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Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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2
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Zhang C, Zhang C, Wang K, Wang H. Orchestrating smart therapeutics to achieve optimal treatment in small cell lung cancer: recent progress and future directions. J Transl Med 2023; 21:468. [PMID: 37452395 PMCID: PMC10349514 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a recalcitrant malignancy with elusive mechanism of pathogenesis and dismal prognosis. Over the past decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the backbone treatment for SCLC. However, subsequent chemoresistance after initial effectiveness urges researchers to explore novel therapeutic targets of SCLC. Recent years have witnessed significant improvements in targeted therapy in SCLC. New molecular candidates such as Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related protein (ATR), WEE1, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) have shown promising therapeutic utility in SCLC. While immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has emerged as an indispensable treatment modality for SCLC, approaches to boost efficacy and reduce toxicity as well as selection of reliable biomarkers for ICI in SCLC have remained elusive and warrants our further investigation. Given the increasing importance of precision medicine in SCLC, optimal subtyping of SCLC using multi-omics have gradually applied into clinical practice, which may identify more drug targets and better tailor treatment strategies to each individual patient. The present review summarizes recent progress and future directions in SCLC. In addition to the emerging new therapeutics, we also focus on the establishment of predictive model for early detection of SCLC. More importantly, we also propose a multi-dimensional model in the prognosis of SCLC to ultimately attain the goal of accurate treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Number 440, Ji Yan Road, Jinan, China.
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Chiang KY, Li YW, Li YH, Huang SJ, Wu CL, Gong HY, Wu JL. Progranulin A Promotes Compensatory Hepatocyte Proliferation via HGF/c-Met Signaling after Partial Hepatectomy in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011217. [PMID: 34681875 PMCID: PMC8538350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory hepatocyte proliferation and other liver regenerative processes are activated to sustain normal physiological function after liver injury. A major mitogen for liver regeneration is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and a previous study indicated that progranulin could modulate c-met, the receptor for HGF, to initiate hepatic outgrowth from hepatoblasts during embryonic development. However, a role for progranulin in compensatory hepatocyte proliferation has not been shown previously. Therefore, this study was undertaken to clarify whether progranulin plays a regulatory role during liver regeneration. To this end, we established a partial hepatectomy regeneration model in adult zebrafish that express a liver-specific fluorescent reporter. Using this model, we found that loss of progranulin A (GrnA) function by intraperitoneal-injection of a Vivo-Morpholino impaired and delayed liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis and confirmatory quantitative real-time PCR suggested that cell cycle progression and cell proliferation was not as active in the morphants as controls, which may have been the result of comparative downregulation of the HGF/c-met axis by 36 h after partial hepatectomy. Finally, liver-specific overexpression of GrnA in transgenic zebrafish caused more abundant cell proliferation after partial hepatectomy compared to wild types. Thus, we conclude that GrnA positively regulates HGF/c-met signaling to promote hepatocyte proliferation during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Yu Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Ya-Wen Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Yen-Hsing Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Shin-Jie Huang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Chih-Lu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62145, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (Y.-W.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (S.-J.H.)
- College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27899568
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4
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Krenzlin H, Zdioruk M, Nowicki MO, Finkelberg T, Keric N, Lemmermann N, Skubal M, Chiocca EA, Cook CH, Lawler SE. Cytomegalovirus infection of glioblastoma cells leads to NF-κB dependent upregulation of the c-MET oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Cancer Lett 2021; 513:26-35. [PMID: 33989707 PMCID: PMC8209659 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is widespread in humans and has been implicated in glioblastoma (GBM) and other tumors. However, the role of CMV in GBM remains poorly understood and the mechanisms involved are not well-defined. The goal of this study was to identify candidate pathways relevant to GBM that may be modulated by CMV. Analysis of RNAseq data after CMV infection of patient-derived GBM cells showed significant upregulation of GBM-associated transcripts including the MET oncogene, which is known to play a role in a subset of GBM patients. These findings were validated in vitro in both mouse and human GBM cells. Using immunostaining and RT-PCR in vivo, we confirmed c-MET upregulation in a mouse model of CMV-driven GBM progression and in human GBM. siRNA knockdown showed that MET upregulation was dependent on CMV-induced upregulation of NF-κB signaling. Finally, proneural GBM xenografts overexpressing c-MET grew much faster in vivo than controls, suggesting a mechanism by which CMV infection of tumor cells could induce a more aggressive mesenchymal phenotype. These studies implicate the CMV-induced upregulation of c-MET as a potential mechanism involved in the effects of CMV on GBM growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Krenzlin
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mykola Zdioruk
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal O Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomer Finkelberg
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naureen Keric
