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Fifield BA, Vusich J, Haberfellner E, Andrechek ER, Porter LA. Atypical cell cycle regulation promotes mammary stem cell expansion during mammary development and tumourigenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:106. [PMID: 38943151 PMCID: PMC11212383 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell cycle of mammary stem cells must be tightly regulated to ensure normal homeostasis of the mammary gland to prevent abnormal proliferation and susceptibility to tumorigenesis. The atypical cell cycle regulator, Spy1 can override cell cycle checkpoints, including those activated by the tumour suppressor p53 which mediates mammary stem cell homeostasis. Spy1 has also been shown to promote expansion of select stem cell populations in other developmental systems. Spy1 protein is elevated during proliferative stages of mammary gland development, is found at higher levels in human breast cancers, and promotes susceptibility to mammary tumourigenesis when combined with loss of p53. We hypothesized that Spy1 cooperates with loss of p53 to increase susceptibility to tumour initiation due to changes in susceptible mammary stem cell populations during development and drives the formation of more aggressive stem like tumours. METHODS Using a transgenic mouse model driving expression of Spy1 within the mammary gland, mammary development and stemness were assessed. These mice were intercrossed with p53 null mice to study the tumourigenic properties of Spy1 driven p53 null tumours, as well as global changes in signaling via RNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS We show that elevated levels of Spy1 leads to expansion of mammary stem cells, even in the presence of p53, and an increase in mammary tumour formation. Spy1-driven tumours have an increased cancer stem cell population, decreased checkpoint signaling, and demonstrate an increase in therapy resistance. Loss of Spy1 decreases tumor onset and reduces the cancer stem cell population. CONCLUSIONS This data demonstrates the potential of Spy1 to expand mammary stem cell populations and contribute to the initiation and progression of aggressive, breast cancers with increased cancer stem cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bre-Anne Fifield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - John Vusich
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Erika Haberfellner
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Lisa A Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
- WE-SPARK Health Institute, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
- St. Joseph's Health Care London, Lawson Health Institute, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Sun J, Wang X, Shen Q, Wang M, Chen S, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Li W, Yuan Y, Huang Z. DNASE1L3 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by delaying cell cycle progression through CDK2. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1187-1202. [PMID: 36327092 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulated cell cycle targeting is a well-established therapeutic strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dissecting the underlying mechanism may improve the efficacy of HCC therapy. METHODS HCC data from TCGA and new clinical samples were used for DNASE1L3 expression analysis and for assessing its correlation with HCC development. The in vitro function of DNASE1L3 in HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion was assessed using RTCA, CCK-8 and transwell assays and the in vivo function in subcutaneous tumor formation in a xenograft nude mouse model. The role of DNASE1L3 in HCC tumorigenesis was further verified in AKT/NRASV12-induced and DEN/CCl4-induced primary liver cancers in wildtype and Dnase1l3-/- mice. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis followed by biochemical methods including cell cycle, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting assays were employed to reveal the underlying mechanism. RESULTS We found that DNASE1L3 was significantly downregulated and served as a favorable prognostic factor in HCC. DNASE1L3 dramatically attenuated HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in vitro and reduced subcutaneous tumor formation in nude mice in vivo. Furthermore, DNASE1L3 overexpression dampened AKT/NRASV12-induced mouse liver cancer in wildtype mice and DNASE1L3 deficiency worsened DEN/CCl4-induced liver cancer in Dnase1l3-/- mice. Systemic analysis revealed that DNASE1L3 impaired HCC cell cycle progression by interacting with CDK2 and inhibiting CDK2-stimulated E2F1 activity. C-terminal deletion (DNASE1L3ΔCT) diminished the interaction with CDK2 and abrogated the inhibitory function against HCC. CONCLUSION Our study unveils DNASE1L3 as a novel HCC cell cycle regulator and tumor suppressor. DNASE1L3 impairs HCC tumorigenesis by delaying cell cycle progression possibly through disrupting the positive E2F1-CDK2 regulatory loop. DNASE1L3 may serve as a target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingsong Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Ning S, Wang H, Zeng C, Zhao Y. Prediction of allosteric druggable pockets of cyclin-dependent kinases. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6643454. [PMID: 35830869 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) proteins play crucial roles in the cell cycle progression and are thus attractive drug targets for therapy against such aberrant cell cycle processes as cancer. Since most of the available Cdk inhibitors target the highly conserved catalytic ATP pocket and their lack of specificity often lead to side effects, it is imperative to identify and characterize less conserved non-catalytic pockets capable of interfering with the kinase activity allosterically. However, a systematic analysis of these allosteric druggable pockets is still in its infancy. Here, we summarize the existing Cdk pockets and their selectivity. Then, we outline a network-based pocket prediction approach (NetPocket) and illustrate its utility for systematically identifying the allosteric druggable pockets with case studies. Finally, we discuss potential future directions and their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Ning
- Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Qin A, Reddy HG, Weinberg FD, Kalemkerian GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:941-952. [PMID: 32164461 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1738385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical regulators of cell cycle progression in both normal and malignant cells, functioning through complex molecular interactions. Deregulation of CDK-dependent pathways is commonly found in both non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, and these derangements suggest vulnerabilities that can be exploited for clinical benefit. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present an overview of the biology of CDKs in normal and malignant cells, with a focus on lung cancer, followed by an assessment of preclinical work that has demonstrated the vital role of CDKs in lung cancer development and progression, and the activity of CDK inhibitors in a variety of lung cancer models. Finally, the experience with clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer is discussed along with the current status of these agents in cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Despite strong biological rationale and promising preclinical studies, the results of clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer have thus far been disappointing. Further clinical development of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer will depend on the identification of predictive biomarkers and the design of combination regimens that take advantage of the unique molecular alterations that drive lung cancer growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haritha G Reddy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank D Weinberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory P Kalemkerian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ruan JS, Zhou H, Yang L, Wang L, Jiang ZS, Wang SM. CCNA2 facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the integrin αvβ3 signaling in NSCLC. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8324-8333. [PMID: 31966683 PMCID: PMC6965382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy with the highest morbidity and mortality. Studies have demonstrated that the abnormal expression of cyclin-A2 (CCNA2) is associated with multiple malignancies, yet its functional role in NSCLC metastasis remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of CCNA2 in regulating migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by establishing NSCLC cell strains with constitutively silenced or elevated CCNA2 expression. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of CCNA2 accelerates NSCLC cells migration and invasion in vitro through cell wound scratching and Transwell invasion assays. Conversely, further analysis indicated that suppression of CCNA2 expression via siRNA inhibits metastasis of NSCLC cells. In addition, we studied the correlation between CCNA2 expression and overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database in NSCLC cancers. There was correlation between CCNA2 expression levels and patient survival. Finally, our findings demonstrate that CCNA2 promotes invasion and migration of NSCLC cells through integrin αVβ3 signaling pathway. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into that CCNA2 represents a crucial regulator of NSCLC cells metastasis and suggests targeted treatment of CCNA2-expressing cancer serves as a new therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shan Ruan
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian, China
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial HospitalFujian, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Fujian Medical University Cancer HospitalFujian, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian, China
| | - Zong Sheng Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFujian, China
| | - Shao Ming Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial HospitalFujian, China
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Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation resulting from aberrant activity of various cell cycle proteins. Therefore, cell cycle regulators are considered attractive targets in cancer therapy. Intriguingly, animal models demonstrate that some of these proteins are not essential for proliferation of non-transformed cells and development of most tissues. By contrast, many cancers are uniquely dependent on these proteins and hence are selectively sensitive to their inhibition. After decades of research on the physiological functions of cell cycle proteins and their relevance for cancer, this knowledge recently translated into the first approved cancer therapeutic targeting of a direct regulator of the cell cycle. In this Review, we focus on proteins that directly regulate cell cycle progression (such as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)), as well as checkpoint kinases, Aurora kinases and Polo-like kinases (PLKs). We discuss the role of cell cycle proteins in cancer, the rationale for targeting them in cancer treatment and results of clinical trials, as well as the future therapeutic potential of various cell cycle inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Otto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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McCurdy SR, Pacal M, Ahmad M, Bremner R. A CDK2 activity signature predicts outcome in CDK2-low cancers. Oncogene 2016; 36:2491-2502. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Law ME, Corsino PE, Narayan S, Law BK. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Therapeutics. