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Vlashi R, Sun F, Zheng C, Zhang X, Liu J, Chen G. The molecular biology of NF2/Merlin on tumorigenesis and development. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23809. [PMID: 38967126 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400019rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene, known for encoding the tumor suppressor protein Merlin, is central to the study of tumorigenesis and associated cellular processes. This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted role of NF2/Merlin, detailing its structural characteristics, functional diversity, and involvement in various signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo, TGF-β, RTKs, mTOR, Notch, and Hedgehog. These pathways are crucial for cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation. NF2 mutations are specifically linked to the development of schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas, although the precise mechanisms of tumor formation in these specific cell types remain unclear. Additionally, the review explores Merlin's role in embryogenesis, highlighting the severe developmental defects and embryonic lethality caused by NF2 deficiency. The potential therapeutic strategies targeting these genetic aberrations are also discussed, emphasizing inhibitors of mTOR, HDAC, and VEGF as promising avenues for treatment. This synthesis of current knowledge underscores the necessity for ongoing research to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of NF2/Merlin and develop effective therapeutic strategies, ultimately aiming to improve the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with NF2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexhina Vlashi
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuju Sun
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenggong Zheng
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Minimally Invasive Surgery in Orthopaedics & Skeletal Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Cancer Center, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guiqian Chen
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Zinc Supplementation Enhances the Pro-Death Function of UPR in Lymphoma Cells Exposed to Radiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010132. [PMID: 35053130 PMCID: PMC8773084 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is of fundamental importance to find strategies able to reduce the minimum doses of anticancer treatments, such as radiations, and concomitantly maintain efficient killing of cancer cells. The interconnection between ER stress and DNA repair may represent a promising approach to obtaining this goal. Here we found that pretreatment of lymphoma cells with Zinc chloride rendered these cells more sensitive to 2 Gy radiation. The exacerbation of ER stress and the activation pro-death function of UPR were among the underlying mechanisms leading to higher cytotoxicity of Zinc/radiation combination treatment. This evidence encourages the use of Zinc to reduce the doses of radiation in the treatment of lymphoma cells, allowing a high cytotoxicity to be obtained while minimizing the side effects. Abstract We have previously shown that Zinc supplementation triggered ER stress/UPR in cancer cells undergoing treatment by genotoxic agents, reactivated wtp53 in cancer cells harboring mutant p53 (mutp53) and potentiated the activity of wtp53 in those carrying wtp53. In this study, we used Zinc chloride alone or in combination with 2 Gy radiation to treat Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) cells, an aggressive B-cell lymphoma associated with KSHV that harbors wt or partially functioning p53. We found that Zinc triggered a mild ER stress/UPR in these lymphoma cells and activated ERK1/2, molecule known to sustain cell survival in the course of UPR activation. In combination with radiations, Zinc triggered a stronger p53 activation that counteracted its mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, further upregulating the UPR molecule CHOP and promoting cell death. These data suggest that Zinc supplementation could be a promising strategy to reduce the doses of radiation and possibly of other DNA-damaging agents to obtain an efficient capacity to induce lymphoma cell death.