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Mainz, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neurooncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Wagner PM, Prucca CG, Caputto BL, Guido ME. Adjusting the Molecular Clock: The Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8289. [PMID: 34361055 PMCID: PMC8348990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that originated from different glial cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies these tumors into four groups (I-IV) with increasing malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor classified as grade IV. GBMs are resistant to conventional therapies with poor prognosis after diagnosis even when the Stupp protocol that combines surgery and radiochemotherapy is applied. Nowadays, few novel therapeutic strategies have been used to improve GBM treatment, looking for higher efficiency and lower side effects, but with relatively modest results. The circadian timing system temporally organizes the physiology and behavior of most organisms and daily regulates several cellular processes in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, including tumor cells. The potentiality of the function of the circadian clock on cancer cells modulation as a new target for novel treatments with a chronobiological basis offers a different challenge that needs to be considered in further detail. The present review will discuss state of the art regarding GBM biology, the role of the circadian clock in tumor progression, and new chrono-chemotherapeutic strategies applied for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M. Wagner
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - César G. Prucca
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Beatriz L. Caputto
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Mario E. Guido
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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6
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Adjusting the Molecular Clock: The Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8289. [PMID: 34361055 PMCID: PMC8348990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158289;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that originated from different glial cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies these tumors into four groups (I-IV) with increasing malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor classified as grade IV. GBMs are resistant to conventional therapies with poor prognosis after diagnosis even when the Stupp protocol that combines surgery and radiochemotherapy is applied. Nowadays, few novel therapeutic strategies have been used to improve GBM treatment, looking for higher efficiency and lower side effects, but with relatively modest results. The circadian timing system temporally organizes the physiology and behavior of most organisms and daily regulates several cellular processes in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, including tumor cells. The potentiality of the function of the circadian clock on cancer cells modulation as a new target for novel treatments with a chronobiological basis offers a different challenge that needs to be considered in further detail. The present review will discuss state of the art regarding GBM biology, the role of the circadian clock in tumor progression, and new chrono-chemotherapeutic strategies applied for GBM treatment.
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7
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Cruz Da Silva E, Mercier MC, Etienne-Selloum N, Dontenwill M, Choulier L. A Systematic Review of Glioblastoma-Targeted Therapies in Phases II, III, IV Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1795. [PMID: 33918704 PMCID: PMC8069979 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and aggressive glial tumor, is currently treated as first line by the Stupp protocol, which combines, after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For recurrent GBM, in absence of standard treatment or available clinical trials, various protocols including cytotoxic drugs and/or bevacizumab are currently applied. Despite these heavy treatments, the mean overall survival of patients is under 18 months. Many clinical studies are underway. Based on clinicaltrials.org and conducted up to 1 April 2020, this review lists, not only main, but all targeted therapies in phases II-IV of 257 clinical trials on adults with newly diagnosed or recurrent GBMs for the last twenty years. It does not involve targeted immunotherapies and therapies targeting tumor cell metabolism, that are well documented in other reviews. Without surprise, the most frequently reported drugs are those targeting (i) EGFR (40 clinical trials), and more generally tyrosine kinase receptors (85 clinical trials) and (ii) VEGF/VEGFR (75 clinical trials of which 53 involving bevacizumab). But many other targets and drugs are of interest. They are all listed and thoroughly described, on an one-on-one basis, in four sections related to targeting (i) GBM stem cells and stem cell pathways, (ii) the growth autonomy and migration, (iii) the cell cycle and the escape to cell death, (iv) and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Cruz Da Silva
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marie-Cécile Mercier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Nelly Etienne-Selloum
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
- Service de Pharmacie, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Dontenwill
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Laurence Choulier
- CNRS, UMR 7021, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (E.C.D.S.); (M.-C.M.); (N.E.-S.); (M.D.)
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EGFRvIII tumorigenicity requires PDGFRA co-signaling and reveals therapeutic vulnerabilities in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:2682-2696. [PMID: 33707748 PMCID: PMC9159289 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligand-independent, constitutively active EGFRvIII mutant form are prominent oncogenic drivers in glioblastoma (GBM). The EGFRvIII gene rearrangement is considered to be an initiating event in the etiology of GBM, however, the mechanistic details of how EGFRvIII drives cellular transformation and tumor maintenance remain unclear. Here, we report that EGFRvIII demonstrates a reliance on PDGFRA co-stimulatory signaling during the tumorigenic process in a genetically engineered autochthonous GBM model. This dependency exposes liabilities that were leveraged using kinase inhibitors treatments in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), where simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of EGFRvIII and PDGFRA kinase activities is necessary for anti-tumor efficacy. Our work establishes that EGFRvIII-positive tumors have unexplored vulnerabilities to targeted agents concomitant to the EGFR kinase inhibitor repertoire.