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:846-52. [PMID: 26018905 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been considered promising drug targets for a number of years, but most CDK inhibitors have failed rigorous clinical testing. Recent studies demonstrating clear anticancer efficacy and reduced toxicity of CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib and multi-CDK inhibitors such as dinaciclib have rejuvenated the field. Favorable results with palbociclib and its recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval demonstrate that CDK inhibitors with narrow selectivity profiles can have clinical utility for therapy based on individual tumor genetics. A brief overview of results obtained with ATP-competitive inhibitors such as palbociclib and dinaciclib is presented, followed by a compilation of new avenues that have been pursued toward the development of novel, non-ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors. These creative ways to develop CDK inhibitors are presented along with crystal structures of these agents complexed with CDK2 to highlight differences in their binding sites and mechanisms of action. The recent successes of CDK inhibitors in the clinic, combined with the potential for structure-based routes to the development of non-ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors, and evidence that CDK inhibitors may have use in suppressing chromosomal instability and in synthetic lethal drug combinations inspire optimism that CDK inhibitors will become important weapons in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Law
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Patrick E Corsino
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Satya Narayan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian K Law
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Aleem E, Arceci RJ. Targeting cell cycle regulators in hematologic malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25914884 PMCID: PMC4390903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies represent the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in economically developed countries. In hematologic malignancies normal hematopoiesis is interrupted by uncontrolled growth of a genetically altered stem or progenitor cell (HSPC) that maintains its ability of self-renewal. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) not only regulate the mammalian cell cycle, but also influence other vital cellular processes, such as stem cell renewal, differentiation, transcription, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Chromosomal translocations, amplification, overexpression and altered CDK activities have been described in different types of human cancer, which have made them attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition. Mouse models deficient for one or more CDKs have significantly contributed to our current understanding of the physiological functions of CDKs, as well as their roles in human cancer. The present review focuses on selected cell cycle kinases with recent emerging key functions in hematopoiesis and in hematopoietic malignancies, such as CDK6 and its role in MLL-rearranged leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, CDK1 and its regulator WEE-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and cyclin C/CDK8/CDK19 complexes in T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. The knowledge gained from gene knockout experiments in mice of these kinases is also summarized. An overview of compounds targeting these kinases, which are currently in clinical development in various solid tumors and hematopoietic malignances, is presented. These include the CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors (palbociclib, LEE011, LY2835219), pan-CDK inhibitors that target CDK1 (dinaciclib, flavopiridol, AT7519, TG02, P276-00, terampeprocol and RGB 286638) as well as the WEE-1 kinase inhibitor, MK-1775. The advantage of combination therapy of cell cycle inhibitors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of AML, such as cytarabine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiman Aleem
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert J Arceci
- Department of Child Health, The Ronald A. Matricaria Institute of Molecular Medicine at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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Gillam MP, Nimbalkar D, Sun L, Christov K, Ray D, Kaldis P, Liu X, Kiyokawa H. MEN1 tumorigenesis in the pituitary and pancreatic islet requires Cdk4 but not Cdk2. Oncogene 2014; 34:932-8. [PMID: 24531709 PMCID: PMC4135037 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that physiological and tumorigenic proliferation of mammalian cells is controlled by multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) largely in tissue-specific manners. We and others previously demonstrated that adult mice deficient for the D-cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4 (Cdk4−/− mice) exhibit hypoplasia in the pituitary and pancreatic islet due to primary postnatal defects in proliferation. Intriguingly, those neuroendocrine tissues affected in Cdk4−/− mice are the primary targets of tumorigenesis in the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (MEN1). Mice with heterozygous disruption of the tumor suppressor Men1 gene (Men1+/−) develop tumors in the pituitary, pancreatic islets and other neuroendocrine tissues, which is analogous to humans with MEN1 mutations. To explore the genetic interactions between loss of Men1 and activation of CDKs, we examined the impact of Cdk4 or Cdk2 disruption on tumorigenesis in Men1+/− mice. A majority of Men1+/− mice with wild-type CDKs developed pituitary and islet tumors by 15 months of age. Strikingly, Men1+/−; Cdk4−/− mice did not develop any tumors, and their islets and pituitaries remained hypoplastic with decreased proliferation. In contrast, Men1+/−; Cdk2−/− mice showed pituitary and islet tumorigenesis comparable to those in Men1+/− mice. Pituitaries of Men1+/−; Cdk4−/− mice showed no signs of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the Men1 locus, while tumors in Men1+/− mice and Men1+/−; Cdk2−/− mice exhibited LOH. Consistently, CDK4 knockdown in INS-1 insulinoma cells inhibited glucose-stimulated cell cycle progression with a significant decrease in phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (RB) at specific sites including Ser780. CDK2 knockdown had minimum effects on RB phosphorylation and cell cycle progression. These data suggest that CDK4 is a critical downstream target of MEN1-dependent tumor suppression and is required for tumorigenic proliferation in the pituitary and pancreatic islet, whereas CDK2 is dispensable for tumorigenesis in these neuroendocrine cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Gillam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Nimbalkar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Sun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Christov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P Kaldis
