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Romiani A, Simonsson K, Pettersson D, Al-Awar A, Rassol N, Bakr H, Lind D, Umapathy G, Spetz J, Palmer R, Hallberg B, Helou K, Forssell-Aronsson E. Comparison of 177Lu-octreotate and 177Lu-octreotide for treatment in human neuroblastoma-bearing mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31409. [PMID: 38826727 PMCID: PMC11141386 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) have a 5-year event-free survival of less than 50 %, and novel and improved treatment options are needed. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSTAs) could be a treatment option. The aims of this work were to compare the biodistribution and the therapeutic effects of 177Lu-octreotate and 177Lu-octreotide in mice bearing the human CLB-BAR NB cell line, and to evaluate their regulatory effects on apoptosis-related genes. Methods The biodistribution of 177Lu-octreotide in mice bearing CLB-BAR tumors was studied at 1, 24, and 168 h after administration, and the absorbed dose was estimated to tumor and normal tissues. Further, animals were administered different amounts of 177Lu-octreotate or 177Lu-octreotide. Tumor volume was measured over time and compared to a control group given saline. RNA was extracted from tumors, and the expression of 84 selected genes involved in apoptosis was quantified with qPCR. Results The activity concentration was generally lower in most tissues for 177Lu-octreotide compared to 177Lu-octreotate. Mean absorbed dose per administered activity to tumor after injection of 1.5 MBq and 15 MBq was 0.74 and 0.03 Gy/MBq for 177Lu-octreotide and 2.9 and 0.45 Gy/MBq for 177Lu-octreotate, respectively. 177Lu-octreotide treatment resulted in statistically significant differences compared to controls. Fractionated administration led to a higher survival fraction than after a single administration. The pro-apoptotic genes TNSFS8, TNSFS10, and TRADD were regulated after administration with 177Lu-octreotate. Treatment with 177Lu-octreotide yielded regulation of the pro-apoptotic genes CASP5 and TRADD, and of the anti-apoptotic gene IL10 as well as the apoptosis-related gene TNF. Conclusion 177Lu-octreotide gave somewhat better anti-tumor effects than 177Lu-octreotate. The similar effect observed in the treated groups with 177Lu-octreotate suggests saturation of the somatostatin receptors. Pronounced anti-tumor effects following fractionated administration merited receptor saturation as an explanation. The gene expression analyses suggest apoptosis activation through the extrinsic pathway for both radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Romiani
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K. Simonsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D. Pettersson
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A. Al-Awar
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N. Rassol
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H. Bakr
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D.E. Lind
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G. Umapathy
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J. Spetz
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R.H. Palmer
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B. Hallberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K. Helou
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Forssell-Aronsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lu L, Ma D, Xi Z. Coexpression of TP53, BIM, and PTEN Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:792-808. [PMID: 38237562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
For non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the ubiquitous occurrence of concurrent multiple genomic alterations poses challenges to single-gene therapy. To increase therapeutic efficacy, we used the branch-PCR method to develop a multigene nanovector, NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN, that carried three therapeutic gene expression cassettes for coexpression. NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN exhibited a uniform size of 104.8 ± 24.2 nm and high serum stability. In cell transfection tests, NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN could coexpress TP53, BIM, and PTEN in NCI-H1299 cells and induce cell apoptosis with a ratio of up to 94.9%. Furthermore, NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN also inhibited cell proliferation with a ratio of up to 42%. In a mouse model bearing an NCI-H1299 xenograft tumor, NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect on the NCI-H1299 xenograft tumor than the other test vectors without any detectable side effects. These results exhibited the potential of NP-TP53-BIM-PTEN as an effective and safe multigene nanovector to enhance NSCLC therapy efficacy, which will provide a framework for genome therapy with multigene combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dejun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Italia M, Wertheim KY, Taschner-Mandl S, Walker D, Dercole F. Mathematical Model of Clonal Evolution Proposes a Personalised Multi-Modal Therapy for High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071986. [PMID: 37046647 PMCID: PMC10093626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumour in children. Despite multi-modal therapy, over half of the high-risk patients will succumb. One contributing factor is the one-size-fits-all nature of multi-modal therapy. For example, during the first step (induction chemotherapy), the standard regimen (rapid COJEC) administers fixed doses of chemotherapeutic agents in eight two-week cycles. Perhaps because of differences in resistance, this standard regimen results in highly heterogeneous outcomes in different tumours. In this study, we formulated a mathematical model comprising ordinary differential equations. The equations describe the clonal evolution within a neuroblastoma tumour being treated with vincristine and cyclophosphamide, which are used in the rapid COJEC regimen, including genetically conferred and phenotypic drug resistance. The equations also describe the agents’ pharmacokinetics. We devised an optimisation algorithm to find the best chemotherapy schedules for tumours with different pre-treatment clonal compositions. The optimised chemotherapy schedules exploit the cytotoxic difference between the two drugs and intra-tumoural clonal competition to shrink the tumours as much as possible during induction chemotherapy and before surgical removal. They indicate that induction chemotherapy can be improved by finding and using personalised schedules. More broadly, we propose that the overall multi-modal therapy can be enhanced by employing targeted therapies against the mutations and oncogenic pathways enriched and activated by the chemotherapeutic agents. To translate the proposed personalised multi-modal therapy into clinical use, patient-specific model calibration and treatment optimisation are necessary. This entails a decision support system informed by emerging medical technologies such as multi-region sequencing and liquid biopsies. The results and tools presented in this paper could be the foundation of this decision support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Italia
- Department of Electronic, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Kenneth Y. Wertheim
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Centre of Excellence for Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Modelling, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Dawn Walker
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Fabio Dercole
- Department of Electronic, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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4
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Milosevic J, Treis D, Fransson S, Gallo-Oller G, Sveinbjörnsson B, Eissler N, Tanino K, Sakaguchi K, Martinsson T, Wickström M, Kogner P, Johnsen JI. PPM1D Is a Therapeutic Target in Childhood Neural Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236042. [PMID: 34885154 PMCID: PMC8657050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma are childhood tumors of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system, respectively. These are the most common and deadly tumors of childhood. A common genetic feature of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma is frequent segmental gain or amplification of chromosome 17q. Located on chromosome 17q23.2 is PPM1D which encodes WIP1, a phosphatase that acts as a regulator of p53 and DNA repair. Overexpression of WIP1 correlates with poor patient prognosis. We investigated the effects of genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of WIP1 activity and found that medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells were strongly dependent on WIP1 expression for survival. We also tested a number of small molecule inhibitors of WIP1 and show that SL-176 was the most effective compound suppressing the growth of medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Abstract Childhood medulloblastoma and high-risk neuroblastoma frequently present with segmental gain of chromosome 17q corresponding to aggressive tumors and poor patient prognosis. Located within the 17q-gained chromosomal segments is PPM1D at chromosome 17q23.2. PPM1D encodes a serine/threonine phosphatase, WIP1, that is a negative regulator of p53 activity as well as key proteins involved in cell cycle control, DNA repair and apoptosis. Here, we show that the level of PPM1D expression correlates with chromosome 17q gain in medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells, and both medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cells are highly dependent on PPM1D expression for survival. Comparison of different inhibitors of WIP1 showed that SL-176 was the most potent compound inhibiting medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma growth and had similar or more potent effects on cell survival than the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3 or the p53 activator RITA. SL-176 monotherapy significantly suppressed the growth of established medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma xenografts in nude mice. These results suggest that the development of clinically applicable compounds inhibiting the activity of WIP1 is of importance since PPM1D activating mutations, genetic gain or amplifications and/or overexpression of WIP1 are frequently detected in several different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milosevic
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.I.J.)
| | - Diana Treis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Susanne Fransson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Gabriel Gallo-Oller
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Baldur Sveinbjörnsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Nina Eissler
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Keiji Tanino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Kazuyasu Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - Malin Wickström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.T.); (G.G.-O.); (B.S.); (N.E.) (M.W.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.I.J.)
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Molecular Iodine/Cyclophosphamide Synergism on Chemoresistant Neuroblastoma Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168936. [PMID: 34445656 PMCID: PMC8396562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (Nb), the most common extracranial tumor in children, exhibited remarkable phenotypic diversity and heterogeneous clinical behavior. Tumors with MYCN overexpression have a worse prognosis. MYCN promotes tumor progression by inducing cell proliferation, de-differentiation, and dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism. Cyclophosphamide (CFF) at minimum effective oral doses (metronomic therapy) exerts beneficial actions on chemoresistant cancers. Molecular iodine (I2) in coadministration with all-trans retinoic acid synergizes apoptosis and cell differentiation in Nb cells. This work analyzes the impact of I2 and CFF on the viability (culture) and tumor progression (xenografts) of Nb chemoresistant SK-N-BE(2) cells. Results showed that both molecules induce dose-response antiproliferative effects, and I2 increases the sensibility of Nb cells to CFF, triggering PPARγ expression and acting as a mitocan in mitochondrial metabolism. In vivo oral I2/metronomic CFF treatments showed significant inhibition in xenograft growth, decreasing proliferation (Survivin) and activating apoptosis signaling (P53, Bax/Bcl-2). In addition, I2 decreased the expression of master markers of malignancy (MYCN, TrkB), vasculature remodeling, and increased differentiation signaling (PPARγ and TrkA). Furthermore, I2 supplementation prevented loss of body weight and hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to CFF in nude mice. These results allow us to propose the I2 supplement in metronomic CFF treatments to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy and reduce side effects.