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Wattanathamsan O, Chetprayoon P, Chantaravisoot N, Wongkongkathep P, Chanvorachote P, Pongrakhananon V. CAMSAP3 depletion induces lung cancer cell senescence-associated phenotypes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase inactivation. Cancer Med 2021; 10:8961-8975. [PMID: 34724356 PMCID: PMC8683528 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular senescence is an aging‐related process found in cancer cells that contributes to irreversible growth arrest and tumor aggressiveness. Recently, calmodulin‐regulated spectrin‐associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), a minus‐end microtubule‐stabilizing protein, has received increasing attention in cancer cell biology. However, the biological role of CAMSAP3 on senescence in human lung cancer remains incompletely understood. Methods The function of CAMSAP3 on the regulation of cellular senescence‐associated phenotypes in human non‐small cell lung cancer H460 cells were determined in CAMSAP3 deletion (H460/C3ko) cells. The effects of CAMSAP3 on cell proliferation were investigated using MTT and colony formation assays. The cell cycle activity was evaluated by flow cytometry and the senescence‐associated phenotypes were observed by SA‐β‐Gal staining. Quantitative RT‐PCR and westen blot were used to evaluate the expression of cell cycle and senescence markers. Moreover, the interaction of CAMSAP3‐ERK1/2 and possible partner protein was quantified using immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence. Lastly, an xenograft model were performed. Results CAMSAP3 knockout promotes lung cancer cell senescence‐associated phenotypes and induces G1 cell cycle arrest. Mechanistic investigation revealed that phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) was markedly downregulated in CAMSAP3‐deleted cells, suppressing cyclin D1 expression levels, and full‐length CAMSAP3 abrogated these phenotypes. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that vimentin, an intermediate filament protein, is required as a scaffold for CAMSAP3‐modulating ERK signaling. Furthermore, an in vivo tumor xenograft experiment showed that tumor initiation is potentially delayed in CAMSAP3 knockout tumors with the downregulation of p‐ERK and cyclin D1, resulting in a senescence‐like phenotype. Conclusion This study is the first to report an intriguing role of CAMSAP3 in lung carcinoma cell senescence‐associated phenotypes via the modulation of p‐ERK/cyclin D1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Su Z, Gao A, Li X, Zou S, He C, Wu J, Ding WQ, Zhou J. DNA Polymerase Iota Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation Through Erk-OGT-Induced G6PD Overactivation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706337. [PMID: 34354953 PMCID: PMC8329663 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers with rapid progression and a high mortality rate. Our previous study demonstrated that DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is overexpressed in ESCC tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. However, its role in ESCC proliferation remains obscure. We report here that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation and progression through Erk- O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) regulated Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) overactivation. Cell clonogenic ability was assessed by colony formation assay. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU incorporation assay. Our transcriptome data was reanalyzed by GSEA and validated by analysis of cellular metabolism, G6PD activity, and cellular NADPH concentration. The level of Pol ι, OGT, G6PD and O-GlcNAcylation in ESCC cells and patient samples were analyzed. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 was applied to confirm OGT expression regulation by the Erk signaling. The G6PD inhibitor polydatin was used to examine the role of G6PD activation in Pol ι promoted proliferation. We found that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation. It shunted the glucose flux towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by activating G6PD through OGT-promoted O-GlcNAcylation. The expression of OGT was positively correlated with Pol ι expression and O-GlcNAcylation. Notably, elevated O-GlcNAcylation was correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Pol ι was shown to stimulate Erk signaling to enhance OGT expression, and the G6PD inhibitor polydatin attenuated Pol ι induced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Pol ι activates G6PD through Erk-OGT-induced O-GlcNAcylation to promote the proliferation and progression of ESCC, supporting the notion that Pol ι is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzi Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Targeting of the ERK Signaling Pathway Inhibits Invasive Propensity in Human Pancreatic Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:107-117. [PMID: 32322667 PMCID: PMC7163052 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells have an exceptional ability to invade nerves through pronounced crosstalk between nerves and cancer cells; however, the mechanism of PDAC cell invasion remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of telomerase-specific oncolytic adenoviruses, OBP-301 and tumor suppressor p53-armed OBP-702, against human PDAC cells. Highly invasive PDAC cells exhibited higher levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) expression independent of KRAS expression; ERK1/2 inhibitor or small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment significantly reduced the migration and invasion of PDAC cells, suggesting that the ERK signaling pathway is associated with the invasiveness of PDAC cells. OBP-702 infection suppressed ERK signaling and inhibited PDAC cell migration and invasion more efficiently than OBP-301. OBP-702 also effectively inhibited PDAC cell invasion even when invasiveness was enhanced by administration of motility stimulators, such as nerve and neurosecretory factors. Moreover, noninvasive whole-body imaging analyses showed that OBP-702 significantly suppressed tumor growth in an orthotopic PDAC xenograft model, although both viruses were equally effective against subcutaneous tumors, suggesting that OBP-702 can influence the orthotopic tumor microenvironment. Our data suggest that oncolytic virus-mediated disruption of ERK signaling is a promising antitumor strategy for attenuating the invasiveness of PDAC cells.