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Republic of Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - X Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Kiyokawa
- 1] Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA [2] Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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CDC25A protein stability represents a previously unrecognized target of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer: implication for a potential clinical relevance in trastuzumab treatment. Neoplasia 2014; 15:579-90. [PMID: 23730206 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDC25A-CDK2 pathway has been proposed as critical for the oncogenic action of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in mammary epithelial cells. In particular, transgenic expression of CDC25A cooperates with HER2 in promoting mammary tumors, whereas CDC25A hemizygous loss attenuates the HER2-induced tumorigenesis penetrance. On the basis of this evidence of a synergism between HER2 and the cell cycle regulator CDC25A in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis, we investigated the role of CDC25A in human HER2-positive breast cancer and its possible implications in therapeutic response. HER2 status and CDC25A expression were assessed in 313 breast cancer patients and we found statistically significant correlation between HER2 and CDC25A (P = .007). Moreover, an HER2-positive breast cancer subgroup with high levels of CDC25A and very aggressive phenotype was identified (P = .005). Importantly, our in vitro studies on breast cancer cell lines showed that the HER2 inhibitor efficacy on cell growth and viability relied also on CDC25A expression and that such inhibition induces CDC25A down-regulation through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and DNA damage response activation. In line with this observation, we found a statistical significant association between CDC25A overexpression and trastuzumab-combined therapy response rate in two different HER2-positive cohorts of trastuzumab-treated patients in either metastatic or neoadjuvant setting (P = .018 for the metastatic cohort and P = .021 for the neoadjuvant cohort). Our findings highlight a link between HER2 and CDC25A that positively modulates HER2-targeted therapy response, suggesting that, in HER2-positive breast cancer patients, CDC25A overexpression affects trastuzumab sensitivity.
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Menezes ME, Das SK, Emdad L, Windle JJ, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Genetically engineered mice as experimental tools to dissect the critical events in breast cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 121:331-382. [PMID: 24889535 PMCID: PMC4349377 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanism of pathogenesis of breast cancer has greatly benefited from breakthrough advances in both genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models and xenograft transplantation technologies. The vast array of breast cancer mouse models currently available is testimony to the complexity of mammary tumorigenesis and attempts by investigators to accurately portray the heterogeneity and intricacies of this disease. Distinct molecular changes that drive various aspects of tumorigenesis, such as alterations in tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance have been evaluated using the currently available GEM breast cancer models. GEM breast cancer models are also being exploited to evaluate and validate the efficacy of novel therapeutics, vaccines, and imaging modalities for potential use in the clinic. This review provides a synopsis of the various GEM models that are expanding our knowledge of the nuances of breast cancer development and progression and can be instrumental in the development of novel prevention and therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Menezes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Hagen KR, Zeng X, Lee MY, Tucker Kahn S, Harrison Pitner MK, Zaky SS, Liu Y, O'Regan RM, Deng X, Saavedra HI. Silencing CDK4 radiosensitizes breast cancer cells by promoting apoptosis. Cell Div 2013; 8:10. [PMID: 23886499 PMCID: PMC3733890 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of molecular markers associated with various breast cancer subtypes has greatly improved the treatment and outcome of breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, breast cancer cells acquire resistance to various therapies. Mounting evidence suggests that resistance is rooted in the deregulation of the G1 phase regulatory machinery. Methods To address whether deregulation of the G1 phase regulatory machinery contributes to radiotherapy resistance, the MCF10A immortalized human mammary epithelial cell line, ER-PR-Her2+ and ER-PR-Her2- breast cancer cell lines were irradiated. Colony formation assays measured radioresistance, while immunocytochemistry, Western blots, and flow cytometry measured the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis, apoptosis, and DNA breaks. Results Molecular markers common to all cell lines were overexpressed, including cyclin A1 and cyclin D1, which impinge on CDK2 and CDK4 activities, respectively. We addressed their potential role in radioresistance by generating cell lines stably expressing small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) against CDK2 and CDK4. None of the cell lines knocked down for CDK2 displayed radiosensitization. In contrast, all cell lines knocked down for CDK4 were significantly radiosensitized, and a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor sensitized MDA-MB-468 to radiation induced apoptosis. Our data showed that silencing CDK4 significantly increases radiation induced cell apoptosis in cell lines without significantly altering cell cycle progression, or DNA repair after irradiation. Our results indicate lower levels of phospho-Bad at ser136 upon CDK4 silencing and ionizing radiation, which has been shown to signal apoptosis. Conclusion Based on our data we conclude that knockdown of CDK4 activity sensitizes breast cancer cells to radiation by activating apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hagen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xiangbin Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Shannon Tucker Kahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Sandra S Zaky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ruth M O'Regan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