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Mitra S, Muralidharan SV, Di Marco M, Juvvuna PK, Kosalai ST, Reischl S, Jachimowicz D, Subhash S, Raimondi I, Kurian L, Huarte M, Kogner P, Fischer M, Johnsen JI, Mondal T, Kanduri C. Subcellular Distribution of p53 by the p53-Responsive lncRNA NBAT1 Determines Chemotherapeutic Response in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1457-1471. [PMID: 33372039 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma has a low mutation rate for the p53 gene. Alternative ways of p53 inactivation have been proposed in neuroblastoma, such as abnormal cytoplasmic accumulation of wild-type p53. However, mechanisms leading to p53 inactivation via cytoplasmic accumulation are not well investigated. Here we show that the neuroblastoma risk-associated locus 6p22.3-derived tumor suppressor NBAT1 is a p53-responsive lncRNA that regulates p53 subcellular levels. Low expression of NBAT1 provided resistance to genotoxic drugs by promoting p53 accumulation in cytoplasm and loss from mitochondrial and nuclear compartments. Depletion of NBAT1 altered CRM1 function and contributed to the loss of p53-dependent nuclear gene expression during genotoxic drug treatment. CRM1 inhibition rescued p53-dependent nuclear functions and sensitized NBAT1-depleted cells to genotoxic drugs. Combined inhibition of CRM1 and MDM2 was even more effective in sensitizing aggressive neuroblastoma cells with p53 cytoplasmic accumulation. Thus, our mechanistic studies uncover an NBAT1-dependent CRM1/MDM2-based potential combination therapy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows how a p53-responsive lncRNA mediates chemotherapeutic response by modulating nuclear p53 pathways and identifies a potential treatment strategy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Mitra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Mirco Di Marco
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prasanna Kumar Juvvuna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Silke Reischl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jachimowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santhilal Subhash
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Raimondi
- Cima, University of Navarra, Pio XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leo Kurian
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Neurophysiology, The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maite Huarte
- Cima, University of Navarra, Pio XII, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Chandrasekhar Kanduri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Gulliver C, Hoffmann R, Baillie GS. The enigmatic helicase DHX9 and its association with the hallmarks of cancer. Future Sci OA 2020; 7:FSO650. [PMID: 33437516 PMCID: PMC7787180 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Much interest has been expended lately in characterizing the association between DExH-Box helicase 9 (DHX9) dysregulation and malignant development, however, the enigmatic nature of DHX9 has caused conflict as to whether it regularly functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. The impact of DHX9 on malignancy appears to be cell-type specific, dependent upon the availability of binding partners and activation of inter-connected signaling pathways. Realization of DHX9's pivotal role in the development of several hallmarks of cancer has boosted the enzyme's potential as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target, opening up novel avenues for exploring DHX9 in precision medicine applications. Our review discusses the ascribed functions of DHX9 in cancer, explores its enigmatic nature and potential as an antineoplastic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gulliver
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Philips Research Europe, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Science, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Abstract
Informative and realistic mouse models of high-risk neuroblastoma are central to understanding mechanisms of tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. They also play vital roles in validating tumour drivers and drug targets, as platforms for assessment of new therapies and in the generation of drug sensitivity data that can inform treatment decisions for individual patients. This review will describe genetically engineered mouse models of specific subsets of high-risk neuroblastoma, the development of patient-derived xenograft models that more broadly represent the diversity and heterogeneity of the disease, and models of primary and metastatic disease. We discuss the research applications, advantages, and limitations of each model type, the importance of model repositories and data standards for supporting reproducible, high-quality research, and potential future directions for neuroblastoma mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Kamili
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Atkinson
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Toby N Trahair
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Jamie I Fletcher
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia. .,School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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9
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Hee E, Wong MK, Tan SH, Choo Z, Kuick CH, Ling S, Yong MH, Jain S, Lian DWQ, Ng EHQ, Yong YFL, Ren MH, Syed Sulaiman N, Low SYY, Chua YW, Syed MF, Lim TKH, Soh SY, Iyer P, Seng MSF, Lam JCM, Tan EEK, Chan MY, Tan AM, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chang KTE, Loh AHP. Neuroblastoma patient-derived cultures are enriched for a mesenchymal gene signature and reflect individual drug response. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3780-3792. [PMID: 32777141 PMCID: PMC7540996 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo evaluation of personalized models can facilitate individualized treatment selection for patients, and advance the discovery of novel therapeutic options. However, for embryonal malignancies, representative primary cultures have been difficult to establish. We developed patient‐derived cell cultures (PDCs) from chemo‐naïve and post–treatment neuroblastoma tumors in a consistent and efficient manner, and characterized their in vitro growth dynamics, histomorphology, gene expression, and functional chemo‐response. From 34 neuroblastoma tumors, 22 engrafted in vitro to generate 31 individual PDC lines, with higher engraftment seen with metastatic tumors. PDCs displayed characteristic immunohistochemical staining patterns of PHOX2B, TH, and GD2 synthase. Concordance of MYCN amplification, 1p and 11q deletion between PDCs and patient tumors was 83.3%, 72.7%, and 80.0% respectively. PDCs displayed a predominantly mesenchymal‐type gene expression signature and showed upregulation of pro‐angiogenic factors that were similarly enriched in culture medium and paired patient serum samples. When tested with standard‐of‐care cytotoxics at human Cmax‐equivalent concentrations, MYCN‐amplified and non‐MYCN‐amplified PDCs showed a differential response to cyclophosphamide and topotecan, which mirrored the corresponding patients’ responses, and correlated with gene signatures of chemosensitivity. In this translational proof‐of‐concept study, early‐phase neuroblastoma PDCs enriched for the mesenchymal cell subpopulation recapitulated the individual molecular and phenotypic profile of patient tumors, and highlighted their potential as a platform for individualized ex vivo drug‐response testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hee
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Kang Wong
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hui Tan
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhang'E Choo
- Neurodevelopment and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chik Hong Kuick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Ling
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Hwee Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudhanshi Jain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derrick W Q Lian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eileen H Q Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne F L Yong
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mee Hiong Ren
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurfarhanah Syed Sulaiman
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Y Y Low
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Wei Chua
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Fahmy Syed
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony K H Lim
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shui Yen Soh
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasad Iyer
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaela S F Seng
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joyce C M Lam
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrica E K Tan
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Yoke Chan
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ah Moy Tan
- Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhixiong Chen
- Neurodevelopment and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth T E Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amos Hong Pheng Loh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Montemurro L, Raieli S, Angelucci S, Bartolucci D, Amadesi C, Lampis S, Scardovi AL, Venturelli L, Nieddu G, Cerisoli L, Fischer M, Teti G, Falconi M, Pession A, Hrelia P, Tonelli R. A Novel MYCN-Specific Antigene Oligonucleotide Deregulates Mitochondria and Inhibits Tumor Growth in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:6166-6177. [PMID: 31615807 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of high-risk neuroblastoma is characterized by MYCN amplification. N-Myc promotes tumor progression by inducing cell growth and inhibiting differentiation. MYCN has also been shown to play an active role in mitochondrial metabolism, but this relationship is not well understood. Although N-Myc is a known driver of the disease, it remains a target for which no therapeutic drug exists. Here, we evaluated a novel MYCN-specific antigene PNA oligonucleotide (BGA002) in MYCN-amplified (MNA) or MYCN-expressing neuroblastoma and investigated the mechanism of its antitumor activity. MYCN mRNA and cell viability were reduced in a broad set of neuroblastoma cell lines following BGA002 treatment. Furthermore, BGA002 decreased N-Myc protein levels and apoptosis in MNA neuroblastoma. Analysis of gene expression data from patients with neuroblastoma revealed that MYCN was associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), downregulated mitophagy, and poor prognosis. Inhibition of MYCN caused profound mitochondrial damage in MNA neuroblastoma cells through downregulation of the mitochondrial molecular chaperone TRAP1, which subsequently increased ROS. Correspondingly, inhibition of MYCN reactivated mitophagy. Systemic administration of BGA002 downregulated N-Myc and TRAP1, with a concomitant decrease in MNA neuroblastoma xenograft tumor weight. In conclusion, this study highlights the role of N-Myc in blocking mitophagy in neuroblastoma and in conferring protection to ROS in mitochondria through upregulation of TRAP1. BGA002 is a potently improved MYCN-specific antigene oligonucleotide that reverts N-Myc-dysregulated mitochondrial pathways, leading to loss of the protective effect of N-Myc against mitochondrial ROS. SIGNIFICANCE: A second generation antigene peptide oligonucleotide targeting MYCN induces mitochondrial damage and inhibits growth of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Montemurro
- Interdepartmental Center for Cancer Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Angelucci
- Interdepartmental Center for Cancer Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Damiano Bartolucci