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Liebl MC, Hofmann TG. Cell Fate Regulation upon DNA Damage: p53 Serine 46 Kinases Pave the Cell Death Road. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900127. [PMID: 31621101 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild and massive DNA damage are differentially integrated into the cellular signaling networks and, in consequence, provoke different cell fate decisions. After mild damage, the tumor suppressor p53 directs the cellular response to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and cell survival, whereas upon severe damage, p53 drives the cell death response. One posttranslational modification of p53, phosphorylation at Serine 46, selectively occurs after severe DNA damage and is envisioned as a marker of the cell death response. However, the molecular mechanism of action of the p53 Ser46 phospho-isomer, the molecular timing of this phosphorylation event, and its activating effects on apoptosis and ferroptosis still await exploration. In this essay, the current body of evidence on the molecular function of this deadly p53 mark, its evolutionary conservation, and the regulation of the key players of this response, the p53 Serine 46 kinases, are reviewed and dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena C Liebl
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Wang Y, Bonavida B. A New Linkage between the Tumor Suppressor RKIP and Autophagy: Targeted Therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncog 2019; 23:281-305. [PMID: 30311561 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2018027211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complexities of molecular signaling in cancer cells have been hypothesized to mediate cross-network alterations of oncogenic processes such as uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation, acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. The two biochemically exclusive processes/proteins examined in the present review are the metastasis suppressor Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) and the cell-intrinsic system of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy). RKIP is poorly expressed in human cancer tissues, and low expression levels are correlated with high incidence of tumor growth, metastasis, poor treatment efficacy, and poor prognoses in cancer patients. By comparison, autophagy is a conserved cytoprotective degradation pathway that has been shown to influence the acquisition of resistance to hypoxia and nutrient depletion as well as the regulation of chemo-immuno-resistance and apoptotic evasion. Evidently, a broad library of cancer-relevant studies exists for RKIP and autophagy, although reports of the interactions between pathways involving RKIP and autophagy have been relatively sparse. To circumvent this limitation, the coordinate regulatory and effector mechanisms were examined for both RKIP and autophagy. Here, we propose three putative pathways that demonstrate the inherent pleiotropism and relevance of RKIP and the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3, LC3) on cell growth, proliferation, senescence, and EMT, among the hallmarks of cancer. Our findings suggest that signaling modules involving p53, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Snail highlight the novel roles for RKIP in the control of autophagy and vice versa. The suggested potential crosstalk mechanisms are new areas of research in which to further study RKIP and autophagy in cancer models. These should lead to novel prognostic motifs and will provide alternative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of unresponsive aggressive cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747
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Lu M, Wang Y, Zhan X. The MAPK Pathway-Based Drug Therapeutic Targets in Pituitary Adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:330. [PMID: 31231308 PMCID: PMC6558377 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include ERK, p38, and JNK MAPK subfamilies, which are crucial regulators of cellular physiology, cell pathology, and many diseases including cancers. For the MAPK signaling system in pituitary adenomas (PAs), the activation of ERK signaling is generally thought to promote cell proliferation and growth; whereas the activations of p38 and JNK signaling are generally thought to promote cell apoptosis. The role of MAPK in treatment of PAs is demonstrated through the effects of currently used medications such as somatostatin analogs such as SOM230 and OCT, dopamine agonists such as cabergoline and bromocriptine, and retinoic acid which inhibit the MAPK pathway. Further, there are potential novel therapies based on putative molecular targets of the MAPK pathway, including 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), dopamine-somatostatin chimeric compound (BIM-23A760), ursolic acid (UA), fulvestrant, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), epidermal growth factor pathway substrate number 8 (Eps8), transmembrane protein with EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains (TMEFF2), cold inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP), miR-16, and mammaliansterile-20-like kinase (MST4). The combined use of ERK inhibitor (e.g., SOM230, OCT, or dopamine) plus p38 activator (e.g., cabergoline, bromocriptine, and fulvestrant) and/or JNK activator (e.g., UA), or the development of single drug (e.g., BIM-23A760) to target both ERK and p38 or JNK pathways, might produce better anti-tumor effects on PAs. This article reviews the advances in understanding the role of MAPK signaling in pituitary tumorigenesis, and the MAPK pathway-based potential therapeutic drugs for PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Raquel-Cunha A, Cardoso-Carneiro D, Reis RM, Martinho O. Current Status of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in Lung Cancer: Behind RTK Signaling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050442. [PMID: 31083461 PMCID: PMC6562953 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most deadly neoplasm with the highest incidence in both genders, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most frequent subtype. Somatic mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are key drivers of NSCLC progression, with EGFR inhibitors being particularly beneficial for patients carrying the so-called “EGFR-sensitizing mutations”. However, patients eventually acquire resistance to these EGFR inhibitors, and a better knowledge of other driven and targetable proteins will allow the design of increasingly accurate drugs against patients’ specific molecular aberrations. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an important modulator of relevant intracellular signaling pathways, including those controlled by EGFR, such as MAPK. It has been reported that it has metastasis suppressor activity and a prognostic role in several solid tumors, including lung cancer. In the present review, the potential use of RKIP in the clinic as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of therapy response in lung cancer is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Diana Cardoso-Carneiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo 14784 400, Brazil.