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ, Firuzi O. Combination of HGF/MET-targeting agents and other therapeutic strategies in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103234. [PMID: 33497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MET receptor has emerged as a druggable target across several human cancers. Agents targeting MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) including small molecules such as crizotinib, tivantinib and cabozantinib or antibodies including rilotumumab and onartuzumab have proven their values in different tumors. Recently, capmatinib was approved for treatment of metastatic lung cancer with MET exon 14 skipping. In this review, we critically examine the current evidence on how HGF/MET combination therapies may take advantage of synergistic effects, overcome primary or acquired drug resistance, target tumor microenvironment, modulate drug metabolism or tackle pharmacokinetic issues. Preclinical and clinical studies on the combination of HGF/MET-targeted agents with conventional chemotherapeutics or molecularly targeted treatments (including EGFR, VEGFR, HER2, RAF/MEK, and PI3K/Akt targeting agents) and also the value of biomarkers are examined. Our deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying successful pharmacological combinations is crucial to find the best personalized treatment regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28–30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
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Moosavi F, Giovannetti E, Saso L, Firuzi O. HGF/MET pathway aberrations as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in human cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:533-566. [PMID: 31512514 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1653821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. MET tyrosine kinase receptor [MET, c-MET, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor] pathway activation is associated with the appearance of several hallmarks of cancer. The HGF/MET pathway has emerged as an important actionable target across many solid tumors; therefore, biomarker discovery becomes essential in order to guide clinical intervention and patient stratification with the aim of moving towards personalized medicine. The focus of this review is on how the aberrant activation of the HGF/MET pathway in tumor tissue or the circulation can provide diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and predictive biomarkers of drug response. Many meta-analyses have shown that aberrant activation of the MET pathway in tumor tissue, including MET gene overexpression, gene amplification, exon 14 skipping and other activating mutations, is almost invariably associated with shorter survival and poor prognosis. Most meta-analyses have been performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast, head and neck cancers as well as colorectal, gastric, pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, several studies have shown the predictive value of MET biomarkers in the identification of patients who gain the most benefit from HGF/MET targeted therapies administered as single or combination therapies. The highest predictive values have been observed for response to foretinib and savolitinib in renal cancer, as well as tivantinib in NSCLC and colorectal cancer. However, some studies, especially those based on MET expression, have failed to show much value in these stratifications. This may be rooted in lack of standardization of methodologies, in particular in scoring systems applied in immunohistochemistry determinations or absence of oncogenic addiction of cancer cells to the MET pathway, despite detection of overexpression. Measurements of amplification and mutation aberrations are less likely to suffer from these pitfalls. Increased levels of MET soluble ectodomain (sMET) in circulation have also been associated with poor prognosis; however, the evidence is not as strong as it is with tissue-based biomarkers. As a diagnostic biomarker, sMET has shown its value in distinguishing cancer patients from healthy individuals in prostate and bladder cancers and in melanoma. On the other hand, increased circulating HGF has also been presented as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in many cancers; however, there is controversy on the predictive value of HGF as a biomarker. Other biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor HGF levels have also been briefly covered. In conclusion, HGF/MET aberrations can provide valuable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers and represent vital assets for personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moosavi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUmc) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus , Pisa , Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Fedele M, Cerchia L, Pegoraro S, Sgarra R, Manfioletti G. Proneural-Mesenchymal Transition: Phenotypic Plasticity to Acquire Multitherapy Resistance in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112746. [PMID: 31167470 PMCID: PMC6600373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive tumor of the central nervous system, with a prognosis of 12–15 months and just 3–5% of survival over 5 years. This is mainly because most patients suffer recurrence after treatment that currently consists in maximal resection followed by radio- and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The recurrent tumor shows a more aggressive behavior due to a phenotypic shift toward the mesenchymal subtype. Proneural-mesenchymal transition (PMT) may represent for GBM the equivalent of epithelial–mesenchymal transition associated with other aggressive cancers. In this review we frame this process in the high degree of phenotypic inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of GBM, which exists in different subtypes, each one characterized by further phenotypic variability in its stem-cell compartment. Under the selective pressure of different treatment agents PMT is induced. The mechanisms involved, as well as the significance of such event in the acquisition of a multitherapy resistance phenotype, are taken in consideration for future perspectives in new anti-GBM therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fedele
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Cerchia
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pegoraro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Sgarra
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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13