- Interdepartmental Center for Cancer Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences-DBNS, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences-DBNS, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Interdepartmental Center for Cancer Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Umapathy G, Mendoza-Garcia P, Hallberg B, Palmer RH. Targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase in neuroblastoma. APMIS 2019; 127:288-302. [PMID: 30803032 PMCID: PMC6850425 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), has been identified as a fusion partner in a diverse variety of translocation events resulting in oncogenic signaling in many different cancer types. In tumors where the full‐length ALK RTK itself is mutated, such as neuroblastoma, the picture regarding the role of ALK as an oncogenic driver is less clear. Neuroblastoma is a complex and heterogeneous tumor that arises from the neural crest derived peripheral nervous system. Although high‐risk neuroblastoma is rare, it often relapses and becomes refractory to treatment. Thus, neuroblastoma accounts for 10–15% of all childhood cancer deaths. Since most cases are in children under the age of 2, understanding the role and regulation of ALK during neural crest development is an important goal in addressing neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. An impressive array of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that act to inhibit ALK have been FDA approved for use in ALK‐driven cancers. ALK TKIs bind differently within the ATP‐binding pocket of the ALK kinase domain and have been associated with different resistance mutations within ALK itself that arise in response to therapeutic use, particularly in ALK‐fusion positive non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This patient population has highlighted the importance of considering the relevant ALK TKI to be used for a given ALK mutant variant. In this review, we discuss ALK in neuroblastoma, as well as the use of ALK TKIs and other strategies to inhibit tumor growth. Current efforts combining novel approaches and increasing our understanding of the oncogenic role of ALK in neuroblastoma are aimed at improving the efficacy of ALK TKIs as precision medicine options in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Umapathy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Mendoza-Garcia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ruth H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Kaliszczak M, van Hechanova E, Li Y, Alsadah H, Parzych K, Auner HW, Aboagye EO. The HDAC6 inhibitor C1A modulates autophagy substrates in diverse cancer cells and induces cell death. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1278-1287. [PMID: 30318510 PMCID: PMC6251030 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosolic deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is involved in the autophagy degradation pathway of malformed proteins, an important survival mechanism in cancer cells. We evaluated modulation of autophagy-related proteins and cell death by the HDAC6-selective inhibitor C1A. METHODS Autophagy substrates (light chain-3 (LC-3) and p62 proteins) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress phenotype were determined. Caspase-3/7 activation and cellular proliferation assays were used to assess consequences of autophagy modulation. RESULTS C1A potently resolved autophagy substrates induced by 3-methyladenine and chloroquine. The mechanism of autophagy inhibition by HDAC6 genetic knockout or C1A treatment was consistent with abrogation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and decrease of Myc protein. C1A alone or combined with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, enhanced cell death in malignant cells, demonstrating the complementary roles of the proteasome and autophagy pathways for clearing malformed proteins. Myc-positive neuroblastoma, KRAS-positive colorectal cancer and multiple myeloma cells showed marked cell growth inhibition in response to HDAC6 inhibitors. Finally, growth of neuroblastoma xenografts was arrested in vivo by single agent C1A, while combination with bortezomib slowed the growth of colorectal cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS C1A resolves autophagy substrates in malignant cells and induces cell death, warranting its use for in vivo pre-clinical autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kaliszczak
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Pre-clinical Imaging and Pharmacology, Biogen, 125 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Erich van Hechanova
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hibah Alsadah
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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13
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Dong J, Zhang Z, Huang H, Mo P, Cheng C, Liu J, Huang W, Tian C, Zhang C, Li J. miR-10a rejuvenates aged human mesenchymal stem cells and improves heart function after myocardial infarction through KLF4. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:151. [PMID: 29848383 PMCID: PMC5977543 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging is one of the key factors that regulate the function of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) and related changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression. However, data reported on aging-related miRNA changes in hBM-MSCs are limited. Methods We demonstrated previously that miR-10a is significantly decreased in aged hBM-MSCs and restoration of the miR-10a level attenuated cell senescence and increased the differentiation capacity of aged hBM-MSCs by repressing Krüpple-like factor 4 (KLF4). In the present study, miR-10a was overexpressed or KLF4 was downregulated in old hBM-MSCs by lentiviral transduction. The hypoxia-induced apoptosis, cell survival, and cell paracrine function of aged hBM-MSCs were investigated in vitro. In vivo, miR-10a-overexpressed or KLF4-downregulated old hBM-MSCs were implanted into infarcted mouse hearts after myocardial infarction (MI). The mouse cardiac function of cardiac angiogenesis was measured and cell survival of aged hBM-MSCs was investigated. Results Through lentivirus-mediated upregulation of miR-10a and downregulation of KLF4 in aged hBM-MSCs in vitro, we revealed that miR-10a decreased hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis and increased cell survival of aged hBM-MSCs by repressing the KLF4–BAX/BCL2 pathway. In vivo, transplantation of miR-10a-overexpressed aged hBM-MSCs promoted implanted stem cell survival and improved cardiac function after MI. Mechanistic studies revealed that overexpression of miR-10a in aged hBM-MSCs activated Akt and stimulated the expression of angiogenic factors, thus increasing angiogenesis in ischemic mouse hearts. Conclusions miR-10a rejuvenated aged hBM-MSCs which improved angiogenesis and cardiac function in injured mouse hearts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0895-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dong
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhui Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshen Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Pei Mo
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chuanfan Cheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Weizhao Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chaowei Tian
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Chongyu Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiao Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China. .,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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14
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Chen L, Esfandiari A, Reaves W, Vu A, Hogarty MD, Lunec J, Tweddle DA. Characterisation of the p53 pathway in cell lines established from TH-MYCN transgenic mouse tumours. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:967-977. [PMID: 29393340 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell lines established from the TH-MYCN transgenic murine model of neuroblastoma are a valuable preclinical, immunocompetent, syngeneic model of neuroblastoma, for which knowledge of their p53 pathway status is important. In this study, the Trp53 status and functional response to Nutlin-3 and ionising radiation (IR) were determined in 6 adherent TH-MYCN transgenic cell lines using Sanger sequencing, western blot analysis and flow cytometry. Sensitivity to structurally diverse MDM2 inhibitors (Nutlin-3, MI-63, RG7388 and NDD0005) was determined using XTT proliferation assays. In total, 2/6 cell lines were Trp53 homozygous mutant (NHO2A and 844MYCN+/+) and 1/6 (282MYCN+/-) was Trp53 heterozygous mutant. For 1/6 cell lines (NHO2A), DNA from the corresponding primary tumour was found to be Trp53 wt. In all cases, the presence of a mutation was consistent with aberrant p53 signalling in response to Nutlin-3 and IR. In comparison to TP53 wt human neuroblastoma cells, Trp53 wt murine control and TH-MYCN cell lines were significantly less sensitive to growth inhibition mediated by MI-63 and RG7388. These murine Trp53 wt and mutant TH-MYCN cell lines are useful syngeneic, immunocompetent neuroblastoma models, the former to test p53-dependent therapies in combination with immunotherapies, such as anti-GD2, and the latter as models of chemoresistant relapsed neuroblastoma when aberrations in the p53 pathway are more common. The spontaneous development of Trp53 mutations in 3 cell lines from TH-MYCN mice may have arisen from MYCN oncogenic driven and/or ex vivo selection. The identified species-dependent selectivity of MI-63 and RG7388 should be considered when interpreting in vivo toxicity studies of MDM2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Arman Esfandiari
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - William Reaves
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Annette Vu
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Deborah A Tweddle
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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15
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Singhal SS, Nagaprashantha L, Singhal P, Singhal S, Singhal J, Awasthi S, Horne D. RLIP76 Inhibition: A Promising Developmental Therapy for Neuroblastoma. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1673-1682. [PMID: 28386633 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Refractory and relapsed neuroblastoma (NB) present with significant challenges in clinical management. Though primary NBs largely with wild-type p53 respond well to interventions, dysfunctional signaling in the p53 pathways in a MYCN oncogene driven background is found in a number of children with NB. The p53-mutant NB is largely unresponsive to available therapies and p53-independent targeted therapeutics represents a vital need in pediatric oncology. We analyzed the findings on mercapturic acid pathway (MAP) transporter RLIP76, which has broad and critical effects on multiple pathways as essential for carcinogenesis, oxidative stress and drug-resistance, is over-expressed in NB. RLIP76 inhibition by antibodies or depletion by antisense causes apoptosis and sensitization to chemo-radiotherapy in many cancers. In addition, recent studies indicate that the interactions between p53, MYCN, and WNT regulate apoptosis resistance and protein ubiquitination. RLIP76 and p53 interact with each other and colocalize in NB cells. Targeted depletion/inhibition of RLIP76 causes apoptosis and tumor regression in NB irrespective of p53 status. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms and the role of RLIP76 in oxidative stress, drug-resistance and clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE), and analyze the molecular basis for the role of RLIP76 targeted approaches in the context principal drivers of NB pathogenesis, progression and drug-resistance. The evidence from RLIP76 studies in other cancers, when taken in the context of our recent RLIP76 focused mechanistic studies in NB, provides strong basis for further characterization and development of RLIP76 targeted therapies for NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, 91010, USA.
