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Zhao S, Li J, Duan S, Liu C, Wang H, Lu J, Zhao N, Sheng X, Wu Y, Li Y, Sun B, Liu L. UBQLN1 links proteostasis and mitochondria function to telomere maintenance in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:180. [PMID: 38902824 PMCID: PMC11191273 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeres consist of repetitive DNA sequences at the chromosome ends to protect chromosomal stability, and primarily maintained by telomerase or occasionally by alternative telomere lengthening of telomeres (ALT) through recombination-based mechanisms. Additional mechanisms that may regulate telomere maintenance remain to be explored. Simultaneous measurement of telomere length and transcriptome in the same human embryonic stem cell (hESC) revealed that mRNA expression levels of UBQLN1 exhibit linear relationship with telomere length. METHODS In this study, we first generated UBQLN1-deficient hESCs and compared with the wild-type (WT) hESCs the telomere length and molecular change at RNA and protein level by RNA-seq and proteomics. Then we identified the potential interacting proteins with UBQLN1 using immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Furthermore, the potential mechanisms underlying the shortened telomeres in UBQLN1-deficient hESCs were analyzed. RESULTS We show that Ubiquilin1 (UBQLN1) is critical for telomere maintenance in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) via promoting mitochondrial function. UBQLN1 deficiency leads to oxidative stress, loss of proteostasis, mitochondria dysfunction, DNA damage, and telomere attrition. Reducing oxidative damage and promoting mitochondria function by culture under hypoxia condition or supplementation with N-acetylcysteine partly attenuate the telomere attrition induced by UBQLN1 deficiency. Moreover, UBQLN1 deficiency/telomere shortening downregulates genes for neuro-ectoderm lineage differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, UBQLN1 functions to scavenge ubiquitinated proteins, preventing their overloading mitochondria and elevated mitophagy. UBQLN1 maintains mitochondria and telomeres by regulating proteostasis and plays critical role in neuro-ectoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Songqi Duan
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangtao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Experimental Animal Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Baofa Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Experimental Animal Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Ida CM, Jenkins RB. SMARCAL1: Expanding the spectrum of genes associated with alternative lengthening of telomeres. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1576-1577. [PMID: 37163741 PMCID: PMC10479906 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane M Ida
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Sohn EJ, Goralsky JA, Shay JW, Min J. The Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071945. [PMID: 37046606 PMCID: PMC10093677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As detailed by the end replication problem, the linear ends of a cell's chromosomes, known as telomeres, shorten with each successive round of replication until a cell enters into a state of growth arrest referred to as senescence. To maintain their immortal proliferation capacity, cancer cells must employ a telomere maintenance mechanism, such as telomerase activation or the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres pathway (ALT). With only 10-15% of cancers utilizing the ALT mechanism, progress towards understanding its molecular components and associated hallmarks has only recently been made. This review analyzes the advances towards understanding the ALT pathway by: (1) detailing the mechanisms associated with engaging the ALT pathway as well as (2) identifying potential therapeutic targets of ALT that may lead to novel cancer therapeutic treatments. Collectively, these studies indicate that the ALT molecular mechanisms involve at least two distinct pathways induced by replication stress and damage at telomeres. We suggest exploiting tumor dependency on ALT is a promising field of study because it suggests new approaches to ALT-specific therapies for cancers with poorer prognosis. While substantial progress has been made in the ALT research field, additional progress will be required to realize these advances into clinical practices to treat ALT cancers and improve patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Sohn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia A Goralsky
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
| | - Jaewon Min
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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4
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Desmin deficiency affects the microenvironment of the cardiac side population and Sca1+ stem cell population of the adult heart and impairs their cardiomyogenic commitment. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:309-326. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Li D, Hou K, Zhang K, Jia S. Regulation of Replication Stress in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres by Fanconi Anaemia Protein. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020180. [PMID: 35205225 PMCID: PMC8872277 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA)-related proteins function in interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathways and multiple damage repair pathways. Recent studies have found that FA proteins are involved in the regulation of replication stress (RS) in alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Since ALT cells often exhibit high-frequency ATRX mutations and high levels of telomeric secondary structure, high levels of DNA damage and replicative stress exist in ALT cells. Persistent replication stress is required to maintain the activity of ALT mechanistically, while excessive replication stress causes ALT cell death. FA proteins such as FANCD2 and FANCM are involved in the regulation of this balance by resolving or inhibiting the formation of telomere secondary structures to stabilize stalled replication forks and promote break-induced repair (BIR) to maintain the survival of ALT tumour cells. Therefore, we review the role of FA proteins in replication stress in ALT cells, providing a rationale and direction for the targeted treatment of ALT tumours.