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Zou J, Lei T, Guo P, Yu J, Xu Q, Luo Y, Ke R, Huang D. Mechanisms shaping the role of ERK1/2 in cellular senescence (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:759-770. [PMID: 30535440 PMCID: PMC6323238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a result of cellular stress and is a potential mechanism for regulating cancer. As a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) has an important role in delivering extracellular signals to the nucleus, and these signals regulate the cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell development. Previous studies demonstrated that ERK1/2 is closely associated with cell aging; however other previous studies suggested that ERK1/2 exerts an opposite effect on aging models and target proteins, even within the same cell model. Recent studies demonstrated that the effect of ERK1/2 on aging is likely associated with its target proteins and regulators, negative feedback loops, phosphorylated ERK1/2 factors and ERK1/2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The present review aims to examine the mechanism of ERK1/2 and discuss its role in cellular outcomes and novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Zou
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Lei
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Jason Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Qichao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Xinyu City, Xinyu, Jiangxi 338025, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ke
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deqiang Huang
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Kazakov A, Hall RA, Werner C, Meier T, Trouvain A, Rodionycheva S, Nickel A, Lammert F, Maack C, Böhm M, Laufs U. Raf kinase inhibitor protein mediates myocardial fibrosis under conditions of enhanced myocardial oxidative stress. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:42. [PMID: 30191336 PMCID: PMC6133069 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a hallmark of maladaptive cardiac remodelling. Here we report that genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses in recombinant inbred mouse lines of C57BL/6 J and DBA2/J strains identified Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) as genetic marker of fibrosis progression. C57BL/6 N-RKIP−/− mice demonstrated diminished fibrosis induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) treatment compared with wild-type controls. TAC-induced expression of collagen Iα2 mRNA, Ki67+ fibroblasts and marker of oxidative stress 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-dOHG)+ fibroblasts as well as the number of fibrocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were markedly reduced in C57BL/6 N-RKIP−/− mice. RKIP-deficient cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated decreased migration and fibronectin production. This was accompanied by a two-fold increase of the nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the main transcriptional activator of antioxidative proteins, and reduced expression of its inactivators. To test the importance of oxidative stress for this signaling, C57BL/6 J mice were studied. C57BL/6 J, but not the C57BL/6 N-strain, is protected from TAC-induced oxidative stress due to mutation of the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene (Nnt). After TAC surgery, the hearts of Nnt-deficient C57BL/6 J-RKIP−/− mice revealed diminished oxidative stress, increased left ventricular (LV) fibrosis and collagen Iα2 as well as enhanced basal nuclear expression of Nrf2. In human LV myocardium from both non-failing and failing hearts, RKIP-protein correlated negatively with the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. In summary, under conditions of Nnt-dependent enhanced myocardial oxidative stress induced by TAC, RKIP plays a maladaptive role for fibrotic myocardial remodeling by suppressing the Nrf2-related beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kazakov
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 100, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Rabea A Hall
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Ernährungsmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 77, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Werner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 100, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Timo Meier
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 100, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - André Trouvain
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 100, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Rodionycheva
- Klinik für Thorax- und Herz-Gefäßchirurgie, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 57, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nickel
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, am Schwarzenberg 15, A15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Lammert