| | - Lokesh Nagaprashantha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, 91010, USA
| | - Preeti Singhal
- University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Sulabh Singhal
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92092, USA
| | - Jyotsana Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, 91010, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, 79430, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, 91010, USA
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16
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Xiao GY, Cheng CC, Chiang YS, Cheng WTK, Liu IH, Wu SC. Exosomal miR-10a derived from amniotic fluid stem cells preserves ovarian follicles after chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23120. [PMID: 26979400 PMCID: PMC4793229 DOI: 10.1038/srep23120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy (CTx)-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in woman remains clinically irreversible. Amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) have shown the potential to treat CTx-induced POF; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we demonstrate that AFSC-derived exosomes recapitulate the anti-apoptotic effect of AFSCs on CTx-damaged granulosa cells (GCs), which are vital for the growth of ovarian follicles. AFSC-derived exosomes prevent ovarian follicular atresia in CTx-treated mice via the delivery of microRNAs in which both miR-146a and miR-10a are highly enriched and their potential target genes are critical to apoptosis. The down-regulation of these two miRNAs in AFSC-derived exosomes attenuates the anti-apoptotic effect on CTx-damaged GCs in vitro. Further, the administration of these miRNAs recapitulates the effects both in vitro and in vivo, in which miR-10a contributes a dominant influence. Our findings illustrate that miR-10a has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Xiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Cheng
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shien Chiang
- Technology Commons, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston Teng-Kuei Cheng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Chih Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Sun Y, Bell JL, Carter D, Gherardi S, Poulos RC, Milazzo G, Wong JW, Al-Awar R, Tee AE, Liu PY, Liu B, Atmadibrata B, Wong M, Trahair T, Zhao Q, Shohet JM, Haupt Y, Schulte JH, Brown PJ, Arrowsmith CH, Vedadi M, MacKenzie KL, Hüttelmaier S, Perini G, Marshall GM, Braithwaite A, Liu T. WDR5 Supports an N-Myc Transcriptional Complex That Drives a Protumorigenic Gene Expression Signature in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5143-54. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Cage TA, Chanthery Y, Chesler L, Grimmer M, Knight Z, Shokat K, Weiss WA, Gustafson WC. Downregulation of MYCN through PI3K Inhibition in Mouse Models of Pediatric Neural Cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:111. [PMID: 26029667 PMCID: PMC4429235 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYCN proto-oncogene is associated with poor outcome across a broad range of pediatric tumors. While amplification of MYCN drives subsets of high-risk neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma, dysregulation of MYCN in medulloblastoma (in the absence of amplification) also contributes to pathogenesis. Since PI3K stabilizes MYCN, we have used inhibitors of PI3K to drive degradation. In this study, we show PI3K inhibitors by themselves induce cell cycle arrest, with modest induction of apoptosis. In screening inhibitors of PI3K against MYCN, we identified PIK-75 and its derivative, PW-12, inhibitors of both PI3K and of protein kinases, to be highly effective in destabilizing MYCN. To determine the effects of PW-12 treatment in vivo, we analyzed a genetically engineered mouse model for MYCN-driven neuroblastoma and a model of MYCN-driven medulloblastoma. PW-12 showed significant activity in both models, inducing vascular collapse and regression of medulloblastoma with prominent apoptosis in both models. These results demonstrate that inhibitors of lipid and protein kinases can drive apoptosis in MYCN-driven cancers and support the importance of MYCN as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tene Aneka Cage
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvan Chanthery
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Paediatric Solid Tumour Biology and Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew Grimmer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevan Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W. Clay Gustafson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Kiyonari S, Kadomatsu K. Neuroblastoma models for insights into tumorigenesis and new therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:53-62. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.974544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, is thought to originate from undifferentiated neural crest cells. Amplification of the MYC family member, MYCN, is found in ∼25% of cases and correlates with high-risk disease and poor prognosis. Currently, amplification of MYCN remains the best-characterized genetic marker of risk in neuroblastoma. This article reviews roles for MYCN in neuroblastoma and highlights recent identification of other driver mutations. Strategies to target MYCN at the level of protein stability and transcription are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miller Huang
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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22
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Li Y, Nakagawara A. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma. Cells 2013; 2:432-59. [PMID: 24709709 PMCID: PMC3972687 DOI: 10.3390/cells2020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common malignant solid tumors in childhood, which derives from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and exhibits extremely heterogeneous biological and clinical behaviors. The infant patients frequently undergo spontaneous regression even with metastatic disease, whereas the patients of more than one year of age who suffer from disseminated disease have a poor outcome despite intensive multimodal treatment. Spontaneous regression in favorable NBs has been proposed to be triggered by nerve growth factor (NGF) deficiency in the tumor with NGF dependency for survival, while aggressive NBs have defective apoptotic machinery which enables the tumor cells to evade apoptosis and confers the resistance to treatment. This paper reviews the molecules and pathways that have been recently identified to be involved in apoptotic cell death in NB and discusses their potential prospects for developing more effective therapeutic strategies against aggressive NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakagawara
- Division of Biochemistry and Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitona, Chuoh-ku, Chiba 260-8717, Japan.
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Oncolytic adenovirus armed with shRNA targeting MYCN gene inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation and in vivo xenograft tumor growth. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:933-41. [PMID: 23443256 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MYCN amplification and p53 inactivation are two typical characteristics of aggressive neuroblastomas and are strongly associated with cancer progression and treatment failure. In an effort to develop new therapeutic agents to treat the aggressive neuroblastomas, we constructed ZD55-shMYCN, an oncolytic adenovirus ZD55 carrying short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting MYCN gene, and investigated the effects on proliferation of the p53-null and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell line LA1-55N in vitro and in vivo by ZD55-shMYCN. METHODS In this study, we used ZD55-shMYCN to treat p53-null and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. To confirm the ability of selective replication of the ZD55-shMYCN, we examined the expression of E1A protein by western blotting. We used quantitative real-time PCR analysis and western blotting analysis to determine the inhibitory effect of ZD55-shMYCN on MYCN expression. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cell proliferation assay and xenograft mouse model were used to test the antigrowth efficacy of ZD55-shMYCN. RESULTS The results showed that ZD55-shMYCN selectively replicated and significantly downregulated the MYCN expression in LA1-55N cells. ZD55-shMYCN effectively inhibited the proliferation in LA1-55N cells in vitro and significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo xenograft tumor in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS ZD55-shMYCN provides a novel agent for treating MYCN-amplified and p53-inactive aggressive neuroblastoma, representing a promising approach for further clinical development.
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Jamin Y, Tucker ER, Poon E, Popov S, Vaughan L, Boult JKR, Webber H, Hallsworth A, Baker LCJ, Jones C, Koh DM, Pearson ADJ, Chesler L, Robinson SP. Evaluation of clinically translatable MR imaging biomarkers of therapeutic response in the TH-MYCN transgenic mouse model of neuroblastoma. Radiology 2013; 266:130-40. [PMID: 23169794 PMCID: PMC4298658 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12120128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate noninvasive and clinically translatable magnetic resonance (MR) imaging biomarkers of therapeutic response in the TH-MYCN transgenic mouse model of aggressive, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experiments were performed in accordance with the local ethical review panel and the UK Home Office Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 and with the UK National Cancer Research Institute guidelines for the welfare of animals in cancer research. Multiparametric MR imaging was performed of abdominal tumors found in the TH-MYCN model. T2-weighted MR imaging, quantitation of native relaxation times T1 and T2, the relaxation rate R2*, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging were used to monitor tumor response to cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg), the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126 (200 mg/kg), or the antiangiogenic agent cediranib (6 mg/kg, daily). Any significant changes in the measured parameters, and in the magnitude of the changes after treatment between treated and control cohorts, were identified by using Student two-tailed paired and unpaired t test, respectively, with a 5% level of significance. RESULTS Treatment with cyclophosphamide or cediranib induced a 54% or 20% reduction in tumor volume at 48 hours, respectively (P < .005 and P < .005, respectively; P < .005 and P < .005 versus control, respectively). Treatment with ZD6126 induced a 45% reduction in mean tumor volume 24 hours after treatment (P < .005; P < .005 versus control). The antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide, cediranib, and ZD6126 was consistently associated with a decrease in tumor T1 (P < .005, P < .005, and P < .005, respectively; P < .005, P < .005, and P < .005 versus control, respectively) and with a correlation between therapy-induced changes in native T1 and changes in tumor volume (r = 0.56; P < .005). Tumor response to cediranib was also associated with a decrease in the dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging-derived volume transfer constant (P = .07; P < .05 versus control) and enhancing fraction (P < .05; P < .01 versus control), and an increase in R2* (P < .005; P < .05 versus control). CONCLUSION The T1 relaxation time is a robust noninvasive imaging biomarker of response to therapy in tumors in TH-MYCN mice, which emulate high-risk neuroblastoma in children. T1 measurements can be readily implemented on clinical MR systems and should be investigated in translational clinical trials of new targeted therapies for pediatric neuroblastoma. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12120128/-/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Jamin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, England.