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Ide S, Sasaki A, Kawamoto Y, Bando T, Sugiyama H, Maeshima K. Telomere-specific chromatin capture using a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide probe for the identification of proteins and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:46. [PMID: 34627342 PMCID: PMC8502363 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowing chromatin components at a DNA regulatory element at any given time is essential for understanding how the element works during cellular proliferation, differentiation and development. A region-specific chromatin purification is an invaluable approach to dissecting the comprehensive chromatin composition at a particular region. Several methods (e.g., PICh, enChIP, CAPTURE and CLASP) have been developed for isolating and analyzing chromatin components. However, all of them have some shortcomings in identifying non-coding RNA associated with DNA regulatory elements. Results We have developed a new approach for affinity purification of specific chromatin segments employing an N-methyl pyrrole (P)-N-methylimidazole (I) (PI) polyamide probe, which binds to a specific sequence in double-stranded DNA via Watson–Crick base pairing as a minor groove binder. This new technique is called proteomics and RNA-omics of isolated chromatin segments (PI-PRICh). Using PI-PRICh to isolate mouse and human telomeric components, we found enrichments of shelterin proteins, the well-known telomerase RNA component (TERC) and telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). When PI-PRICh was performed for alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) cells with highly recombinogenic telomeres, in addition to the conventional telomeric chromatin, we obtained chromatin regions containing telomeric repeat insertions scattered in the genome and their associated RNAs. Conclusion PI-PRICh reproducibly identified both the protein and RNA components of telomeric chromatin when targeting telomere repeats. PI polyamide is a promising alternative to simultaneously isolate associated proteins and RNAs of sequence-specific chromatin regions under native conditions, allowing better understanding of chromatin organization and functions within the cell. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13072-021-00421-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ide
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Asuka Sasaki
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, ROIS, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
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Pendina AA, Krapivin MI, Efimova OA, Tikhonov AV, Mekina ID, Komarova EM, Koltsova AS, Gzgzyan AM, Kogan IY, Chiryaeva OG, Baranov VS. Telomere Length in Metaphase Chromosomes of Human Triploid Zygotes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115579. [PMID: 34070406 PMCID: PMC8197529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human lifespan is strongly influenced by telomere length (TL) which is defined in a zygote—when two highly specialised haploid cells form a new diploid organism. Although TL is a variable parameter, it fluctuates in a limited range. We aimed to establish the determining factors of TL in chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin in human triploid zygotes. Using Q-FISH, we examined TL in the metaphase chromosomes of 28 human triploid zygotes obtained from 22 couples. The chromosomes’ parental origin was identified immunocytochemically through weak DNA methylation and strong hydroxymethylation in the sperm-derived (paternal) chromosomes versus strong DNA methylation and weak hydroxymethylation in the oocyte-derived (maternal) ones. In 24 zygotes, one maternal and two paternal chromosome sets were identified, while the four remaining zygotes contained one paternal and two maternal sets. For each zygote, we compared mean relative TLs between parental chromosomes, identifying a significant difference in favour of the paternal chromosomes, which attests to a certain “imprinting” of these regions. Mean relative TLs in paternal or maternal chromosomes did not correlate with the respective parent’s age. Similarly, no correlation was observed between the mean relative TL and sperm quality parameters: concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology. Based on the comparison of TLs in chromosomes inherited from a single individual’s gametes with those in chromosomes inherited from different individuals’ gametes, we compared intraindividual (intercellular) and interindividual variability, obtaining significance in favour of the latter and thus validating the role of heredity in determining TL in zygotes. A comparison of the interchromatid TL differences across the chromosomes from sets of different parental origin with those from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes showed an absence of a significant difference between the maternal and paternal sets but a significant excess over the lymphocytes. Therefore, interchromatid TL differences are more pronounced in zygotes than in lymphocytes. To summarise, TL in human zygotes is determined both by heredity and parental origin; the input of other factors is possible within the individual’s reaction norm.