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Tu CY, Cheng FJ, Chen CM, Wang SL, Hsiao YC, Chen CH, Hsia TC, He YH, Wang BW, Hsieh IS, Yeh YL, Tang CH, Chen YJ, Huang WC. Cigarette smoke enhances oncogene addiction to c-MET and desensitizes EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer to EGFR TKIs. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:705-723. [PMID: 29570930 PMCID: PMC5928373 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the leading risks for lung cancer and is associated with the insensitivity of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it remains undetermined whether and how cigarette smoke affects the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR TKIs. In this study, our data showed that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or tobacco smoke‐derived carcinogen benzo[α]pyrene, B[α]P, but not nicotine‐derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), reduced the sensitivity of wild‐type EGFR‐expressing NSCLC cells to EGFR TKIs. Treatment with TKIs almost abolished EGFR tyrosine kinase activity but did not show an inhibitory effect on downstream Akt and ERK pathways in B[α]P‐treated NSCLC cells. CSE and B[α]P transcriptionally upregulate c‐MET and activate its downstream Akt pathway, which is not inhibited by EGFR TKIs. Silencing of c‐MET reduces B[α]P‐induced Akt activation. The CSE‐treated NSCLC cells are sensitive to the c‐MET inhibitor crizotinib. These findings suggest that cigarette smoke augments oncogene addiction to c‐MET in NSCLC cells and that MET inhibitors may show clinical benefits for lung cancer patients with a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Tu
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Science, the iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsiao
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao He
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Shan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Goodwin CR, Rath P, Oyinlade O, Lopez H, Mughal S, Xia S, Li Y, Kaur H, Zhou X, Ahmed AK, Ho S, Olivi A, Lal B. Crizotinib and erlotinib inhibits growth of c-Met +/EGFRvIII + primary human glioblastoma xenografts. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 171:26-33. [PMID: 29803091 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), are implicated in the malignant progression of glioblastoma. Studies show that RTK systems can co-modulate distinct and overlapping oncogenic downstream signaling pathways. EGFRvIII, a constitutively activated EGFR deletion mutant variant, leads to increased tumor growth and diminishes the tumor growth response to HGF: c-Met pathway inhibitor therapy. Conversely, activation of the c-Met pathway diminishes the tumor growth response to EGFR pathway inhibitors. Previously we reported that EGFRvIII and c-Met pathway inhibitors synergize to inhibit tumor growth in isogenic GBM cell lines engineered to express EGFRvIII. More recently, studies suggest that despite targeting RTK signaling in glioblastoma multiforme, a subpopulation of stem-like tumor-propagating cells can persist to replenish the tumor cell population leading to tumor recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 xenograft lines were cultured and xenografts were maintained. Subcutaneous xenograft lines were serially passaged in nude mice to generate subcutaneous xenografts. Xenografts were implanted in 6-8 week old nude mice. Once tumors reached a substantial size (150 mm3), mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) control vehicle, 2) Crizotinib (crizo), 3) Erlotinib (erlot), or 4) Crizotinib + Erlotinib, (n = 5 per group). RESULTS Crizotinib (c-Met pathway inhibitor) and Erlotinib (EGFR pathway inhibitor) in combination significantly inhibited tumor growth, phospho-EGFRvIII, phospho-Met, phospho-AKT, phospho-MAPK, and neurosphere growth in Mayo 39 and Mayo 59 primary GBM subcutaneous xenografts. The expression of the stem cell markers Nestin, Musashi, Olig 2 and Sox2 were also significantly down-regulated by c-Met inhibition, but no additive down-regulation was seen by co-treatment with Erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with and corroborate our previous findings demonstrating that targeting these two parallel pathways with c-Met and EGFR inhibitor therapy provides substantial anti-tumor activity in glioblastoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rory Goodwin
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Prakash Rath
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olutobi Oyinlade
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Hernando Lopez
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Salman Mughal
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Harsharan Kaur
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Ho
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bachchu Lal
- Department of Neurology, The Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger Inc., United States; Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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An Z, Aksoy O, Zheng T, Fan QW, Weiss WA. Epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma: signaling pathways and targeted therapies. Oncogene 2018; 37:1561-1575. [PMID: 29321659 PMCID: PMC5860944 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its active mutant EGFRvIII occurs frequently in glioblastoma (GBM). While EGFR and EGFRvIII play critical roles in pathogenesis, targeted therapy with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or antibodies has only shown limited efficacy in patients. Here we discuss signaling pathways mediated by EGFR/EGFRvIII, current therapeutics, and novel strategies to target EGFR/EGFRvIII-amplified GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi An
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ozlem Aksoy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qi-Wen Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin IV, Chekhonin VP. The EGFR variant III mutant as a target for immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Role and Therapeutic Targeting of the HGF/MET Pathway in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070087. [PMID: 28696366 PMCID: PMC5532623 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Current therapeutic options, consisting of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, have only served to marginally increase patient survival. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are dysregulated in approximately 90% of GBM; attributed to this, research has focused on inhibiting RTKs as a novel and effective therapy for GBM. Overexpression of RTK mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET), and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), in GBM highlights a promising new therapeutic target. This review will discuss the role of MET in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, cell migration and invasion, angiogenesis and therapeutic resistance in GBM. It will also discuss the modes of deregulation of HGF/MET and their regulation by microRNAs. As the HGF/MET pathway is a vital regulator of multiple pro-survival pathways, efforts and strategies for its exploitation for GBM therapy are also described.