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Ernährungsmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 77, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herzinsuffizienz, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, am Schwarzenberg 15, A15, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universität/Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Strasse 100, IMED, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Cho JH, Oh AY, Park S, Kang SM, Yoon MH, Woo TG, Hong SD, Hwang J, Ha NC, Lee HY, Park BJ. Loss of NF2 Induces TGFβ Receptor 1–mediated Noncanonical and Oncogenic TGFβ Signaling: Implication of the Therapeutic Effect of TGFβ Receptor 1 Inhibitor on NF2 Syndrome. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2271-2284. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Crassini K, Pyke T, Shen Y, Stevenson WS, Christopherson RI, Mulligan SP, Best OG. Inhibition of the Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) by locostatin induces cell death and reduces the CXCR4-mediated migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2917-2928. [PMID: 29911936 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1455974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an important regulatory element in multiple signaling pathways, including MAPK-ERK1/2. We investigated whether targeted disruption of RKIP is a therapeutic option for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The RKIP inhibitor locostatin-induced apoptosis of CLL cells, irrespective of poor prognostic indications or treatment history. Locostatin down-regulated MAPK-ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation, decreased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 (p = .04) and reduced the migratory capacity of CLL cells toward stroma-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α, p = .02). Immuno-blotting and immuno-precipitation showed that RKIP is constitutively phosphorylated and highly expressed in CLL cells and that the actions of locostatin may be mediated by binding of G-protein receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) to MEK1 and AKT. Collectively, our data suggest that inhibition of RKIP may be effective against CLL, reducing the survival and migratory capacity of the leukemic cells through down-regulation of MAPK-ERK1/2 and AKT-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia
| | - Tahni Pyke
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yandong Shen
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - William S Stevenson
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - Stephen P Mulligan
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Oliver Giles Best
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards , Sydney , Australia.,b School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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14
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Adeola HA, Smith M, Kaestner L, Blackburn JM, Zerbini LF. Novel potential serological prostate cancer biomarkers using CT100+ cancer antigen microarray platform in a multi-cultural South African cohort. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13945-64. [PMID: 26885621 PMCID: PMC4924690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for high throughput diagnostic tools for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of prostate cancer (PCa) in Africa. The role of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) in PCa in men of African descent is poorly researched. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the role of 123 Tumour Associated Antigens (TAAs) using antigen microarray platform in blood samples (N = 67) from a South African PCa, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and disease control (DC) cohort. Linear (fold-over-cutoff) and differential expression quantitation of autoantibody signal intensities were performed. Molecular signatures of candidate PCa antigen biomarkers were identified and analyzed for ethnic group variation. Potential cancer diagnostic and immunotherapeutic inferences were drawn. We identified a total of 41 potential diagnostic/therapeutic antigen biomarkers for PCa. By linear quantitation, four antigens, GAGE1, ROPN1, SPANXA1 and PRKCZ were found to have higher autoantibody titres in PCa serum as compared with BPH where MAGEB1 and PRKCZ were highly expressed. Also, p53 S15A and p53 S46A were found highly expressed in the disease control group. Statistical analysis by differential expression revealed twenty-four antigens as upregulated in PCa samples, while 11 were downregulated in comparison to BPH and DC (FDR = 0.01). FGFR2, COL6A1and CALM1 were verifiable biomarkers of PCa analysis using urinary shotgun proteomics. Functional pathway annotation of identified biomarkers revealed similar enrichment both at genomic and proteomic level and ethnic variations were observed. Cancer antigen arrays are emerging useful in potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic antigen biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Adeola
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muneerah Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa Kaestner
- Urology Department, Grootes Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Chen J, Du H, Zhang Y, Chen H, Zheng M, Lin P, Lan Q, Yuan Q, Lai Y, Pan X, Chen R, Liu N. Netrin-1 Prevents Rat Primary Cortical Neurons from Apoptosis via the DCC/ERK Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:387. [PMID: 29321724 PMCID: PMC5733550 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the nervous system, Netrin-1 serves as a neural guide, mediating the neuronal development. However, it remains blurred whether Netrin-1 can protect neurons from apoptosis induced by cerebral stroke. In the current study, the cultured rat primary cortical neurons were transfected with Netrin-1-encoding lentivirus before the oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) treatment. Cell death and apoptosis were evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and flow cytometry. We found that Netrin-1 attenuated OGD-induced cell death and neuronal apoptosis at 24 h after OGD treatment, and that the overexpression of Netrin-1 activated the ERK signaling pathway. These effects were partly abolished by blocking its receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) or U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK signaling pathway. Netrin-1 overexpression in neurons elevated the expression of DCC, on mRNA level and protein level. Netrin-1 also reduced DNA damage. Taken together, our findings suggest that Netrin-1 attenuates cell death and neuronal apoptosis via the DCC/ERK signaling pathway in the cultured primary cortical neurons after OGD injury, which may involve the mediation of DNA damage in the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Houwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixian Zhang
- Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mouwei Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quan Lan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qilin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Cerebral Vascular Disease of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Singhal SS, Singhal S, Singhal P, Singhal J, Horne D, Awasthi S. Didymin: an orally active citrus flavonoid for targeting neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:29428-29441. [PMID: 28187004 PMCID: PMC5438742 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a rapidly growing yet treatment responsive cancer, is the third most common cancer of children and the most common solid tumor in infants. Unfortunately, neuroblastoma that has lost p53 function often has a highly treatment-resistant phenotype leading to tragic outcomes. In the context of neuroblastoma, the functions of p53 and MYCN (which is amplified in ~25% of neuroblastomas) are integrally linked because they are mutually transcriptionally regulated, and because they together regulate the catalytic activity of RNA polymerases. Didymin is a citrus-derived natural compound that kills p53 wild-type as well as drug-resistant p53-mutant neuroblastoma cells in culture. In addition, orally administered didymin causes regression of neuroblastoma xenografts in mouse models, without toxicity to non-malignant cells, neural tissues, or neural stem cells. RKIP is a Raf-inhibitory protein that regulates MYCN activation, is transcriptionally upregulated by didymin, and appears to play a key role in the anti-neuroblastoma actions of didymin. In this review, we discuss how didymin overcomes drug-resistance in p53-mutant neuroblastoma through RKIP-mediated inhibition of MYCN and its effects on GRK2, PKCs, Let-7 micro-RNA, and clathrin-dependent endocytosis by Raf-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In addition, we will discuss studies supporting potential clinical impact and translation of didymin as a low cost, safe, and effective oral agent that could change the current treatment paradigm for refractory neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S. Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sulabh Singhal
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jyotsana Singhal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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17
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Li GW, Yang XF, Fu N, Ou-Yang Y, Qing K. Relation Between Cellular Senescence and Liver Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 31:121-126. [PMID: 28031101 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(16)30036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence refers to a process that cellular proliferation and differentiation modulated by the multiple stimulating factors gradually decline. Aging cells present the irreversible stop of proliferation and differentiation and change in secretory function because the cell cycle of aging cells is steadily blocked at some point. It has have been shown that cellular senescence plays an important role in the occurrence and development of liver diseases. In this paper, we review the advances in relations between cellular senescence and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated NanhuaHospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated NanhuaHospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated NanhuaHospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Ou-Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated NanhuaHospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Qing
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated NanhuaHospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China
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19
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NF2 blocks Snail-mediated p53 suppression in mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10073-85. [PMID: 25823924 PMCID: PMC4496341 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although asbestos causes malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), rising from lung mesothelium, the molecular mechanism has not been suggested until now. Extremely low mutation rate in classical tumor suppressor genes (such as p53 and pRb) and oncogenes (including Ras or myc) indicates that there would be MPM-specific carcinogenesis pathway. To address this, we treated silica to mimic mesothelioma carcinogenesis in mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (NSCLC). Treatment of silica induced p-Erk and Snail through RKIP reduction. In addition, p53 and E-cadherin were decreased by silica-treatment. Elimination of Snail restored p53 expression. We found that NF2 (frequently deleted in MPM) inhibited Snail-mediated p53 suppression and was stabilized by RKIP. Importantly, GN25, an inhibitor of p53-Snail interaction, induced p53 and apoptosis. These results indicate that MPM can be induced by reduction of RKIP/NF2, which suppresses p53 through Snail. Thus, the p53-Snail binding inhibitor such as GN25 is a drug candidate for MPM.
