expression in human thyroid carcinoma is epigenetically regulated by aberrant cytosine methylation. Cancer Lett 2008; 267:165-74. [PMID: 18440129 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased 14-3-3sigma expression has been observed by immunohistochemistry in papillary and anaplastic tumors, but not follicular thyroid cancers. 14-3-3sigma mRNA expression and methylation status was examined in tumor cell lines and primary thyroid tissues using real-time RT-PCR, bisulfite sequencing and methylation-specific PCR. Most of the 27 CpG's in the gene's CpG island were methylated in normal thyroid, TPC-1, NPA, FTC-238 and 2-7, which did not express 14-3-3sigma. In contrast, they were unmethylated in KAK-1 and anaplastic lines KAT4 and DRO-90. 14-3-3sigma expression was not increased in thyroid carcinomas, the majority of which had a methylated CpG island. In addition, 5-aza-dC treatment increased 14-3-3sigma expression in the FTC-238 and NPA cell lines, which had low baseline expression. We conclude 14-3-3sigma expression in thyroid carcinomas is regulated by CpG island hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Lal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, 4641 JCP, Iowa city, IA 52242, USA.
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16
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Latham T, Gilbert N, Ramsahoye B. DNA methylation in mouse embryonic stem cells and development. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:31-55. [PMID: 18060563 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian development is associated with considerable changes in global DNA methylation levels at times of genomic reprogramming. Normal DNA methylation is essential for development but, despite considerable advances in our understanding of the DNA methyltransferases, the reason that development fails when DNA methylation is deficient remains unclear. Furthermore, although much is known about the enzymes that cause DNA methylation, comparatively little is known about the mechanisms or significance of active demethylation in early development. In this review, we discuss the roles of the various DNA methyltransferases and their likely functions in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Latham
- Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Neoplasia: An Anniversary of Progress. Neoplasia 2007. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhu F, Xia X, Liu B, Shen J, Hu Y, Person M, Hu Y. IKKalpha shields 14-3-3sigma, a G(2)/M cell cycle checkpoint gene, from hypermethylation, preventing its silencing. Mol Cell 2007; 27:214-227. [PMID: 17643371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that a large proportion of aggressive squamous cell carcinomas of humans and mice express markedly reduced IKKalpha. However, the role of IKKalpha in maintaining genomic stability is unknown. Here we reported that IKKalpha-deficient keratinocytes had a defect in the G(2)/M cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage due to downregulated 14-3-3sigma, a cell cycle checkpoint protein. Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 9 (H3-K9) was found to associate with the histone trimethyltransferase Suv39h1 and DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in the methylated 14-3-3sigma locus. Reintroduction of IKKalpha restored the expression of 14-3-3sigma. IKKalpha was found to associate with H3 in 14-3-3sigma, which prevented access of Suv39h1 to H3, thereby preventing hypermethylation of 14-3-3sigma. IKKalpha mutants that failed to bind to H3 did not restore the expression of 14-3-3sigma. Thus, IKKalpha protects the 14-3-3sigma locus from hypermethylation, which serves as a mechanism of maintaining genomic stability in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Bigang Liu
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Maria Person
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Science Park Research Division, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A review of the past, present, and future directions of neoplasia. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1039-46. [PMID: 16354585 PMCID: PMC1501177 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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