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Abid HZ, McCaffrey J, Raseley K, Young E, Lassahn K, Varapula D, Riethman H, Xiao M. Single-molecule analysis of subtelomeres and telomeres in Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:485. [PMID: 32669102 PMCID: PMC7364475 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeric DNA is typically comprised of G-rich tandem repeat motifs and maintained by telomerase (Greider CW, Blackburn EH; Cell 51:887-898; 1987). In eukaryotes lacking telomerase, a variety of DNA repair and DNA recombination based pathways for telomere maintenance have evolved in organisms normally dependent upon telomerase for telomere elongation (Webb CJ, Wu Y, Zakian VA; Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5:a012666; 2013); collectively called Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathways. By measuring (TTAGGG) n tract lengths from the same large DNA molecules that were optically mapped, we simultaneously analyzed telomere length dynamics and subtelomere-linked structural changes at a large number of specific subtelomeric loci in the ALT-positive cell lines U2OS, SK-MEL-2 and Saos-2. RESULTS Our results revealed loci-specific ALT telomere features. For example, while each subtelomere included examples of single molecules with terminal (TTAGGG) n tracts as well as examples of recombinant telomeric single molecules, the ratio of these molecules was subtelomere-specific, ranging from 33:1 (19p) to 1:25 (19q) in U2OS. The Saos-2 cell line shows a similar percentage of recombinant telomeres. The frequency of recombinant subtelomeres of SK-MEL-2 (11%) is about half that of U2OS and Saos-2 (24 and 19% respectively). Terminal (TTAGGG) n tract lengths and heterogeneity levels, the frequencies of telomere signal-free ends, and the frequency and size of retained internal telomere-like sequences (ITSs) at recombinant telomere fusion junctions all varied according to the specific subtelomere involved in a particular cell line. Very large linear extrachromosomal telomere repeat (ECTR) DNA molecules were found in all three cell lines; these are in principle capable of templating synthesis of new long telomere tracts via break-induced repair (BIR) long-tract DNA synthesis mechanisms and contributing to the very long telomere tract length and heterogeneity characteristic of ALT cells. Many of longest telomere tracts (both end-telomeres and linear ECTRs) displayed punctate CRISPR/Cas9-dependent (TTAGGG) n labeling patterns indicative of interspersion of stretches of non-canonical telomere repeats. CONCLUSION Identifying individual subtelomeres and characterizing linked telomere (TTAGGG) n tract lengths and structural changes using our new single-molecule methodologies reveals the structural consequences of telomere damage, repair and recombination mechanisms in human ALT cells in unprecedented molecular detail and significant differences in different ALT-positive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Z Abid
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer McCaffrey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Raseley
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Young
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katy Lassahn
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Transnational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Dharma Varapula
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harold Riethman
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Transnational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Ming Xiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Telomere attrition and dysfunction: a potential trigger of the progeroid phenotype in nijmegen breakage syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12342-12375. [PMID: 32564008 PMCID: PMC7343506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nibrin, as part of the NBN/MRE11/RAD50 complex, is mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), which leads to impaired DNA damage response and lymphoid malignancy. Results: Telomere length (TL) was markedly reduced in homozygous patients (and comparably so in all chromosomes) by ~40% (qPCR) and was slightly reduced in NBS heterozygotes older than 30 years (~25% in qPCR), in accordance with the respective cancer rates. Humanized cancer-free NBS mice had normal TL. Telomere elongation was inducible by telomerase and/or alternative telomere lengthening but was associated with abnormal expression of telomeric genes involved in aging and/or cell growth. Lymphoblastoid cells from NBS patients with long survival times (>12 years) displayed the shortest telomeres and low caspase 7 activity. Conclusions: NBS is a secondary telomeropathy. The two-edged sword of telomere attrition enhances the cancer-prone situation in NBS but can also lead to a relatively stable cellular phenotype in tumor survivors. Results suggest a modular model for progeroid syndromes with abnormal expression of telomeric genes as a molecular basis. Methods: We studied TL and function in 38 homozygous individuals, 27 heterozygotes, one homozygous fetus, six NBS lymphoblastoid cell lines, and humanized NBS mice, all with the same founder NBN mutation: c.657_661del5.