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20
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Martinho O, Campos M, Ribeiro G, Penna V, Curcelli EC, Olivieri MV, Morini S, Scapulatempo C, Abrahão-Machado LF, Reis RM. Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Expression and Prognostic Value in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Pathobiology 2016; 83:41-6. [PMID: 26859895 DOI: 10.1159/000441227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are heterogeneous tumors displaying multiple and complex molecular abnormalities with no specific pattern. Despite current therapeutic advances, the patients with STS still have a poor outcome, which makes it necessary to find out new prognostic markers. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) has been associated with prognosis in several human neoplasms; however, its role in STS is unknown. METHODS In the present study RKIP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a series of 87 STSs, and its expression profile was associated with the patients' pathological parameters. RESULTS We found that RKIP is expressed in the cytoplasm of the great majority of cases, and absent in only approximately 18% of cases (16/87). Importantly, we observed that loss of RKIP expression was associated with poor outcome, constituting an independent prognostic marker. CONCLUSION This is the first study assessing RKIP expression levels in STS. We showed that loss of RKIP expression is present in a small subset of cases; however, its absence was associated with poor survival and may be a potential marker for STS prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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21
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Abstract
The predominant function of the tumor suppressor p53 is transcriptional regulation. It is generally accepted that p53-dependent transcriptional activation occurs by binding to a specific recognition site in promoters of target genes. Additionally, several models for p53-dependent transcriptional repression have been postulated. Here, we evaluate these models based on a computational meta-analysis of genome-wide data. Surprisingly, several major models of p53-dependent gene regulation are implausible. Meta-analysis of large-scale data is unable to confirm reports on directly repressed p53 target genes and falsifies models of direct repression. This notion is supported by experimental re-analysis of representative genes reported as directly repressed by p53. Therefore, p53 is not a direct repressor of transcription, but solely activates its target genes. Moreover, models based on interference of p53 with activating transcription factors as well as models based on the function of ncRNAs are also not supported by the meta-analysis. As an alternative to models of direct repression, the meta-analysis leads to the conclusion that p53 represses transcription indirectly by activation of the p53-p21-DREAM/RB pathway.
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Key Words
- CDE, cell cycle-dependent element
- CDKN1A
- CHR, cell cycle genes homology region
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DREAM complex
- DREAM, DP, RB-like, E2F4, and MuvB complex
- E2F/RB complex
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- NF-Y, Nuclear factor Y
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- genome-wide meta-analysis
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- a Molecular Oncology; Medical School ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
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22
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Mishra S, Das S, Aggarwal S, Rani V. Anticedants and natural prevention of environmental toxicants induced accelerated aging of skin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:384-391. [PMID: 25555260 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin is frequently exposed to a variety of environmental and chemical agents that accelerate ageing. External stress such as UV radiations (UVR) and environmental pollutants majorly deteriorate the skin morphology, by activating certain intrinsic factors such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which trigger the activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory responses hence damaging the extracellular matrix (ECM) components. To counter this, an exogenous supply of anti-oxidants, is required since the endogenous anti-oxidant system cannot alone suffice the need. Bio-prospecting of natural resources for anti-oxidants has hence been intensified. Immense research is being carried out to identify potential plants with potent anti-oxidant activity against skin ageing. This review summarizes the major factors responsible for premature skin ageing and the plants being targeted to lessen the impact of those.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shefali Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibha Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307 Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Doubling down on the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway enhances the antitumor efficacy of PARP inhibitor in triple negative breast cancer model beyond BRCA-ness. Neoplasia 2014; 16:43-72. [PMID: 24563619 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, in addition to its pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on tumor cells, contributes to DNA damage repair (DDR). We hypothesized that GDC-0980, a dual PI3K-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, would induce an efficient antitumor effect in BRCA-competent triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) model when combined with ABT888 and carboplatin. Mechanism-based in vitro studies demonstrated that GDC-0980 treatment alone or in combination led to DNA damage (increased pγH2AX(S139); Western blot, immunofluorescence), gain in poly ADP-ribose (PAR), and a subsequent sensitization of BRCA-competent TNBC cells to ABT888 plus carboplatin with a time-dependent 1) decrease in proliferation signals (pAKTT308/S473, pP70S6KT421/S424, pS6RPS235/236), PAR/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) ratios, PAR/pγH2AX ratios, live/dead cell ratios, cell cycle progression, and three-dimensional clonogenic growths and 2) increase in apoptosis markers (cleaved caspases 3 and 9, a pro-apoptotic BH3-only of Bcl-2 family (BIM), cleaved PARP, annexin V). The combination was effective in vitro in BRCA-wild-type PIK3CA-H1047R-mutated BT20 and PTEN-null HCC70 cells. The combination blocked the growth of established xenograft tumors by 80% to 90% with a concomitant decrease in tumor Ki67, CD31, phosphorylated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, pS6RPS235/236, and p4EBP1T37/46 as well as an increase in cleaved caspase 3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) levels. Interestingly, a combination with GDC-0941, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, failed to block the tumor growth in MDA-MB231. Results demonstrate that the dual inhibition of PI3K and mTOR regulates DDR. In a BRCA-competent model, GDC-0980 enhanced the antitumor activity of ABT888 plus carboplatin by inhibiting both tumor cell proliferation and tumor-induced angiogenesis along with an increase in the tumor cell apoptosis. This is the first mechanism-based study to demonstrate the integral role of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in DDR-mediated antitumor action of PARP inhibitor in TNBC.