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Rasmuson A, Segerström L, Nethander M, Finnman J, Elfman LHM, Javanmardi N, Nilsson S, Johnsen JI, Martinsson T, Kogner P. Tumor development, growth characteristics and spectrum of genetic aberrations in the TH-MYCN mouse model of neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51297. [PMID: 23284678 PMCID: PMC3524187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The TH-MYCN transgenic neuroblastoma model, with targeted MYCN expression to the developing neural crest, has been used to study neuroblastoma development and evaluate novel targeted tumor therapies. Methods We followed tumor development in 395 TH-MYCN (129X1/SvJ) mice (125 negative, 206 hemizygous and 64 homozygous mice) by abdominal palpations up to 40 weeks of age. DNA sequencing of MYCN in the original plasmid construct and mouse genomic DNA was done to verify the accuracy. Copy number analysis with Affymetrix® Mouse Diversity Genotyping Arrays was used to characterize acquired genetic aberrations. Results DNA sequencing confirmed presence of human MYCN cDNA in genomic TH-MYCN DNA corresponding to the original plasmid construct. Tumor incidence and growth correlated significantly to transgene status with event-free survival for hemizygous mice at 50%, and 0% for homozygous mice. Hemizygous mice developed tumors at 5.6–19 weeks (median 9.1) and homozygous mice at 4.0–6.9 weeks (5.4). The mean treatment window, time from palpable tumor to sacrifice, for hemizygous and homozygous mice was 15 and 5.2 days, respectively. Hemizygous mice developing tumors as early as homozygous mice had a longer treatment window. Age at tumor development did not influence treatment window for hemizygous mice, whereas treatment window in homozygous mice decreased significantly with increasing age. Seven out of 10 analysed tumors had a flat DNA profile with neither segmental nor numerical chromosomal aberrations. Only three tumors from hemizygous mice showed acquired genetic features with one or more numerical aberrations. Of these, one event corresponded to gain on the mouse equivalent of human chromosome 17. Conclusion Hemizygous and homozygous TH-MYCN mice have significantly different neuroblastoma incidence, tumor growth characteristics and treatment windows but overlap in age at tumor development making correct early genotyping essential to evaluate therapeutic interventions. Contrasting previous studies, our data show that TH-MYCN tumors have few genetic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Rasmuson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AR); (PK)
| | - Lova Segerström
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nethander
- Genomics Core Facility, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennie Finnman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lotta H. M. Elfman
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niloufar Javanmardi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (AR); (PK)
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Chen L, Tweddle DA. p53, SKP2, and DKK3 as MYCN Target Genes and Their Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Oncol 2012; 2:173. [PMID: 23226679 PMCID: PMC3508619 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood. Despite significant advances, it currently still remains one of the most difficult childhood cancers to cure, with less than 40% of patients with high-risk disease being long-term survivors. MYCN is a proto-oncogene implicated to be directly involved in neuroblastoma development. Amplification of MYCN is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. Novel therapeutic strategies which can improve the survival rates whilst reducing the toxicity in these patients are therefore required. Here we discuss genes regulated by MYCN in neuroblastoma, with particular reference to p53, SKP2, and DKK3 and strategies that may be employed to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University Newcastle, UK
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27
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Veschi V, Petroni M, Cardinali B, Dominici C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Giannini G. Galectin-3 impairment of MYCN-dependent apoptosis-sensitive phenotype is antagonized by nutlin-3 in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49139. [PMID: 23152863 PMCID: PMC3494673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in about 20–25% of human neuroblastomas and characterizes the majority of the high-risk cases, which display less than 50% prolonged survival rate despite intense multimodal treatment. Somehow paradoxically, MYCN also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis, understanding the molecular mechanisms of which might be relevant for the therapy of MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We recently reported that the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN is linked to stabilization of p53 and its proapoptotic kinase HIPK2. In MYCN primed neuroblastoma cells, further activation of both HIPK2 and p53 by Nutlin-3 leads to massive apoptosis in vitro and to tumor shrinkage and impairment of metastasis in xenograft models. Here we report that Galectin-3 impairs MYCN-primed and HIPK2-p53-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Galectin-3 is broadly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and is repressed by MYCN to induce the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. Despite its reduced levels, Galectin-3 can still exert residual antiapoptotic effects in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells, possibly due to its specific subcellular localization. Importantly, Nutlin-3 represses Galectin-3 expression, and this is required for its potent cell killing effect on MYCN amplified cell lines. Our data further characterize the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN, expand our understanding of the activity of MDM2-p53 antagonists and highlight Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker for the tailored p53 reactivation therapy in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK) R8∶04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Clark O, Daga S, Stoker AW. Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors combined with retinoic acid can enhance differentiation of neuroblastoma cells and trigger ERK- and AKT-dependent, p53-independent senescence. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:44-54. [PMID: 23022267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation therapy is partially successful in neuroblastoma treatment. We found that a novel combination of vanadium-based PTP inhibitors with RA induced extensive differentiation in neuroblastoma cells. In contrast to RA alone, this led to either permanent differentiation or senescence after 14days of combined treatment followed by chemical removal. Senescence was dependent in part on synergistic AKT and ERK activation. p21 was also strongly induced, but in contrast to oncogene-induced senescence, p53 was not activated. Vanadium-based inhibitors thus serve strongly to enhance RA's ability to drive differentiation and a novel form of senescence in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Clark
- Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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29
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Direct effects of Bmi1 on p53 protein stability inactivates oncoprotein stress responses in embryonal cancer precursor cells at tumor initiation. Oncogene 2012; 32:3616-26. [PMID: 22907436 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal cancer can arise from postnatally persistent embryonal remnant or rest cells, which are uniquely characterized by the absence of p53 mutations. Perinatal overexpression of the MycN oncoprotein in embryonal cancer precursor cells causes postnatal rests, and later tumor formation through unknown mechanisms. However, overexpression of Myc in adult tissues normally activates apoptosis and/or senescence signals as an organismal defense mechanism against cancer. Here, we show that perinatal neuroblastoma precursor cells exhibited a transiently diminished p53 response to MycN oncoprotein stress and resistance to trophic factor withdrawal, compared with their adult counterpart cells from the TH-MYCN(+/+) transgenic mouse model of neuroblastoma. The adult stem cell maintenance factor and Polycomb group protein, Bmi1 (B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site), had a critical role at neuroblastoma initiation in the model, by repressing p53 responses in precursor cells. We further show in neuroblastoma tumor cells that Bmi1 could directly bind p53 in a complex with other Polycomb complex proteins, Ring1A or Ring1B, leading to increased p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Repressed p53 signal responses were also seen in precursor cells for other embryonal cancer types, medulloblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Collectively, these date indicate a general mechanism for p53 inactivation in some embryonal cell types and consequent susceptibility to MycN oncogenesis at the point of embryonal tumor initiation.
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Abstract
Despite improvements in cancer therapies in the past 50 years, neuroblastoma remains a devastating clinical problem and a leading cause of childhood cancer deaths. Advances in treatments for children with high-risk neuroblastoma have, until recently, involved addition of cytotoxic therapy to dose-intensive regimens. In this era of targeted therapies, substantial efforts have been made to identify optimal targets for different types of cancer. The discovery of hereditary and somatic activating mutations in the oncogene ALK has now placed neuroblastoma among other cancers, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which benefit from therapies with oncogene-specific small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Crizotinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of ALK, has transformed the landscape for the treatment of NSCLC harbouring ALK translocations and has demonstrated activity in preclinical models of ALK-driven neuroblastomas. However, inhibition of mutated ALK is complex when compared with translocated ALK and remains a therapeutic challenge. This Review discusses the biology of ALK in the development of neuroblastoma, preclinical and clinical progress with the use of ALK inhibitors and immunotherapy, challenges associated with resistance to such therapies and the steps being taken to overcome some of these hurdles.