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18
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Cloughesy T, Finocchiaro G, Belda-Iniesta C, Recht L, Brandes AA, Pineda E, Mikkelsen T, Chinot OL, Balana C, Macdonald DR, Westphal M, Hopkins K, Weller M, Bais C, Sandmann T, Bruey JM, Koeppen H, Liu B, Verret W, Phan SC, Shames DS. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Phase II Study of Onartuzumab Plus Bevacizumab Versus Placebo Plus Bevacizumab in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma: Efficacy, Safety, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor and O6-Methylguanine–DNA Methyltransferase Biomarker Analyses. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:343-351. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.64.7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bevacizumab regimens are approved for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma in many countries. Aberrant mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) expression has been reported in glioblastoma and may contribute to bevacizumab resistance. The phase II study GO27819 investigated the monovalent MET inhibitor onartuzumab plus bevacizumab (Ona + Bev) versus placebo plus bevacizumab (Pla + Bev) in recurrent glioblastoma. Methods At first recurrence after chemoradiation, bevacizumab-naïve patients with glioblastoma were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive Ona (15 mg/kg, once every 3 weeks) + Bev (15 mg/kg, once every 3 weeks) or Pla + Bev until disease progression. The primary end point was progression-free survival by response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria. Secondary end points were overall survival, objective response rate, duration of response, and safety. Exploratory biomarker analyses correlated efficacy with expression levels of MET ligand hepatocyte growth factor, O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation, and glioblastoma subtype. Results Among 129 patients enrolled (Ona + Bev, n = 64; Pla + Bev, n = 65), baseline characteristics were balanced. The median progression-free survival was 3.9 months for Ona + Bev versus 2.9 months for Pla + Bev (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.56; P = .7444). The median overall survival was 8.8 months for Ona + Bev and 12.6 months for Pla + Bev (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.88 to 2.37; P = .1389). Grade ≥ 3 adverse events were reported in 38.5% of patients who received Ona + Bev and 35.9% of patients who received Pla + Bev. Exploratory biomarker analyses suggested that patients with high expression of hepatocyte growth factor or unmethylated O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase may benefit from Ona + Bev. Conclusion There was no evidence of further clinical benefit with the addition of onartuzumab to bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab plus placebo in unselected patients with recurrent glioblastoma in this phase II study; however, further investigation into biomarker subgroups is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cloughesy
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Cristóbal Belda-Iniesta
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Lawrence Recht
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Alba A. Brandes
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Estela Pineda
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Olivier L. Chinot
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Carmen Balana
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - David R. Macdonald
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Kirsten Hopkins
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Michael Weller
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Carlos Bais
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Thomas Sandmann
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Jean-Marie Bruey
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Bo Liu
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - Wendy Verret
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - See-Chun Phan
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
| | - David S. Shames
- Timothy Cloughesy, University of California, Los Angeles; Lawrence Recht, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Carlos Bais, Thomas Sandmann, Jean-Marie Bruey, Hartmut Koeppen, Bo Liu, Wendy Verret, See-Chun Phan, and David S. Shames, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; Tom Mikkelsen, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Alba A. Brandes, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Institute of Neurologic