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Cherdyntseva V, Gagos S. Chromosome extremities under the microscopy lens: molecular cytogenetics in telomere research. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 60:69-76. [PMID: 32193147 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of DNA damage repair and genomic instability, telomere research significantly expands our knowledge on fundamental mechanisms involved in cancer initiation and progression, pledging novel tools for targeted and universal onco-therapies. Molecular cytogenetics through the application of a battery of fluorescent hybridization technologies plays an important role toward understanding telomere homeostasis. Herein, we review distinct molecular cytogenetic phenotypes associated with telomere repair, functionality, and elongation. We discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for their formation or repair, focusing on Break-induced-Replication (BIR)-mediated conservative telomeric neo-synthesis, recently shown to drive the enigmatic Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres in neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Sarantis Gagos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece.
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11
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Raftopoulou C, Roumelioti FM, Dragona E, Gimelli S, Sloan-Béna F, Gorgoulis V, Antonarakis SE, Gagos S. Karyotypic Flexibility of the Complex Cancer Genome and the Role of Polyploidization in Maintenance of Structural Integrity of Cancer Chromosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030591. [PMID: 32150835 PMCID: PMC7139464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing chromosomal instability in neoplasia (CIN) generates intratumor genomic heterogeneity and limits the efficiency of oncotherapeutics. Neoplastic human cells utilizing the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-pathway, display extensive structural and numerical CIN. To unravel patterns of genome evolution driven by oncogene-replication stress, telomere dysfunction, or genotoxic therapeutic interventions, we examined by comparative genomic hybridization five karyotypically-diverse outcomes of the ALT osteosarcoma cell line U2-OS. These results demonstrate a high tendency of the complex cancer genome to perpetuate specific genomic imbalances despite the karyotypic evolution, indicating an ongoing process of genome dosage maintenance. Molecular karyotyping in four ALT human cell lines showed that mitotic cells with low levels of random structural CIN display frequent evidence of whole genome doubling (WGD), suggesting that WGD may protect clonal chromosome aberrations from hypermutation. We tested this longstanding hypothesis in ALT cells exposed to gamma irradiation or to inducible DNA replication stress under overexpression of p21. Single-cell cytogenomic analyses revealed that although polyploidization promotes genomic heterogeneity, it also protects the complex cancer genome and hence confers genotoxic therapy resistance by generating identical extra copies of driver chromosomal aberrations, which can be spared in the process of tumor evolution if they undergo unstable or unfit rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Raftopoulou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece (BRFAA); (C.R.); (F.-M.R.); (E.D.)
| | - Fani-Marlen Roumelioti
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece (BRFAA); (C.R.); (F.-M.R.); (E.D.)
| | - Eleni Dragona
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece (BRFAA); (C.R.); (F.-M.R.); (E.D.)
| | - Stefanie Gimelli
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (S.G.); (F.S.-B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Frédérique Sloan-Béna
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (S.G.); (F.S.-B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Vasilis Gorgoulis
- Histology-Embryology Laboratory, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11517 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (S.G.); (F.S.-B.); (S.E.A.)