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Zhao W, Song Y, Xu B, Zhan Q. Overexpression of centrosomal protein Nlp confers breast carcinoma resistance to paclitaxel. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:156-63. [PMID: 22353935 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.13.3.18697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nlp (ninein-like protein), an important molecule involved in centrosome maturation and spindle formation, plays an important role in tumorigenesis and its abnormal expression was recently observed in human breast and lung cancers. In this study, the correlation between overexpression of Nlp and paclitaxel chemosensitivity was investigated to explore the mechanisms of resistance to paclitaxel and to understand the effect of Nlp upon apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents. Nlp expression vector was stably transfected into breast cancer MCF-7 cells. With Nlp overexpression, the survival rates, cell cycle distributions and apoptosis were analyzed in transfected MCF-7 cells by MTT test and FCM approach. The immunofluorescent assay was employed to detect the changes of microtubule after paclitaxel treatment. Immunoblotting analysis was used to examine expression of centrosomal proteins and apoptosis associated proteins. Subsequently, Nlp expression was retrospectively examined with 55 breast cancer samples derived from paclitaxel treated patients. Interestingly, the survival rates of MCF-7 cells with Nlp overexpressing were higher than that of control after paclitaxel treatment. Nlp overexpression promoted G2-M arrest and attenuated apoptosis induced by paclitaxel, which was coupled with elevated Bcl-2 protein. Nlp expression significantly lessened the microtubule polymerization and bundling elicited by paclitaxel attributing to alteration on the structure or dynamics of β-tubulin but not on its expression. The breast cancer patients with high expression of Nlp were likely resistant to the treatment of paclitaxel, as the response rate in Nlp negative patients was 62.5%, whereas was 58.3 and 15.8% in Nlp (+) and Nlp (++) patients respectively (p = 0.015). Nlp expression was positive correlated with those of Plk1 and PCNA. These findings provide insights into more rational chemotherapeutic regimens in clinical practice, and more effective approaches might be developed through targeting Nlp to increase chemotherapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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32
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Terrile M, Bryan K, Vaughan L, Hallsworth A, Webber H, Chesler L, Stallings RL. miRNA expression profiling of the murine TH-MYCN neuroblastoma model reveals similarities with human tumors and identifies novel candidate miRNAs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28356. [PMID: 22164278 PMCID: PMC3229581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small molecules which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and aberrant expression of several miRNAs is associated with neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer arising from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Amplification of the MYCN transcription factor characterizes the most clinically aggressive subtype of this disease, and although alteration of p53 signaling is not commonly found in primary tumors, deregulation of proteins involved in this pathway frequently arise in recurrent disease after pharmacological treatment. TH-MYCN is a well-characterized transgenic model of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma which recapitulates many clinicopathologic features of the human disease. Here, we evaluate the dysregulation of miRNAs in tumors from TH-MYCN mice that are either wild-type (TH-MYCN) or deficient (TH-MYCN/p53ER(TAM)) for the p53 tumor suppressor gene. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed the expression of 591 miRNAs in control (adrenal) and neuroblastoma tumor tissues derived from either TH-MYCN or TH-MYCN/p53ER(TAM) mice, respectively wild-type or deficient in p53. Comparing miRNA expression in tumor and control samples, we identified 159 differentially expressed miRNAs. Using data previously obtained from human neuroblastoma samples, we performed a comparison of miRNA expression between murine and human tumors to assess the concordance between murine and human expression data. Notably, the miR-17-5p-92 oncogenic polycistronic cluster, which is over-expressed in human MYCN amplified tumors, was over-expressed in mouse tumors. Moreover, analyzing miRNAs expression in a mouse model (TH-MYCN/p53ER(TAM)) possessing a transgenic p53 allele that drives the expression of an inactive protein, we identified miR-125b-3p and miR-676 as directly or indirectly regulated by the level of functional p53. SIGNIFICANCE Our study represents the first miRNA profiling of an important mouse model of neuroblastoma. Similarities and differences in miRNAs expression between human and murine neuroblastoma were identified, providing important insight into the efficacy of this mouse model for assessing miRNA involvement in neuroblastoma and their potential effectiveness as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Terrile
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Ireland and National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Bryan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Ireland and National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynsey Vaughan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hallsworth
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Webber
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond L. Stallings
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Ireland and National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Chesler L, Weiss WA. Genetically engineered murine models--contribution to our understanding of the genetics, molecular pathology and therapeutic targeting of neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:245-55. [PMID: 21958944 PMCID: PMC3504935 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have made major contributions to a molecular understanding of several adult cancers and these results are increasingly being translated into the pre-clinical setting where GEMM will very likely make a major impact on the development of targeted therapeutics in the near future. The relationship of pediatric cancers to altered developmental programs, and their genetic simplicity relative to adult cancers provides unique opportunities for the application of new advances in GEMM technology. In neuroblastoma the well-characterized TH-MYCN GEMM is increasingly used for a variety of molecular-genetic, developmental and pre-clinical therapeutics applications. We discuss: the present and historical application of GEMM to neuroblastoma research, future opportunities, and relevant targets suitable for new GEMM strategies in neuroblastoma. We review the potential of these models to contribute both to an understanding of the developmental nature of neuroblastoma and to improved therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research & The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
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Teitz T, Stanke JJ, Federico S, Bradley CL, Brennan R, Zhang J, Johnson MD, Sedlacik J, Inoue M, Zhang ZM, Frase S, Rehg JE, Hillenbrand CM, Finkelstein D, Calabrese C, Dyer MA, Lahti JM. Preclinical models for neuroblastoma: establishing a baseline for treatment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19133. [PMID: 21559450 PMCID: PMC3084749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical models of pediatric cancers are essential for testing new
chemotherapeutic combinations for clinical trials. The most widely used
genetic model for preclinical testing of neuroblastoma is the TH-MYCN mouse.
This neuroblastoma-prone mouse recapitulates many of the features of human
neuroblastoma. Limitations of this model include the low frequency of bone
marrow metastasis, the lack of information on whether the gene expression
patterns in this system parallels human neuroblastomas, the relatively slow
rate of tumor formation and variability in tumor penetrance on different
genetic backgrounds. As an alternative, preclinical studies are frequently
performed using human cell lines xenografted into immunocompromised mice,
either as flank implant or orthtotopically. Drawbacks of this system include
the use of cell lines that have been in culture for years, the inappropriate
microenvironment of the flank or difficult, time consuming surgery for
orthotopic transplants and the absence of an intact immune system. Principal Findings Here we characterize and optimize both systems to increase their utility for
preclinical studies. We show that TH-MYCN mice develop tumors in the
paraspinal ganglia, but not in the adrenal, with cellular and gene
expression patterns similar to human NB. In addition, we present a new
ultrasound guided, minimally invasive orthotopic xenograft method. This
injection technique is rapid, provides accurate targeting of the injected
cells and leads to efficient engraftment. We also demonstrate that tumors
can be detected, monitored and quantified prior to visualization using
ultrasound, MRI and bioluminescence. Finally we develop and test a
“standard of care” chemotherapy regimen. This protocol, which is
based on current treatments for neuroblastoma, provides a baseline for
comparison of new therapeutic agents. Significance The studies suggest that use of both the TH-NMYC model of neuroblastoma and
the orthotopic xenograft model provide the optimal combination for testing
new chemotherapies for this devastating childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Teitz
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Stanke
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sara Federico
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cori L. Bradley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rachel Brennan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melissa D. Johnson
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Madoka Inoue
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ziwei M. Zhang
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sharon Frase
- Cell and Tissue Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Claudia M. Hillenbrand
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Information Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher Calabrese
- Animal Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital,
Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (JML); (MAD)
| | - Jill M. Lahti
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JML); (MAD)
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Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia 2011; 12:957-68. [PMID: 21170260 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts in the area of palaeopathology have been seen as an avenue to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer. Answers to questions of whether dinosaurs had cancer, or if cancer plagued ancient civilizations, have captured the imagination as well as the popular media. Evidence for dinosaurian cancer may indicate that cancer may have been with us from the dawn of time. Ancient recorded history suggests that past civilizations attempted to fight cancer with a variety of interventions. When contemplating the issue why a generalized cure for cancer has not been found, it might prove useful to reflect on the relatively limited time that this issue has been an agenda item of governmental attention as well as continued introduction of an every evolving myriad of manmade carcinogens relative to the total time cancer has been present on planet Earth. This article reflects on the history of cancer and the progress made following the initiation of the "era of cancer chemotherapy."
