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Apolipoprotein(a), an enigmatic anti-angiogenic glycoprotein in human plasma: A curse or cure? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104858. [PMID: 32430285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely co-ordinated, multi-step developmental process of the new vascular structure. Even though angiogenesis is regularly occurring in physiological events such as embryogenesis, in adults, it is restricted to specific tissue sites where rapid cell-turnover and membrane synthesis occurs. Both excessive and insufficient angiogenesis lead to vascular disorders such as cancer, ocular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, intra-uterine growth restriction, ischemic heart disease, stroke etc. Occurrence of altered lipid profile and vascular lipid deposition along with vascular disorders is a hallmark of impaired angiogenesis. Among lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a) needs special attention due to the presence of a multi-kringle protein subunit, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which is structurally homologous to many naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins such as plasminogen and angiostatin. Researchers have constructed different recombinant forms of apo(a) (rhLK68, rhLK8, RHACK2, KV-11, and AU-6) and successfully exploited its potential to inhibit unwanted angiogenesis during tumor metastasis and retinal neovascularization. Similar to naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins, apo(a) can directly interfere with angiogenic signaling pathways. Besides this, apo(a) can also exert its anti-angiogenic effect indirectly by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, by inhibiting endothelial progenitor cell functions or by upregulating nuclear factors in endothelial cells via apo(a)-bound oxPLs. However, the impact of the anti-angiogenic potential of native apo(a) during physiological angiogenesis in embryos and wounded tissues is not yet explored. In this context, we review the studies so far done to demonstrate the anti-angiogenic activity of apo(a) and the recent developments in using apo(a) as a therapeutic agent to treat impaired angiogenesis during vascular disorders, with emphasis on the gaps in the literature.
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A phase 1, open label, dose escalation study to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MG1102 (apolipoprotein(a) Kringle V) in patients with solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:773-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lockworth CR, Kim SJ, Liu J, Palla SL, Craig SL. Effect of Enrichment Devices on Aggression in Manipulated Nude Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2015; 54:731-736. [PMID: 26632782 PMCID: PMC4671788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agonistic behavior in group-housed male mice is a recurring problem in many animal research facilities. Common management procedures, such as the removal of aggressors, are moderately successful but often fail, owing to recurrence of aggressive behavior among cagemates. Studies have incorporated enrichment devices to attenuate aggression, but such devices have had mixed results. However, these studies did not include research manipulations when assessing the benefits of various enrichment devices. We obtained 100 male athymic nude mice and studied the efficacy of various enrichment devices, including cotton squares, paper rolls, shredded paper, nylon bones, and a mouse house and wheel combination in the reduction of fighting during an ongoing study that involved randomization followed by prostate and intratibial injections. Groups were evaluated according to a numerical grading system for wound assessment. Examination of the data revealed that the enrichment devices had no effect on the presence of wounds, thus none of the devices tested affected fighting in nude mice. However, when mice began experimental use, fight wounds increased significantly at cage change and after randomization, reflecting a disruption of existing social hierarchies. Therefore, in the context of an actual research study that involves common manipulations, the specific enrichment device had less effect on aggression in male nude mice than did the destruction and reconstruction of social structures within each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Lockworth
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Sun-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shana L Palla
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Suzanne L Craig
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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Yu HK, Lee HJ, Yun SJ, Lee SJ, Langley RR, Yoon Y, Yi LSH, Bae DS, Kim JS, Kim SJ. Antiangiogenic Therapy with Human Apolipoprotein(a) Kringle V and Paclitaxel in a Human Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:368-76. [PMID: 25180060 PMCID: PMC4145395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The present study compared the effect of combination therapy using human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) to conventional chemotherapy with paclitaxel for human ovarian carcinoma producing high or low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human ovarian carcinoma cells producing high (SKOV3ip1) or low (HeyA8) levels of VEGF were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of female nude mice. Seven days later, mice were randomized into four groups: control (vehicle), paclitaxel [5 mg/kg, weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection], rhLK8 (50 mg/kg, daily i.p. injection), or the combination of paclitaxel and rhLK8. Mice were treated for 4 weeks and examined by necropsy. RESULTS: In mice implanted with SKOV3ip1 cells, rhLK8 treatment had no significant effect on tumor incidence or the volume of ascites but induced a significant decrease in tumor weight compared with control mice. Paclitaxel significantly reduced tumor weight and ascites volume, and combination treatment with paclitaxel and rhLK8 had an additive therapeutic effect. Similarly, in HeyA8 mice, the effect of combination treatment on tumor weight and tumor incidence was statistically significantly greater than that of paclitaxel or rhLK8 alone. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in microvessel density and a marked increase of apoptosis in tumor and tumor-associated endothelial cells in response to combination treatment with paclitaxel and rhLK8. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results suggest that antiangiogenic therapy with rhLK8 in combination with taxane-based conventional chemotherapy could be effective for the treatment of ovarian carcinomas, regardless of VEGF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea ; Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jeong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seok-Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert R Langley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yeup Yoon
- Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee S H Yi
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Seong Kim