| | - Sarantis Gagos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece (BRFAA); (C.R.); (F.-M.R.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +003-021-0659-7471
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Sommer A, Royle NJ. ALT: A Multi-Faceted Phenomenon. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E133. [PMID: 32012790 PMCID: PMC7073516 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their indefinite replicative potential, made possible by the activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM). The majority of cancers reactivate the reverse transcriptase, telomerase, to maintain their telomere length but a minority (10% to 15%) utilize an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Here, we review the phenotypes and molecular markers specific to ALT, and investigate the significance of telomere mutations and sequence variation in ALT cell lines. We also look at the recent advancements in understanding the different mechanisms behind ALT telomere elongation and finally, the progress made in identifying potential ALT-targeted therapies, including those already in use for the treatment of both hematological and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola J. Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
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Sharma AB, Dimitrov S, Hamiche A, Van Dyck E. Centromeric and ectopic assembly of CENP-A chromatin in health and cancer: old marks and new tracks. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1051-1069. [PMID: 30590707 PMCID: PMC6379705 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 variant CENP-A confers epigenetic identity to the centromere and plays crucial roles in the assembly and function of the kinetochore, thus ensuring proper segregation of our chromosomes. CENP-A containing nucleosomes exhibit unique structural specificities and lack the complex profile of gene expression-associated histone posttranslational modifications found in canonical histone H3 and the H3.3 variant. CENP-A mislocalization into noncentromeric regions resulting from its overexpression leads to chromosomal segregation aberrations and genome instability. Overexpression of CENP-A is a feature of many cancers and is associated with malignant progression and poor outcome. The recent years have seen impressive progress in our understanding of the mechanisms that orchestrate CENP-A deposition at native centromeres and ectopic loci. They have witnessed the description of novel, heterotypic CENP-A/H3.3 nucleosome particles and the exploration of the phenotypes associated with the deregulation of CENP-A and its chaperones in tumor cells. Here, we review the structural specificities of CENP-A nucleosomes, the epigenetic features that characterize the centrochromatin and the mechanisms and factors that orchestrate CENP-A deposition at centromeres. We then review our knowledge of CENP-A ectopic distribution, highlighting experimental strategies that have enabled key discoveries. Finally, we discuss the implications of deregulated CENP-A in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France.,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Cancer, Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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14
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Komseli ES, Pateras IS, Krejsgaard T, Stawiski K, Rizou SV, Polyzos A, Roumelioti FM, Chiourea M, Mourkioti I, Paparouna E, Zampetidis CP, Gumeni S, Trougakos IP, Pefani DE, O’Neill E, Gagos S, Eliopoulos AG, Fendler W, Chowdhury D, Bartek J, Gorgoulis VG. A prototypical non-malignant epithelial model to study genome dynamics and concurrently monitor micro-RNAs and proteins in situ during oncogene-induced senescence. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:37. [PMID: 29321003 PMCID: PMC5763532 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Senescence is a fundamental biological process implicated in various pathologies, including cancer. Regarding carcinogenesis, senescence signifies, at least in its initial phases, an anti-tumor response that needs to be circumvented for cancer to progress. Micro-RNAs, a subclass of regulatory, non-coding RNAs, participate in senescence regulation. At the subcellular level micro-RNAs, similar to proteins, have been shown to traffic between organelles influencing cellular behavior. The differential function of micro-RNAs relative to their subcellular localization and their role in senescence biology raises concurrent in situ analysis of coding and non-coding gene products in senescent cells as a necessity. However, technical challenges have rendered in situ co-detection unfeasible until now. METHODS In the present report we describe a methodology that bypasses these technical limitations achieving for the first time simultaneous detection of both a micro-RNA and a protein in the biological context of cellular senescence, utilizing the new commercially available SenTraGorTM compound. The method was applied in a prototypical human non-malignant epithelial model of oncogene-induced senescence that we generated for the purposes of the study. For the characterization of this novel system, we applied a wide range of cellular and molecular techniques, as well as high-throughput analysis of the transcriptome and micro-RNAs. RESULTS This experimental setting has three advantages that are presented and discussed: i) it covers a "gap" in the molecular carcinogenesis field, as almost all corresponding in vitro models are fibroblast-based, even though the majority of neoplasms have epithelial origin, ii) it recapitulates the precancerous and cancerous phases of epithelial tumorigenesis within a short time frame under the light of natural selection and iii) it uses as an oncogenic signal, the replication licensing factor CDC6, implicated in both DNA replication and transcription when over-expressed, a characteristic that can be exploited to monitor RNA dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, we demonstrate that our model is optimal for studying the molecular basis of epithelial carcinogenesis shedding light on the tumor-initiating events. The latter may reveal novel molecular targets with clinical benefit. Besides, since this method can be incorporated in a wide range of low, medium or high-throughput image-based approaches, we expect it to be broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini-Stavroula Komseli