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Singhal J, Yadav S, Nagaprashantha LD, Vatsyayan R, Singhal SS, Awasthi S. Targeting p53-null neuroblastomas through RLIP76. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:879-89. [PMID: 21411502 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The search for p53-independent mechanism of cancer cell killing is highly relevant to pediatric neuroblastomas, where successful therapy is limited by its transformation into p53-mutant and a highly drug-resistant neoplasm. Our studies on the drug-resistant p53-mutant as compared with drug-resistant p53 wild-type neuroblastoma revealed a novel mechanism for resistance to apoptosis: a direct role of p53 in regulating the cellular concentration of proapoptotic alkenals by functioning as a specific and saturable allosteric inhibitor of the alkenal-glutathione conjugate transporter, RLIP76. The RLIP76-p53 complex was showed by both immunoprecipitation analyses of purified proteins and immunofluorescence analysis. Drug transport studies revealed that p53 inhibited both basal and PKCα-stimulated transport of glutathione conjugates of 4HNE (GSHNE) and doxorubicin. Drug resistance was significantly greater for p53-mutant as compared with p53 wild-type neuroblastoma cell lines, but both were susceptible to depletion of RLIP76 by antisense alone. In addition, inhibition of RLIP76 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. Taken together, these studies provide powerful evidence for a novel mechanism for drug and apoptosis resistance in p53-mutant neuroblastoma, based on a model of regulation of p53-induced apoptosis by RLIP76, where p53 is a saturable and specific allosteric inhibitor of RLIP76, and p53 loss results in overexpression of RLIP76; thus, in the absence of p53, the drug and glutathione-conjugate transport activities of RLIP76 are enhanced. Most importantly, our findings strongly indicate RLIP76 as a novel target for therapy of drug-resistant and p53-mutant neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Singhal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
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Bomken S, Davies B, Chong L, Cole M, Wood KM, McDermott M, Tweddle DA. Percentage tumor necrosis following chemotherapy in neuroblastoma correlates with MYCN status but not survival. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011; 28:106-14. [PMID: 21214410 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2010.526684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The percentage of chemotherapy-induced necrosis in primary tumors corresponds with outcome in several childhood malignancies, including high-risk metastatic diseases. In this retrospective pilot study, the authors assessed the importance of postchemotherapy necrosis in high-risk neuroblastoma with a histological and case notes review of surgically resected specimens. The authors reviewed all available histology of 31 high-risk neuroblastoma cases treated with COJEC (dose intensive etoposide and vincristine with either cyclophosphamide, cisplatin or carboplatin) or OPEC/OJEC (etoposide, vincristine and cyclophosphamide with alternating cisplatin [OPEC] or carboplatin [OJEC]) induction chemotherapy in 2 Children's Cancer & Leukaemia Group (CCLG) pediatric oncology centers. The percentage of postchemotherapy necrosis was assessed and compared with MYCN amplification status and overall survival. The median percentage of postchemotherapy tumor necrosis was 60%. MYCN status was available for 28 cases, of which 12 were amplified (43%). Survival in cases with ≥ 60% necrosis or ≥ 90% necrosis was not better than those with less necrosis, nor was percentage necrosis associated with survival using Cox regression. However, MYCN-amplified tumors showed a higher percentage of necrosis than non-MYCN-amplified tumors, 71.3% versus 37.2% (P = .006). This effect was not related to prechemotherapy necrosis and did not confer improved overall survival. Postchemotherapy tumor necrosis is higher in patients with MYCN amplification. In this study, postchemotherapy necrosis did not correlate with overall survival and should not lead to modification of postoperative treatment. However, these findings need to be confirmed in a larger prospective study of children with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bomken
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Petroni M, Veschi V, Prodosmo A, Rinaldo C, Massimi I, Carbonari M, Dominici C, McDowell HP, Rinaldi C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Soddu S, Giannini G. MYCN sensitizes human neuroblastoma to apoptosis by HIPK2 activation through a DNA damage response. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 9:67-77. [PMID: 21173028 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in approximately 20% of human neuroblastomas and is associated with early tumor progression and poor outcome, despite intensive multimodal treatment. However, MYCN overexpression also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis. Thus, uncovering the molecular mechanisms linking MYCN to apoptosis might contribute to designing more efficient therapies for MYCN-amplified tumors. Here we show that MYCN-dependent sensitization to apoptosis requires activation of p53 and its phosphorylation at serine 46. The p53(S46) kinase HIPK2 accumulates on MYCN expression, and its depletion by RNA interference impairs p53(S46) phosphorylation and apoptosis. Remarkably, MYCN induces a DNA damage response that accounts for the inhibition of HIPK2 degradation through an ATM- and NBS1-dependent pathway. Prompted by the rare occurrence of p53 mutations and by the broad expression of HIPK2 in our human neuroblastoma series, we evaluated the effects of the p53-reactivating compound Nutlin-3 on this pathway. At variance from other tumor histotypes, in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, Nutlin-3 further induced HIPK2 accumulation, p53(S46) phosphorylation, and apoptosis, and in combination with clastogenic agents purged virtually the entire cell population. Altogether, our data uncover a novel mechanism linking MYCN to apoptosis that can be triggered by the p53-reactivating compound Nutlin-3, supporting its use in the most difficult-to-treat subset of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Petroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Paul P, Gillory LA, Kang J, Qiao J, Chung DH. Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide as a new approach to treat aggressive refractory neuroblastomas. Surgery 2010; 149:425-32. [PMID: 21035156 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall survival for neuroblastoma remains dismal, in part due to the emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We have demonstrated that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a gut peptide secreted by neuroblastoma, acts as an autocrine growth factor. We hypothesized that knockdown of GRP will induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells and potentiate the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS The human neuroblastoma cell lines (JF, SK-N-SH) were transfected with small interfering (si) RNA targeted at GRP. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation assay. Immunoblotting was used to confirm molecular markers of apoptosis, and flow cytometry was performed to determine cell cycle arrest after GRP knockdown. RESULTS siGRP resulted in an increase in apoptosis in the absence of chemotherapeutic interventions. A combination of GRP silencing and chemotherapeutic drugs resulted in enhanced apoptosis when compared to either of the treatments alone. GRP silencing led to increased expression of proapoptotic proteins, p53 and p21. CONCLUSION Silencing of GRP induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells; it acts synergistically with chemotherapeutic effects of etoposide and vincristine. GRP knockdown-mediated apoptosis appears to be associated with upregulation of p53 in neuroblastoma cells. Targeting GRP may be postulated as a potential novel agent for combinational treatment to treat aggressive neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Paul
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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40
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Gomez-Sjoberg R, Leyrat AA, Houseman BT, Shokat K, Quake SR. Biocompatibility and reduced drug absorption of sol-gel-treated poly(dimethyl siloxane) for microfluidic cell culture applications. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8954-60. [PMID: 20936785 DOI: 10.1021/ac101870s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices are now commonly used for a wide variety of biological experiments, including cell culture assays. However, the porous, hydrophobic polymer matrix of PDMS rapidly absorbs small hydrophobic molecules, including hormones and most small-molecule drugs. This makes it challenging to perform experiments that require such substances in PDMS microfluidic devices. This study presents evidence that a sol-gel treatment of PDMS that fills the polymer matrix with silica nanoparticles is effective at reducing the absorption of drugs into the material while preserving its biocompatibility, transparency, and oxygen permeability. We show that the absorption of two anticancer drugs, camptothecin and a kinase inhibitor, is reduced to such an extent that on-chip microfluidic cell culture experiments can recapitulate the results obtained off-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Gomez-Sjoberg
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States, Department of Bioengineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94143, United States, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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41
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miR-380-5p represses p53 to control cellular survival and is associated with poor outcome in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Nat Med 2010; 16:1134-40. [PMID: 20871609 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway allows cell survival in times of stress and occurs in many human cancers; however, normal embryonic stem cells and some cancers such as neuroblastoma maintain wild-type human TP53 and mouse Trp53 (referred to collectively as p53 herein). Here we describe a miRNA, miR-380-5p, that represses p53 expression via a conserved sequence in the p53 3' untranslated region (UTR). miR-380-5p is highly expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and neuroblastomas, and high expression correlates with poor outcome in neuroblastomas with neuroblastoma derived v-myc myelocytomatosis viral-related oncogene (MYCN) amplification. miR-380 overexpression cooperates with activated HRAS oncoprotein to transform primary cells, block oncogene-induced senescence and form tumors in mice. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-380-5p in embryonic stem or neuroblastoma cells results in induction of p53, and extensive apoptotic cell death. In vivo delivery of a miR-380-5p antagonist decreases tumor size in an orthotopic mouse model of neuroblastoma. We demonstrate a new mechanism of p53 regulation in cancer and stem cells and uncover a potential therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
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42
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Wolter J, Angelini P, Irwin M. p53 family: Therapeutic targets in neuroblastoma. Future Oncol 2010; 6:429-44. [PMID: 20222799 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates for metastatic neuroblastoma remain poor, despite significant increase in the intensity of therapy. Although it represents approximately 7% of pediatric cancer, neuroblastoma accounts for approximately 15% of childhood cancer deaths. Thus, novel approaches to enhance neuroblastoma chemotherapy sensitivity and prevent or bypass chemoresistance are required. Disruption of the p53 pathway is a common mechanism leading to defects in apoptosis in cancer cells. Increasing evidence suggests that the p53 pathway may be inactivated in neuroblastoma. Inactivation of the p53 pathway occurs most commonly at the time of relapse, and probably contributes to chemoresistance. The p53 family proteins, p73 and p63, can also induce apoptosis, and early studies suggest that p73 may be important in neuroblastoma pathogenesis and response to treatment. This article focuses on current therapies and novel drugs targeting p53 and p73 signaling pathways in neuroblastoma. Understanding the balance between the p53 family proteins in neuroblastoma and how their expression and activity are regulated will hopefully lead to the discovery of agents that target these pathways to induce neuroblastoma cell death, alone or in combination with chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wolter
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada
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43
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The War on Cancer rages on. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1252-63. [PMID: 20019833 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor remains a clinical enigma with outcomes ranging from cure in >90% of patients with locoregional tumors with little to no cytotoxic therapy, to <30% for those >18months of age at diagnosis with metastatic disease despite aggressive multimodality therapy. Age, stage and amplification of the MYCN oncogene are the most validated prognostic markers. Recent research has shed light on the biology of neuroblastoma allowing more accurate stratification of patients which has permitted reducing or withholding cytotoxic therapy without affecting outcome for low-risk patients. However, for children with high-risk disease, the development of newer therapeutic strategies is necessary. Current surgery and radiotherapy techniques in conjunction with induction chemotherapy have greatly reduced the risk of local relapse. However, refractory or recurrent osteomedullary disease occurs in most patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Toxicity limits for high-dose chemotherapy appear to have been reached without further clinical benefit. Neuroblastoma is the first pediatric cancer for which monoclonal-antibody-based immunotherapy has been shown to be effective, particularly for metastatic osteomedullary disease. Radioimmunotherapy appears to be a critical component of a recent, successful regimen for treating patients who relapse in the central nervous system, a possible sanctuary site. Efforts are under way to refine and enhance antibody-based immunotherapy and to determine its optimal use. The identification of newer tumor targets and the harnessing of cell-mediated immunotherapy may generate novel therapeutic approaches. It is likely that a combination of therapeutic modalities will be required to improve survival and cure rates.