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15
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Overcoming intratumor heterogeneity of polygenic cancer drug resistance with improved biomarker integration. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1278-89. [PMID: 23308059 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in technology and resources are helping to advance our understanding of cancer-initiating events as well as factors involved with tumor progression, adaptation, and evasion of therapy. Tumors are well known to contain diverse cell populations and intratumor heterogeneity affords neoplasms with a diverse set of biologic characteristics that can be used to evolve and adapt. Intratumor heterogeneity has emerged as a major hindrance to improving cancer patient care. Polygenic cancer drug resistance necessitates reconsidering drug designs to include polypharmacology in pursuit of novel combinatorial agents having multitarget activity to overcome the diverse and compensatory signaling pathways in which cancer cells use to survive and evade therapy. Advances will require integration of different biomarkers such as genomics and imaging to provide for more adequate elucidation of the spatially varying location, type, and extent of diverse intratumor signaling molecules to provide for a rationale-based personalized cancer medicine strategy.
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16
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Harrison Pitner MK, Saavedra HI. Cdk4 and nek2 signal binucleation and centrosome amplification in a her2+ breast cancer model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65971. [PMID: 23776583 PMCID: PMC3679029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification (CA) is a contributor to carcinogenesis, generating aneuploidy, and chromosome instability. Previous work shows that breast adenocarcinomas have a higher frequency of centrosome defects compared to normal breast tissues. Abnormal centrosome phenotypes are found in pre-malignant lesions, suggesting an early role in breast carcinogenesis. However, the role of CA in breast cancers remains elusive. Identification of pathways and regulatory molecules involved in the generation of CA is essential to understanding its role in breast tumorigenesis. We established a breast cancer model of CA using Her2-positive cells. Our goal was to identify centrosome cycle molecules that are deregulated by aberrant Her2 signaling and the mechanisms driving CA. Our results show some Her2+ breast cancer cell lines harbor both CA and binucleation. Abolishing the expression of Cdk4 abrogated both CA and binucleation in these cells. We also found the source of binucleation in these cells to be defective cytokinesis that is normalized by downregulation of Cdk4. Protein levels of Nek2 diminish upon Cdk4 knockdown and vice versa, suggesting a molecular connection between Cdk4 and Nek2. Knockdown of Nek2 reduces CA and binucleation in this model while its overexpression further enhances centrosome amplification. We conclude that CA is modulated through Cdk4 and Nek2 signaling and that binucleation is a likely source of CA in Her2+ breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kathryn Harrison Pitner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harold I. Saavedra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Zhang W, Tan W, Wu X, Poustovoitov M, Strasner A, Li W, Borcherding N, Ghassemian M, Karin M. A NIK-IKKα module expands ErbB2-induced tumor-initiating cells by stimulating nuclear export of p27/Kip1. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:647-59. [PMID: 23602409 PMCID: PMC3981467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IκB kinase α (IKKα) activity is required for ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Here, we show that IKKα and its activator, NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), support the expansion of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) that copurify with a CD24(med)CD49f(hi) population from premalignant ErbB2-expressing mammary glands. Upon activation, IKKα enters the nucleus, phosphorylates the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27/Kip1, and stimulates its nuclear export or exclusion. Reduced p27 expression rescues mammary tumorigenesis in mice deficient in IKKα kinase activity and restores TIC self-renewal. IKKα is also likely to be involved in human breast cancer, where its expression shows an inverse correlation with metastasis-free survival, and its presence in the nucleus of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) is associated with decreased nuclear p27 abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Maxim Poustovoitov
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Amy Strasner
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
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18