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Náger M, Santacana M, Bhardwaj D, Valls J, Ferrer I, Nogués P, Cantí C, Herreros J. Nuclear phosphorylated Y142 β-catenin accumulates in astrocytomas and glioblastomas and regulates cell invasion. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3644-55. [PMID: 26654598 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fast growing brain tumor characterized by extensive infiltration into the surrounding tissue and one of the most aggressive cancers. GBM is the most common glioma (originating from glial-derived cells) that either evolves from a low grade astrocytoma or appears de novo. Wnt/β-catenin and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling are hyperactive in human gliomas, where they regulate cell proliferation, migration and stem cell behavior. We previously demonstrated that β-catenin is phosphorylated at Y142 by recombinant c-Met kinase and downstream of HGF signaling in neurons. Here we studied phosphoY142 (PY142) β-catenin and dephospho S/T β-catenin (a classical Wnt transducer) in glioma biopsies, GBM cell lines and biopsy-derived glioma cell cultures. We found that PY142 β-catenin mainly localizes in the nucleus and signals through transcriptional activation in GBM cells. Tissue microarray analysis confirmed strong nuclear PY142 β-catenin immunostaining in astrocytoma and GBM biopsies. By contrast, active β-catenin showed nuclear localization only in GBM samples. Western blot analysis of tumor biopsies further indicated that PY142 and active β-catenin accumulate independently, correlating with the expression of Snail/Slug (an epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker) and Cyclin-D1 (a regulator of cell cycle progression), respectively, in high grade astrocytomas and GBMs. Moreover, GBM cells stimulated with HGF showed increasing levels of PY142 β-catenin and Snail/Slug. Importantly, the expression of mutant Y142F β-catenin decreased cell detachment and invasion induced by HGF in GBM cell lines and biopsy-derived cell cultures. Our results identify PY142 β-catenin as a nuclear β-catenin signaling form that downregulates adhesion and promotes GBM cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Náger
- a Departments of Basic Medical Sciences & Experimental Medicine ; University of Lleida & IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- b Immunohistochemical and Biostatistics and Epidemiology Units; IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Deepshikha Bhardwaj
- a Departments of Basic Medical Sciences & Experimental Medicine ; University of Lleida & IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Joan Valls
- b Immunohistochemical and Biostatistics and Epidemiology Units; IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- c Institute of Neuropathology; Hospital de Bellvitge-IDIBELL ; Barcelona , Spain
| | - Pere Nogués
- d Neurosurgery Unit; Hospital Arnau de Vilanova ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Carles Cantí
- a Departments of Basic Medical Sciences & Experimental Medicine ; University of Lleida & IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
| | - Judit Herreros
- a Departments of Basic Medical Sciences & Experimental Medicine ; University of Lleida & IRBLleida ; Lleida , Spain
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20
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The Association between EGFR and cMET Expression and Phosphorylation and Its Prognostic Implication in Patients with Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152585. [PMID: 27055285 PMCID: PMC4824503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR and cMET cross-talk is involved in breast cancer (BC) progression and resistance to different targeted therapies, however little is known about the co-expression patterns of EGFR and cMET or its prognostic significance in BC. Protein levels of EGFR, cMET and their phosphorylated proteins were measured in 825 BC samples using reverse phase protein array (RPPA). Given unimodal distribution of proteins, the median was selected as a cut-off after sensitivity analyses. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Cox-proportional hazards models were utilized to determine associations between EGFR and cMET with outcomes. Mean age was 58 years with 457 (55%) hormone receptor (HR) positive, 211 (26%) triple-negative (TN) and 148 (18%) HER2 positive tumors (HER2+). HER2+ was associated with higher EGFR expression and phosphorylation, compared to HR and TN (p<0.05). High EGFR expression was associated with higher phosphorylated-cMET (p-cMET) but not cMET (ANOVA p-cMET p < 0.001; cMET p = 0.34). The same association was found with high phosphorylated-EGFR (p-EGFR) group at Tyr992 and Tyr1068 (both p < 0.001). High expressions in either of two p-EGFRs were linked with higher cMET as well (all p<0.001). For the TN subtype, high expression in EGFR and p-EGFR at Tyr992 but not at Tyr1068 was associated with higher p-cMET (p<0.00, p = 0.012, p = 0.4 respectively). Only high expression in p-EGFR at Tyr992 was linked with higher expression of cMET (p = 0.02). In contrast, among HER2 subtype, high expression in p-EGFR at Tyr1068 but not at Tyr992 was associated with higher cMET and p-cMET (cMET p = 0.023;p-cMET p<0.001). Four subgroups of patients defined by dichotomized EGFR/p-EGFR and cMET/p-cMET level demonstrated no significant differences in survival. In multivariate analyses, neither cMET nor EGFR expression/activation was found to be an independent prognostic factor in survival outcome.
