Fragmented Adipose Tissue Transplanted to Craniofacial Deformities Induces Bone Repair Associated with Immunoexpression of Adiponectin and Parathyroid Hormone 1-Receptor

Craniofacial Tissue Engineering

The craniofacial complex is composed of fundamental components such as blood vessels and nerves, and also a variety of specialized tissues such as craniofacial bones, cartilages, muscles, ligaments, and the highly specialized and unique organs, the teeth. Together, these structures provide many functions including speech, mastication, and aesthetics of the craniofacial complex. Craniofacial defects not only influence the structure and function of the jaws and face, but may also result in deleterious psychosocial issues, emphasizing the need for rapid and effective, precise, and aesthetic reconstruction of craniofacial tissues. In a broad sense, craniofacial tissue reconstructions share many of the same issues as noncraniofacial tissue reconstructions. Therefore, many concepts and therapies for general tissue engineering can and have been used for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Still, repair of craniofacial defects presents unique challenges, mainly because of their complex and unique 3D geometry.

Critical size defects for bone regeneration experiments in rabbit calvariae: systematic review and quality evaluation using ARRIVE guidelines

OBJECTIVES

To perform a systematic review of studies that report the healing of critical size defects (CSDs) in rabbit calvaria and to determine the quality of the studies according to ARRIVE guidelines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An Internet search was made in duplicate between December 2011 and August 2013 using MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar (without restrictions on date of publication) for rabbit studies reporting the healing of CSD in the calvaria. Animal Research Reporting in Vivo Experiment (ARRIVE) guidelines (a list of 20 aspects to score and to ensure comparison between different experimental studies in animals) were used to evaluate the quality of the selected works.

RESULTS

Twenty-five manuscripts were evaluated. Case-control studies predominated (92.59%). Animal age was not stated in 70.37% of the studies; weight was not reported in 29.62%; most animals weighed 3.5 kg (26.31%). A CSD dimension of 15 mm was common (51.61%), generally located centrally (51.85%), followed by bilateral locations (48.14%). Circular (66.66%), rectangular (14.81%), square (14.81%) and ovoid (1.48%) geometries were used. Histomorphometric data showed incomplete healing in all CSDs and higher percentages of healing in smaller defects (<10 mm). The longer the healing time allowed, the more bone healing took place, for both smaller and larger defects (>15 mm). Minimum quality grades were assigned to ARRIVE items study design (6), experimental animals (8), housing and husbandry (9), sample size (10), allocation (11), statistics (13), results-baseline data (14), numbers analyzed (15), adverse events (17) and funding (20).

CONCLUSIONS

Data on CSDs in rabbit calvariae lack homogeneity. Smaller defects can be considered critical depending on the time of sacrifice. When new diagnostic technologies are used in addition to histomorphometry, these should be applied with caution to facilitate future comparison with other research. The ARRIVE guidelines should be followed in any animal research protocol to improve the homogeneity, comparison and reproducibility between studies.