- Research Center for Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Ahn JH, Yu HK, Lee HJ, Hong SW, Kim SJ, Kim JS. Suppression of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by apolipoprotein(a) kringle V in a nude mouse model through the induction of apoptosis in tumor-associated endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93794. [PMID: 24699568 PMCID: PMC3974802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of liver metastases in colorectal cancer patients is the primary cause of patient death. Current therapies directed at liver metastasis from colorectal cancer have had minimal impact on patient outcomes. Therefore, the development of alternative treatment strategies for liver metastasis is needed. In the present study, we demonstrated that recombinant human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V, also known as rhLK8, induced the apoptotic turnover of endothelial cells in vitro through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The interaction of rhLK8 with glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) may be involved in the induction of apoptosis because the inhibition of GRP78 by GRP78-specific antibodies or siRNA knockdown inhibited the rhLK8-mediated apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. Next, to evaluate the effects of rhLK8 on angiogenesis and metastasis, an experimental model of liver metastasis was established by injecting a human colorectal cancer cell line, LS174T, into the spleens of BALB/c nude mice. The systemic administration of rhLK8 significantly suppressed liver metastasis from human colorectal cancer cells and improved host survival compared with controls. The combination of rhLK8 and 5-fluorouracil substantially increased these survival benefits compared with either therapy alone. Histological observation showed significant induction of apoptosis among tumor-associated endothelial cells in liver metastases from rhLK8-treated mice compared with control mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the combination of rhLK8 with conventional chemotherapy may be a promising approach for the treatment of patients with life-threatening colorectal cancer liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Ahn
- Cancer Biology Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Cancer Biology Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jeong Lee
- Cancer Biology Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Soon Won Hong
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Sevrance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSK); (SJK)
| | - Jang-Seong Kim
- Cancer Biology Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Research Center of Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (JSK); (SJK)
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Overcoming intratumor heterogeneity of polygenic cancer drug resistance with improved biomarker integration. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1278-89. [PMID: 23308059 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in technology and resources are helping to advance our understanding of cancer-initiating events as well as factors involved with tumor progression, adaptation, and evasion of therapy. Tumors are well known to contain diverse cell populations and intratumor heterogeneity affords neoplasms with a diverse set of biologic characteristics that can be used to evolve and adapt. Intratumor heterogeneity has emerged as a major hindrance to improving cancer patient care. Polygenic cancer drug resistance necessitates reconsidering drug designs to include polypharmacology in pursuit of novel combinatorial agents having multitarget activity to overcome the diverse and compensatory signaling pathways in which cancer cells use to survive and evade therapy. Advances will require integration of different biomarkers such as genomics and imaging to provide for more adequate elucidation of the spatially varying location, type, and extent of diverse intratumor signaling molecules to provide for a rationale-based personalized cancer medicine strategy.
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Yu HK, Lee HJ, Ahn JH, Lim IH, Moon JH, Yoon Y, Yi LSH, Kim SJ, Kim JS. Immunoglobulin Fc domain fusion to apolipoprotein(a) kringle V significantly prolongs plasma half-life without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:425-32. [PMID: 23571426 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. Blocking this process is, therefore, a potentially powerful approach for the treatment of cancer. Human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) is an angiogenesis inhibitor and is currently under development as an anti-cancer therapeutic. However, a relatively short in vivo half-life limits its widespread clinical use. This study was performed to evaluate whether fusion of an Fc domain to rhLK8 can extend plasma half-life. RhLK8-Fc fusion protein was expressed in CHO DG44 cells as a dimer and was readily purified by protein G affinity chromatography. The anti-angiogenic activity of rhLK8-Fc was similar to that of rhLK8, as determined by migration and tube formation assays with endothelial cells in vitro and a chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo. Pharmacokinetic profiles in mice after single intravenous administration of rhLK8 or rhLK8-Fc showed that Fc fusion significantly increased the elimination half-life (t(½)) and the systemic exposure (AUC(inf)) of the protein, in parallel with a significant decrease in total clearance (CL). These data suggest that Fc fusion to rhLK8 is a powerful strategy for extending the plasma half-life of rhLK8 without affecting its anti-angiogenic activity, and could thus improve the clinical applicability of rhLK8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Yu
- Cancer Therapeutics Team, Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, 341 Bojeong-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 449-910, Republic of Korea
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Plumbagin, a medicinal plant (Plumbago zeylanica)-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone, inhibits growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer PC-3M-luciferase cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mol Oncol 2012; 7:428-39. [PMID: 23273564 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here first time that Plumbagin (PL), a medicinal plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone, inhibits the growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. In this study, human PCa PC-3M-luciferase cells (2 × 10(6)) were injected into the prostate of athymic nude mice. Three days post cell implantation, mice were treated with PL (2 mg/kg body wt. i.p. five days in a week) for 8 weeks. Growth and metastasis of PC-3M-luciferase cells was examined weekly by bioluminescence imaging of live mice. PL-treatment significantly (p = 0.0008) inhibited the growth of orthotopic xenograft tumors. Results demonstrated a significant inhibition of metastasis into liver (p = 0.037), but inhibition of metastasis into the lungs (p = 0.60) and lymph nodes (p = 0.27) was not observed to be significant. These results were further confirmed by histopathology of these organs. Results of histopathology demonstrated a significant inhibition of metastasis into lymph nodes (p = 0.034) and lungs (p = 0.028), and a trend to significance in liver (p = 0.075). None of the mice in the PL-treatment group showed PCa metastasis into the liver, but these mice had small metastasis foci into the lymph nodes and lungs. However, control mice had large metastatic foci into the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. PL-caused inhibition of the growth and metastasis of PC-3M cells accompanies inhibition of the expression of: 1) PKCε, pStat3Tyr705, and pStat3Ser727, 2) Stat3 downstream target genes (survivin and Bcl(xL)), 3) proliferative markers Ki-67 and PCNA, 4) metastatic marker MMP9, MMP2, and uPA, and 5) angiogenesis markers CD31 and VEGF. Taken together, these results suggest that PL inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of human PCa PC3-M-luciferase cells, which could be used as a therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of human PCa.
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Lee HJ, Yu HK, Ahn JH, Park YK, Yoon Y, Kim JS, Kim SJ. Repeated intravenous infusion of human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V is associated with reversible dose-dependent acute tubulointerstitial nephritis without affecting glomerular filtration function. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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