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3c, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konrad Stawiski
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 15 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sophia V. Rizou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Fani-Marlen Roumelioti
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chiourea
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Mourkioti
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Paparouna
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos P. Zampetidis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dafni-Eleftheria Pefani
- CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Eric O’Neill
- CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Sarantis Gagos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 15 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská, 1333/5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou St, GR-11527 Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4QL UK
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15
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Naderlinger E, Holzmann K. Epigenetic Regulation of Telomere Maintenance for Therapeutic Interventions in Gliomas. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E145. [PMID: 28513547 PMCID: PMC5448019 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade astrocytoma of WHO grade 4 termed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common human brain tumor with poor patient outcome. Astrocytoma demonstrates two known telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) based on telomerase activity (TA) and on alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT is associated with lower tumor grades and better outcome. In contrast to ALT, regulation of TA in tumors by direct mutation and epigenetic activation of the hTERT promoter is well established. Here, we summarize the genetic background of TMMs in non-malignant cells and in cancer, in addition to clinical and pathological features of gliomas. Furthermore, we present new evidence for epigenetic mechanisms (EMs) involved in regulation of ALT and TA with special emphasis on human diffuse gliomas as potential therapeutic drug targets. We discuss the role of TMM associated telomeric chromatin factors such as DNA and histone modifying enzymes and non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long telomeric TERRA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Naderlinger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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16
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Roumelioti FM, Sotiriou SK, Katsini V, Chiourea M, Halazonetis TD, Gagos S. Alternative lengthening of human telomeres is a conservative DNA replication process with features of break-induced replication. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1731-1737. [PMID: 27760777 PMCID: PMC5167343 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignancies overcome replicative senescence either by activating the reverse-transcriptase telomerase or by utilizing a homologous recombination-based mechanism, referred to as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). In budding yeast, ALT exhibits features of break-induced replication (BIR), a repair pathway for one-ended DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that requires the non-essential subunit Pol32 of DNA polymerase delta and leads to conservative DNA replication. Here, we examined whether ALT in human cancers also exhibits features of BIR A telomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization protocol involving three consecutive staining steps revealed the presence of conservatively replicated telomeric DNA in telomerase-negative cancer cells. Furthermore, depletion of PolD3 or PolD4, two subunits of human DNA polymerase delta that are essential for BIR, reduced the frequency of conservatively replicated telomeric DNA ends and led to shorter telomeres and chromosome end-to-end fusions. Taken together, these results suggest that BIR is associated with conservative DNA replication in human cells and mediates ALT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani-Marlen Roumelioti
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Katsini
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chiourea
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sarantis Gagos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Center of Experimental Medicine and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Singhi AD, Liu TC, Roncaioli JL, Cao D, Zeh HJ, Zureikat AH, Tsung A, Marsh JW, Lee KK, Hogg ME, Bahary N, Brand RE, McGrath KM, Slivka A, Cressman KL, Fuhrer K, O'Sullivan RJ. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres and Loss of DAXX/ATRX Expression Predicts Metastatic Disease and Poor Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:600-609. [PMID: 27407094 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with increasing incidence and unpredictable behavior. Whole-exome sequencing has identified recurrent mutations in the genes DAXX and ATRX, which correlate with loss of protein expression and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Both ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss were initially reported to be associated with a favorable prognosis; however, recent studies suggest the contrary. Our aims were to assess the prevalence and prognostic significance of ALT and DAXX/ATRX in both primary and metastatic PanNETs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Telomere-specific FISH and DAXX/ATRX IHC was performed on a multi-institutional cohort of 321 patients with resected PanNET and 191 distant metastases from 52 patients. These results were correlated with clinicopathologic features, including disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS The prevalence of ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss in resected PanNETs was 31% and 26%, respectively, and associated with larger tumor size, higher WHO grade, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (P < 0.001). The 5-year DFS and 10-year DSS of patients with ALT-positive and DAXX/ATRX-negative PanNETs were 40% and 50%, respectively, as compared with 96% and 89%, respectively, for wild-type PanNETs. Among distant metastases, ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss was 67% and 52%, respectively, and only occurred in the setting of an ALT-positive and DAXX/ATRX-negative primary PanNET. By multivariate analysis, both ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss were negative, independent prognostic factors for DFS. CONCLUSIONS ALT and DAXX/ATRX loss in PanNETs was associated with shorter DFS and DSS and likely plays a significant role in driving metastatic disease. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 600-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin L Roncaioli
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amer H Zureikat
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - J Wallis Marsh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth K Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa E Hogg
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathan Bahary
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Randall E Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin M McGrath
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Slivka
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristi L Cressman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberly Fuhrer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Galanos P, Vougas K, Walter D, Polyzos A, Maya-Mendoza A, Haagensen EJ, Kokkalis A, Roumelioti FM, Gagos S, Tzetis M, Canovas B, Igea A, Kanavakis E, Kletsas D, Roninson I, Garbis SD, Nebreda A, Thanos D, Townsend P, Blow JJ, Sørensen CS, Bartek J, Gorgoulis VG. Chronic p53-independent p21 expression causes genomic instability by deregulating replication licensing. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:777-89. [PMID: 27323328 PMCID: PMC6535144 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) is a cell-cycle checkpoint effector and inducer of senescence, regulated by p53. Yet, evidence suggests that p21 could also be oncogenic, through a mechanism that has so far remained obscure. We report that a subset of atypical cancerous cells strongly expressing p21 showed proliferation features. This occurred predominantly in p53-mutant human cancers, suggesting p53-independent upregulation of p21 selectively in more aggressive tumour cells. Multifaceted phenotypic and genomic analyses of p21-inducible, p53-null, cancerous and near-normal cellular models showed that after an initial senescence-like phase, a subpopulation of p21-expressing proliferating cells emerged, featuring increased genomic instability, aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, sustained p21 accumulation inhibited mainly the CRL4-CDT2 ubiquitin ligase, leading to deregulated origin licensing and replication stress. Collectively, our data reveal the tumour-promoting ability of p21 through deregulation of DNA replication licensing machinery-an unorthodox role to be considered in cancer treatment, since p21 responds to various stimuli including some chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Galanos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David Walter
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emma J. Haagensen
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Antonis Kokkalis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sarantis Gagos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tzetis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Begoña Canovas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Igea
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuel Kanavakis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biology, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | - Igor Roninson
- Cancer Center, Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Spiros D. Garbis
- Cancer and Clinical Experimental Science Units, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Proteome Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Angel Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dimitris Thanos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Townsend
- Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - J. Julian Blow
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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20
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Pickett HA, Reddel RR. Molecular mechanisms of activity and derepression of alternative lengthening of telomeres. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:875-80. [PMID: 26581522 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) involves homology-directed telomere synthesis. This multistep process is facilitated by loss of the ATRX or DAXX chromatin-remodeling factors and by abnormalities of the telomere nucleoprotein architecture, including altered DNA sequence and decreased TRF2 saturation. Induction of telomere-specific DNA damage triggers homology-directed searches, and NuRD-ZNF827 protein-protein interactions provide a platform for the telomeric recruitment of homologous recombination (HR) proteins. Telomere lengthening proceeds by strand exchange and template-driven DNA synthesis, which culminates in dissolution of HR intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger R Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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Wang H, Wang Y, Kota KK, Kallakury B, Mikhail NN, Sayed D, Mokhtar A, Maximous D, Yassin EH, Gouda I, Sobitan A, Sun B, Loffredo CA, Zheng YL. Strong association between long and heterogeneous telomere length in blood lymphocytes and bladder cancer risk in Egyptian. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1284-90. [PMID: 26342126 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely recognized that telomere dysfunction plays an important role in cancer, the relationship between telomere function and bladder cancer risk is not well defined. In a case-control study of bladder cancer in Egypt, we examined relationships between two telomere features and bladder cancer risk. Telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to measure telomere features using short-term cultured blood lymphocytes. Logistic regression was used to estimate the strength of association between telomere features and the risk of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. High telomere length variation (TLV) across all chromosomal ends was significantly associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer [adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.48-3.35], as was long average telomere length (OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.07, 4.91). Further, TLV and average telomere length jointly affected bladder cancer risk: when comparing individuals with long telomere length and high TLV to those with short telomere length and low TLV, the adjusted OR was 14.68 (95% CI: 6.74-31.98). These associations were stronger among individuals who are 60 years of age or younger. In summary, long and heterogeneous telomere length in blood lymphocytes was strongly associated with an increased bladder cancer risk in Egyptian and the association was modulated by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program
| | | | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Research Building, Room W201, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Nabiel N Mikhail
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt and
| | - Douaa Sayed
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt and
| | - Ahmed Mokhtar
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt and
| | - Doaa Maximous
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt and
| | - Etemad H Yassin
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt and
| | - Iman Gouda
- National Cancer Institute, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | | | - Bing Sun
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Cancer Prevention and Control Program
| | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Cancer Prevention and Control Program,
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22
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Reddel RR. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer: clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6361-74. [PMID: 24975603 PMCID: PMC4262939 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immortal cell populations with an up-regulated telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is an almost universal characteristic of cancers, whereas normal somatic cells are unable to prevent proliferation-associated telomere shortening and have a limited proliferative potential. TMMs and related aspects of telomere structure and function therefore appear to be ideal targets for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Such treatments would be targeted to a specific cancer-related molecular abnormality, and also be broad-spectrum in that they would be expected to be potentially applicable to most cancers. However, the telomere biology of normal and malignant human cells is a relatively young research field with large numbers of unanswered questions, so the optimal design of TMM-targeted therapeutic approaches remains unclear. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges presented by telomeres and TMMs for clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Reddel
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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23
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Sun B, Wang Y, Kota K, Shi Y, Motlak S, Makambi K, Loffredo CA, Shields PG, Yang Q, Harris CC, Zheng YL. Telomere length variation: A potential new telomere biomarker for lung cancer risk. Lung Cancer 2015; 88:297-303. [PMID: 25840848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this report the associations between telomere length variation (TLV), mean telomere length in blood lymphocytes and lung cancer risk were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design is case-control. Cases (N=191) were patients newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer. Controls (N=207) were healthy individuals recruited from the same counties as cases and matched to cases on age and gender. Telomere fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to measure telomere features using short-term cultured blood lymphocytes. Logistic regression was used to estimate the strength of association between telomere features and lung cancer risk. RESULTS Telomere length variation across all chromosomal ends was significantly associated with lung cancer risk; adjusted odds ratios 4.67 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-14.9] and 0.46 (95% CI: 0.25-0.84) for younger (age≤60) and older (age>60) individuals, respectively. TLV and mean telomere length jointly affected lung cancer risk: when comparing individuals with short telomere length and high TLV to those with long telomere length and low TLV, adjusted odd ratios were 8.21 (95% CI: 1.71-39.5) and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.15-0.72) for younger and older individuals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS TLV in blood lymphocytes is significantly associated with lung cancer risk and the associations were modulated by age. TLV in combination with mean telomere length might be useful in identifying high risk population for lung cancer computerized tomography screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Krishna Kota
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Yaru Shi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Salaam Motlak
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43220, United States
| | - Qin Yang
- Cancer Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yun-Ling Zheng
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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24
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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