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24
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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Sclafani F, Gonzalez D, Cunningham D, Hulkki Wilson S, Peckitt C, Tabernero J, Glimelius B, Cervantes A, Dewdney A, Wotherspoon A, Brown G, Tait D, Oates J, Chau I. TP53 mutational status and cetuximab benefit in rectal cancer: 5-year results of the EXPERT-C trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju121. [PMID: 24957073 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this updated analysis of the EXPERT-C trial we show that, in magnetic resonance imaging-defined, high-risk, locally advanced rectal cancer, adding cetuximab to a treatment strategy with neoadjuvant CAPOX followed by chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant CAPOX is not associated with a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in both KRAS/BRAF wild-type and unselected patients. In a retrospective biomarker analysis, TP53 was not prognostic but emerged as an independent predictive biomarker for cetuximab benefit. After a median follow-up of 65.0 months, TP53 wild-type patients (n = 69) who received cetuximab had a statistically significant better PFS (89.3% vs 65.0% at 5 years; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07 to 0.78; two-sided P = .02 by Cox regression) and OS (92.7% vs 67.5% at 5 years; HR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.70; two-sided P = .02 by Cox regression) than TP53 wild-type patients who were treated in the control arm. An interaction between TP53 status and cetuximab effect was found (P < .05) and remained statistically significant after adjusting for statistically significant prognostic factors and KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sclafani
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - David Gonzalez
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - David Cunningham
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC).
| | - Sanna Hulkki Wilson
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Clare Peckitt
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Bengt Glimelius
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Andrés Cervantes
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Alice Dewdney
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Andrew Wotherspoon
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Gina Brown
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Diana Tait
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Jacqueline Oates
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
| | - Ian Chau
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London and Surrey, UK (FS, DG, DC, SHW, SP, AD, AW, GB, DT, JO, IC); Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (JT); Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden (BG); Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (AC)
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Cheung CT, Singh R, Kalra RS, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Collaborator of ARF (CARF) regulates proliferative fate of human cells by dose-dependent regulation of DNA damage signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18258-69. [PMID: 24825908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.547208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collaborator of ARF (CARF) has been shown to directly bind to and regulate p53, a central protein that controls tumor suppression via cellular senescence and apoptosis. However, the cellular functions of CARF and the mechanisms governing its effect on senescence, apoptosis, or proliferation are still unknown. Our previous studies have shown that (i) CARF is up-regulated during replicative and stress-induced senescence, and its exogenous overexpression caused senescence-like growth arrest of cells, and (ii) suppression of CARF induces aneuploidy, DNA damage, and mitotic catastrophe, resulting in apoptosis via the ATR/CHK1 pathway. In the present study, we dissected the cellular role of CARF by investigating the molecular pathways triggered by its overexpression in vitro and in vivo. We found that the dosage of CARF is a critical factor in determining the proliferation potential of cancer cells. Most surprisingly, although a moderate level of CARF overexpression induced senescence, a very high level of CARF resulted in increased cell proliferation. We demonstrate that the level of CARF is crucial for DNA damage and checkpoint response of cells through ATM/CHK1/CHK2, p53, and ERK pathways that in turn determine the proliferative fate of cancer cells toward growth arrest or proproliferative and malignant phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the capability of a fundamental protein, CARF, in controlling cell proliferation in two opposite directions and hence may play a key role in tumor biology and cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajkumar S Kalra
- From the Cell Proliferation Research Group and Department of Biotechnology (DBT, India)-National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST, Japan) International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- From the Cell Proliferation Research Group and Department of Biotechnology (DBT, India)-National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST, Japan) International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- From the Cell Proliferation Research Group and Department of Biotechnology (DBT, India)-National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST, Japan) International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
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