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Jahn SC, Law ME, Corsino PE, Rowe TC, Davis BJ, Law BK. Assembly, activation, and substrate specificity of cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3489-501. [PMID: 23627734 DOI: 10.1021/bi400047u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown conflicting data regarding cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) complexes, and considering the widespread overexpression of cyclin D1 in cancer, it is important to fully understand their relevance. While many have shown that cyclin D1 and Cdk2 form active complexes, others have failed to show activity or association. Here, using a novel p21-PCNA fusion protein as well as p21 mutant proteins, we show that p21 is a required scaffolding protein, with cyclin D1 and Cdk2 failing to complex in its absence. These p21/cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes are active and also bind the trimeric PCNA complex, with each trimer capable of independently binding distinct cyclin/Cdk complexes. We also show that increased p21 levels due to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents result in increased formation and kinase activity of cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes, and that cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes are able to phosphorylate a number of substrates in addition to Rb. Nucleophosmin and Cdh1, two proteins important for centrosome replication and implicated in the chromosomal instability of cancer, are shown to be phosphorylated by cyclin D1/Cdk2 complexes. Additionally, polypyrimidine tract binding protein-associated splicing factor (PSF) is identified as a novel Cdk2 substrate, being phosphorylated by Cdk2 complexed with either cyclin E or cyclin D1, and given the many functions of PSF, it could have important implications on cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Jahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the ‡Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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19
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Diaz-Moralli S, Tarrado-Castellarnau M, Miranda A, Cascante M. Targeting cell cycle regulation in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:255-71. [PMID: 23356980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is an essential mechanism for growth, development and regeneration of eukaryotic organisms; however, it is also the cause of one of the most devastating diseases of our era: cancer. Given the relevance of the processes in which cell proliferation is involved, its regulation is of paramount importance for multicellular organisms. Cell division is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between proteins, metabolism and microenvironment including several signaling pathways and mechanisms of control aiming to enable cell proliferation only in response to specific stimuli and under adequate conditions. Three main players have been identified in the coordinated variation of the many molecules that play a role in cell cycle: i) The cell cycle protein machinery including cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-cyclin complexes and related kinases, ii) The metabolic enzymes and related metabolites and iii) The reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and cellular redox status. The role of these key players and the interaction between oscillatory and non-oscillatory species have proved essential for driving the cell cycle. Moreover, cancer development has been associated to defects in all of them. Here, we provide an overview on the role of CDK-cyclin complexes, metabolic adaptations and oxidative stress in regulating progression through each cell cycle phase and transitions between them. Thus, new approaches for the design of innovative cancer therapies targeting crosstalk between cell cycle simultaneous events are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Diaz-Moralli
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Cheng L, Li J, Han Y, Lin J, Niu C, Zhou Z, Yuan B, Huang K, Li J, Jiang K, Zhang H, Ding L, Xu X, Ye Q. PES1 promotes breast cancer by differentially regulating ERα and ERβ. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2857-70. [PMID: 22820289 DOI: 10.1172/jci62676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of breast cancer is associated with increased expression of tumor-promoting estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein and decreased expression of tumor-suppressive ERβ protein. However, the mechanism underlying this process is unknown. Here we show that PES1 (also known as Pescadillo), an estrogen-inducible protein that is overexpressed in breast cancer, can regulate the balance between ERα and ERβ. We found that PES1 modulated many estrogen-responsive genes by enhancing the transcriptional activity of ERα while inhibiting transcriptional activity of ERβ. Consistent with this regulation of ERα and ERβ transcriptional activity, PES1 increased the stability of the ERα protein and decreased that of ERβ through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, mediated by the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP). Moreover, PES1 transformed normal human mammary epithelial cells and was required for estrogen-induced breast tumor growth in nude mice. Further analysis of clinical samples showed that expression of PES1 correlated positively with ERα expression and negatively with ERβ expression and predicted good clinical outcome in breast cancer. Our data demonstrate that PES1 contributes to breast tumor growth through regulating the balance between ERα and ERβ and may be a better target for the development of drugs that selectively regulate ERα and ERβ activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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21
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The interconnectedness of cancer cell signaling. Neoplasia 2012; 13:1183-93. [PMID: 22241964 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The elegance of fundamental and applied research activities have begun to reveal a myriad of spatial and temporal alterations in downstream signaling networks affected by cell surface receptor stimulation including G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Interconnected biochemical pathways serve to integrate and distribute the signaling information throughout the cell by orchestration of complex biochemical circuits consisting of protein interactions and covalent modification processes. It is clear that scientific literature summarizing results from both fundamental and applied scientific research activities has served to provide a broad foundational biologic database that has been instrumental in advancing our continued understanding of underlying cancer biology. This article reflects on historical advances and the role of innovation in the competitive world of grant-sponsored research.
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