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21
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Mao S, Zhang J. The emerging role of hepatocyte growth factor in renal diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:303-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Bill KLJ, Garnett J, Ma X, May C, Bolshakov S, Lazar AJ, Lev D, Pollock RE. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor as a potential therapeutic target for dedifferentiated liposarcoma. J Transl Med 2015; 95:951-61. [PMID: 26006023 PMCID: PMC4520775 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) are highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies, with surgical resection remaining the classic treatment strategy; therefore, there is a pressing need for novel anti-DDLPS-targeted chemotherapeutics. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) expression is elevated in DDLPS, but the functional role of Met signaling in this disease is not known. We found that the in vitro stimulation of DDLPS cells with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) elevated the degree of PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathway signaling, and that pro-tumorigenic phenotypes such as cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were significantly enhanced. Conversely, Met knockdown using shRNA-mediated interference decreased HGF-induced Met signaling, the invasive and migratory nature of DDLPS cells in vitro, and the tumorigenicity of DDLPS cells in vivo. These data strongly support the role for Met as a DDLPS therapeutic target. To that end, using EMD1214063, an ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor that targets Met more specifically than other kinases, inhibited Met-dependent signaling, reduced the oncogenicity of DDLPS cells in vitro, and significantly increased the survival of nude mice bearing subcutaneous DDLPS xenografts. These findings support further investigations of HGF-induced Met signaling inhibition in DDLPS, as a potential strategy to enhance clinical outcomes for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lynn J. Bill
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeannine Garnett
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caitlin May
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Svetlana Bolshakov
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dina Lev
- Department of Surgery, The Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raphael E. Pollock
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX, USA
- The Sarcoma Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH, USA
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23
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Identification of a novel MET mutation in high-grade glioma resulting in an auto-active intracellular protein. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:131-44. [PMID: 25862637 PMCID: PMC4469304 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MET has gained interest as a therapeutic target for a number of malignancies because of its involvement in tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis. At present, a number of inhibitors, both antibodies against MET or its ligand hepatocyte growth factor, and small molecule MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials. We here describe a novel variant of MET that is expressed in 6 % of high-grade gliomas. Characterization of this mutation in a glioma cell line revealed that it consists of an intronic deletion, resulting in a splice event connecting an intact splice donor site in exon 6 with the next splice acceptor site being that of exon 9. The encoded protein lacks parts of the extracellular IPT domains 1 and 2, encoded by exons 7 and 8, resulting in a novel pseudo-IPT and is named METΔ7−8. METΔ7−8 is located predominantly in the cytosol and is constitutively active. The auto-activating nature of METΔ7−8, in combination with a lack of transmembrane localization, renders METΔ7−8 not targetable using antibodies, although the protein is efficiently deactivated by MET-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Testing of MET-expressing tumors for the presence of this variant may be important for treatment decision making.
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Hao NB, Tang B, Wang GZ, Xie R, Hu CJ, Wang SM, Wu YY, Liu E, Xie X, Yang SM. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) upregulates heparanase expression via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway for gastric cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:57-66. [PMID: 25727320 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPA) is an endoglucuronidase that can promote the shedding of associated cytokines in several types of tumors. However, little is known about what controls the expression of HPA or its role in gastric cancer. In this study, we report for the first time that HGF regulates HPA expression to promote gastric cancer metastasis. In this study, HGF and HPA were found to be significantly expressed in 58 gastric cancer patients. High expression of both HGF and HPA was positively associated with TNM stage, invasion depth and poor prognosis. In MKN74 cells, exogenous HGF significantly increased HPA expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further study revealed that HGF first activated PI3K/Akt signaling. NF-κB signaling was activated downstream of PI3K/Akt and promoted HPA expression. However, when c-met, PI3K/Akt or NF-κB signal inhibitors were used, HPA expression was significantly decreased. All of these results indicate that HGF regulates HPA expression by PI3K/Akt and downstream NF-κB signaling. Using bioinformatics and the ChIP assay, p65 was observed to bind to the HPA promoter. Furthermore, HGF significantly induced tumor cell migration, whereas treatment with an NF-κB inhibitor decreased migration. Moreover, when HPA was overexpressed in MKN74 cells, migration was significantly enhanced, and the HGF concentration was increased. However, when HPA was down-regulated in MKN45 cells, migration and HGF levels decreased. Together, these results demonstrate that HGF/c-met can activate PI3K/Akt and downstream NF-κB signaling to promote HPA expression and subsequent tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Bo Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guo-Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Su-Min Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yu-Yun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - En Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Xia Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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25
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Li L, Puliyappadamba VT, Chakraborty S, Rehman A, Vemireddy V, Saha D, Souza RF, Hatanpaa KJ, Koduru P, Burma S, Boothman DA, Habib AA. EGFR wild type antagonizes EGFRvIII-mediated activation of Met in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:129-134. [PMID: 24362532 PMCID: PMC4804705 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)vIII is the most common EGFR mutant found in glioblastoma (GBM). EGFRvIII does not bind ligand, is highly oncogenic and is usually coexpressed with EGFR wild type (EGFRwt). EGFRvIII activates Met, and Met contributes to EGFRvIII-mediated oncogenicity and resistance to treatment. Here, we report that addition of EGF results in a rapid loss of EGFRvIII-driven Met phosphorylation in glioma cells. Met is associated with EGFRvIII in a physical complex. Addition of EGF results in a dissociation of the EGFRvIII-Met complex with a concomitant loss of Met phosphorylation. Consistent with the abrogation of Met activation, addition of EGF results in the inhibition of EGFRvIII-mediated resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, our study suggests that ligand in the milieu of EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells is likely to influence the EGFRvIII-Met interaction and resistance to treatment, and highlights a novel antagonistic interaction between EGFRwt and EGFRvIII in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - VT Puliyappadamba