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Chen L, Iraci N, Gherardi S, Gamble LD, Wood KM, Perini G, Lunec J, Tweddle DA. p53 is a direct transcriptional target of MYCN in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1377-88. [PMID: 20145147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in approximately 25% of neuroblastomas, where it is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis. MYCN plays a paradoxical role in driving cellular proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Based on observations of nuclear p53 accumulation in neuroblastoma, we hypothesized that MYCN may regulate p53 in this setting. Immunohistochemical analysis of 82 neuroblastoma tumors showed an association of high p53 expression with MYCN expression and amplification. In a panel of 5 MYCN-amplified and 5 nonamplified neuroblastoma cell lines, and also in the Tet21N-regulatable MYCN expression system, we further documented a correlation between the expression of MYCN and p53. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines, MYCN knockdown decreased p53 expression. In Tet21N MYCN+ cells, higher levels of p53 transcription, mRNA, and protein were observed relative to Tet21N MYCN- cells. In chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays, MYCN bound directly to a Myc E-Box DNA binding motif located close to the transcriptional start site within the p53 promoter, where it could initiate transcription. E-Box mutation decreased MYCN-driven transcriptional activation. Microarray analysis of Tet21N MYCN+/- cells identified several p53-regulated genes that were upregulated in the presence of MYCN, including MDM2 and PUMA, the levels of which were reduced by MYCN knockdown. We concluded that MYCN transcriptionally upregulates p53 in neuroblastoma and uses p53 to mediate a key mechanism of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Chen
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4H, United Kingdom
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Lee YS, Yoon S, Park MS, Kim JH, Lee JH, Song CW. Influence of p53 expression on sensitivity of cancer cells to bleomycin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:260-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Myc proteins (c-myc, Mycn and Mycl) target proliferative and apoptotic pathways vital for progression in cancer. Amplification of the MYCN gene has emerged as one of the clearest indicators of aggressive and chemotherapy-refractory disease in children with neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Phosphorylation and ubiquitin-mediated modulation of Myc protein influence stability and represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Phosphorylation of Myc proteins is controlled in-part by the receptor tyrosine kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling, with additional contributions from Aurora A kinase. Myc proteins regulate apoptosis in part through interactions with the p53/Mdm2/Arf signaling pathway. Mutation in p53 is commonly observed in patients with relapsed neuroblastoma, contributing to both biology and therapeutic resistance. This review examines Myc function and regulation in neuroblastoma, and discusses emerging therapies that target Mycn.
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Kim E, Shohet J. Targeted molecular therapy for neuroblastoma: the ARF/MDM2/p53 axis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1527-9. [PMID: 19903809 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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49
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Mdm2 deficiency suppresses MYCN-Driven neuroblastoma tumorigenesis in vivo. Neoplasia 2009; 11:753-62. [PMID: 19649205 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is derived from neural crest precursor components of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and accounts for more than 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. A clearer understanding of the molecular basis of neuroblastoma is required for novel therapeutic approaches to improve morbidity and mortality. Neuroblastoma is uniformly p53 wild type at diagnosis and must overcome p53-mediated tumor suppression during pathogenesis. Amplification of the MYCN oncogene correlates with the most clinically aggressive form of the cancer, and MDM2, a primary inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor, is a direct transcriptional target of, and positively regulated by, both MYCN and MYCC. We hypothesize that MDM2 contributes to MYCN-driven tumorigenesis helping to ameliorate p53-dependent apoptotic oncogenic stress during tumor initiation and progression. To study the interaction of MYCN and MDM2, we generated an Mdm2 haploinsufficient transgenic animal model of neuroblastoma. In Mdm2(+/-)MYCN transgenics, tumor latency and animal survival are remarkably extended, whereas tumor incidence and growth are reduced. Analysis of the Mdm2/p53 pathway reveals remarkable p53 stabilization counter-balanced by epigenetic silencing of the p19(Arf) gene in the Mdm2 haploinsufficient tumors. In human neuroblastoma xenograft models, conditional small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of MDM2 in cells expressing wild-type p53 dramatically suppresses tumor growth in a p53-dependent manner. In summary, we provided evidence for a crucial role for direct inhibition of p53 by MDM2 and suppression of the p19(ARF)/p53 axis in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, supporting the development of therapies targeting these pathways.
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50
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Lestini BJ, Goldsmith KC, Fluchel MN, Liu X, Chen NL, Goyal B, Pawel BR, Hogarty MD. Mcl1 downregulation sensitizes neuroblastoma to cytotoxic chemotherapy and small molecule Bcl2-family antagonists. Cancer Biol Ther 2009; 8:1587-95. [PMID: 19556859 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.8.16.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common, highly lethal pediatric cancer, with treatment failures largely attributable to the emergence of chemoresistance. The pro-survival Bcl2 homology (BH) proteins critically regulate apoptosis, and may represent important therapeutic targets for restoring drug sensitivity in NB. We used a human NB tumor tissue microarray to survey the expression of pro-survival BH proteins Mcl1 and Bcl2, and correlated expression to clinical prognostic factors and survival. Primary NB tumors heterogeneously expressed Mcl1 or Bcl2, with high expression correlating to high-risk phenotype. Co-expression is infrequent (11%), but correlates to reduced survival. Using RNA interference, we investigated the functional relevance of Mcl1 and Bcl2 in high-risk NB cell lines (SK-N-AS, IMR-5, NLF). Mcl1 knockdown induced apoptosis in all NB cell lines, while Bcl2 knockdown inhibited only NLF, suggesting functional heterogeneity. Finally, we determined the relevance of Mcl1 in resistance to conventional chemotherapy (etoposide, doxorubicin) and small molecule Bcl2-family antagonists (ABT-737 and AT-101). Mcl1 silencing augmented sensitivity to chemotherapeutics 2- to 300-fold, while Bcl2 silencing did not, even in Bcl2-sensitive NLF cells. Resistance to ABT-737, which targets Bcl2/-w/-x, was overcome by Mcl1 knockdown. AT-101, which also neutralizes Mcl1, had single-agent cytotoxicity, further augmented by Mcl1 knockdown. In conclusion, Mcl1 appears a predominant pro-survival protein contributing to chemoresistance in NB, and Mcl1 inactivation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy. Optimization of compounds with higher Mcl1 affinity, or combination with additional Mcl1 antagonists, may enhance the clinical utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lestini
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA
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