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Chakraborty
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - V Vemireddy
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - RF Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Esophagal Diseases Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - KJ Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - P Koduru
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - DA Boothman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - AA Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
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Gray GK, McFarland BC, Nozell SE, Benveniste EN. NF-κB and STAT3 in glioblastoma: therapeutic targets coming of age. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1293-306. [PMID: 25262780 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.964211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since we last addressed the roles of NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling in glioblastoma (GBM) 5 years ago, tremendous strides have been made in the understanding of these two pathways in glioma biology. Contributing to prosurvival mechanisms, cancer stem cell maintenance and treatment resistance, both NF-κB and STAT3 have been characterized as major drivers of GBM. In this review, we address general improvements in the molecular understanding of GBM, the structure of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling, the ways in which these pathways contribute to GBM and advances in preclinical and clinical targeting of these two signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, 1900 University Blvd, THT 926A, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0006, USA
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27
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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28
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Han Y, Luo Y, Zhao J, Li M, Jiang Y. Overexpression of c-Met increases the tumor invasion of human prostate LNCaP cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1618-1624. [PMID: 25202379 PMCID: PMC4156182 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that may be activated by hepatocyte growth factor, an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to regulate the associated downstream gene expression. This process is critical to cell migration in normal and pathological conditions. In the present study, the function of c-Met in the process of EMT was investigated in prostate cancer. Initially, a c-Met stable expression cell line was constructed using EMT- and c-Met-negative LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Following the identification of c-Met in the transfected cells, the changes in EMT, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway biomarkers were determined by western blot analysis. MTT, soft agar and Transwell assays, and xenograft studies were used to investigate the effects of c-Met on the proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity of LNCaP cells. The results of the present study revealed downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin in LNCaP-Met cells. The results demonstrated that c-Met enhanced proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity capacity when compared with LNCaP and LNCaP-pcDNA3.1 cells. Furthermore, these EMT-like changes were mediated via the PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. The present study clearly demonstrates a crucial function for c-Met in EMT development in prostate cancer. c-Met-targeted treatment may be an effective adjuvant therapy for improving survival rates in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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29
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Bolouri H. Network dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 30:52-9. [PMID: 24582766 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary path from tumor initiation to metastasis can only be fully understood by considering cancer cells as part of a multi-species ecosystem within the tumor microenvironment. This paper reviews and suggests two important recent trends. Firstly, I review arguments that interactions among diverse cells in the tumor microenvironment create a distinct cellular environment that can confer growth advantages, resist interventions, and allow tumors to remain dormant for long periods. Second, I review and highlight a trend toward data-rich, molecularly detailed, computational models of the tumor microenvironment. I argue that data-driven molecularly detailed tumor microenvironment models can now be built using data from multiple emerging high-throughput technologies, and that such models can pinpoint mechanisms of dysregulation and suggest specific drug targets and follow up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bolouri
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, USA.
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30
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Tao X, Hill KS, Gaziova I, Sastry SK, Qui S, Szaniszlo P, Fennewald S, Resto VA, Elferink LA. Silencing Met receptor tyrosine kinase signaling decreased oral tumor growth and increased survival of nude mice. Oral Oncol 2013; 50:104-12. [PMID: 24268630 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) is frequently overexpressed in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), correlating positively with high-grade tumors and shortened patient survival. As such, Met may represent an important therapeutic target. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of Met signaling for HNSCC growth and locoregional dissemination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a lentiviral system for RNA interference, we knocked down Met in established HNSCC cell lines that express high levels of the endogenous receptor. The effect of Met silencing on in vitro proliferation, cell survival and migration was examined using western analysis, immunohistochemistry and live cell imaging. In vivo tumor growth, dissemination and mouse survival was assessed using an orthotopic tongue mouse model for HNSCC. RESULTS We show that Met knockdown (1) impaired activation of downstream MAPK signaling; (2) reduced cell viability and anchorage independent growth; (3) abrogated HGF-induced cell motility on laminin; (4) reduced in vivo tumor growth by increased cell apoptosis; (5) caused reduced incidence of tumor dissemination to regional lymph nodes and (6) increased the survival of nude mice with orthotopic xenografts. CONCLUSION Met signaling is important for HNSCC growth and locoregional dissemination in vivo and that targeting Met may be an important strategy for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - K S Hill
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - I Gaziova
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - S K Sastry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States; Department of Sealy Center for Cancer Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - S Qui
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States; Department of Sealy Center for Cancer Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - P Szaniszlo
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - S Fennewald
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - V A Resto
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States; Department of Sealy Center for Cancer Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States
| | - L A Elferink
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States; Department of Sealy Center for Cancer Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1074, United States.
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Gan HK, Cvrljevic AN, Johns TG. The epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII): where wild things are altered. FEBS J 2013; 280:5350-70. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui K. Gan
- Tumour Targeting Program; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Anna N. Cvrljevic
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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