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Ramunaidu A, Pavankumar P, Ragi N, Ramesh R, Jagannatham MV, Sripadi P. Characterization of isomeric acetyl amino acids and di-acetyl amino acids by LC/MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2023; 58:e4982. [PMID: 38031236 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation of amino acids is important in the molecular biology and biochemistry because they are part of several metabolic pathways. N-acetyl amino acids can form through degradation of N-acetyl proteins or direct acetylation of amino acids by specific enzymes. Acetylation of α-amino acids can be either on the alpha -NH2 or on the side-chain functional group, where both the acetyl products are isomeric and can show different biological roles. Theoretically, all proteinogenic α-amino acids are expected to undergo acetylation and they can be a part of metabolome. Thus, it is essential to detect and identify all the possible acetylated products of α-amino acids for untargeted metabolomics studies. In this study, it is aimed to synthesize and characterize all acetylated products of natural α-amino acids. A total of 20 Nα -acetyl amino acids (1-20), six side-chain acetyl amino acids (21-26), and six diacetyl amino acids (27-32) were synthesized and characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The [M + H]+ ions of all the acetyl amino acids were subjected to MS/MS experiments to obtain their structural information. Apart from the expected loss of (H2 O + CO) (immonium ions), most of the acetyl amino acids specifically showed loss of H2 O and loss of a ketene (C2 H2 O) from [M+H]+ ions. The side-chain acetyl amino acids showed a clear-cut structure specific fragment ions that enabled easy differentiation from their isomeric Nα -acetyl amino acids. The other isomeric/isobaric acetyl amino acids could also be easily distinguished by their MS/MS spectra. The MS/MS of immonium ions of the acetyl amino acids were also studied, and they included characteristic products reflecting the structures of parent Nα -acetyl and side-chain acetyl amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addipilli Ramunaidu
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pallerla Pavankumar
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nagarjunachary Ragi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rodda Ramesh
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Kim KH. Intranasal delivery of mitochondrial protein humanin rescues cell death and promotes mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:3330-3345. [PMID: 37351170 PMCID: PMC10283052 DOI: 10.7150/thno.84165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accordingly, many aspects of mitochondrial function have been studied as a putative therapeutic target. Here we present a novel strategy to promote mitochondrial function and protect against Parkinson's disease by the peptide encoded within mitochondrial genome, mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) humanin (HN). Methods: To test humanin as a potential biomarker in PD, we measured protein levels of circulating humanin from the plasma of PD patients and transgenic or neurotoxic mouse models of PD. Next, we aimed to identify whether HN peptide treatment can regulate its activity or expression. Using mouse models of PD, we assessed HN delivery to the brain via the nasal route of administration. We further revealed a possible mechanism underlying the therapeutic effectiveness of HN peptide for PD using in vitro and ex vivo model of PD. Results: Although the expression of intracellular HN was not correlated with PD, HN treatment itself could induce intracellular HN expression and enhance mitochondrial biogenesis inducing mitochondrial gene expression. After intranasal administration, HN peptide resulted in neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in an animal model of PD. Interestingly, HN peptide following intranasal delivery was found within the brain, mainly via the trigeminal pathways. Mechanistically, HN treatment induced activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway which led to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis resulting in upregulation of mitochondrial gene including humanin. Conclusion: These data support a novel role of mitochondrial protein humanin in mitochondrial function and neuronal survival against Parkinson's disease, in which humanin treatment is sufficient for stimulating mitochondrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 840 Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea
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3
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Bhosale A, Paul G, Mazahir F, Yadav A. Theoretical and applied concepts of nanocarriers for the treatment of Parkinson's diseases. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Alonso M, Barcia E, González JF, Montejo C, García-García L, Villa-Hermosilla MC, Negro S, Fraguas-Sánchez AI, Fernández-Carballido A. Functionalization of Morin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles with Phenylalanine Dipeptide Targeting the Brain. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112348. [PMID: 36365169 PMCID: PMC9696360 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, with its incidence constantly increasing. To date, there is no cure for the disease, with a need for new and effective treatments. Morin hydrate (MH) is a naturally occurring flavonoid of the Moraceae family with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents this flavonoid from reaching the CNS when aiming to potentially treat AD. Seeking to use the LAT-1 transporter present in the BBB, a nanoparticle (NPs) formulation loaded with MH and functionalized with phenylalanine-phenylalanine dipeptide was developed (NPphe-MH) and compared to non-functionalized NPs (NP-MH). In addition, two formulations were prepared using rhodamine B (Rh-B) as a fluorescent dye (NPphe-Rh and NP-Rh) to study their biodistribution and ability to cross the BBB. Functionalization of PLGA NPs resulted in high encapsulation efficiencies for both MH and Rh-B. Studies conducted in Wistar rats showed that the presence of phenylalanine dipeptide in the NPs modified their biodistribution profiles, making them more attractive for both liver and lungs, whereas non-functionalized NPs were predominantly distributed to the spleen. Formulation NPphe-Rh remained in the brain for at least 2 h after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alonso
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Barcia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-94-17-41
| | - Juan-Francisco González
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Montejo
- Department of Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Luis García-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Brain Mapping Lab, Pluridisciplinary Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica-Carolina Villa-Hermosilla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Negro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Carballido
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Higashida H, Furuhara K, Lopatina O, Gerasimenko M, Hori O, Hattori T, Hayashi Y, Cherepanov SM, Shabalova AA, Salmina AB, Minami K, Yuhi T, Tsuji C, Fu P, Liu Z, Luo S, Zhang A, Yokoyama S, Shuto S, Watanabe M, Fujiwara K, Munesue SI, Harashima A, Yamamoto Y. Oxytocin Dynamics in the Body and Brain Regulated by the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products, CD38, CD157, and Nicotinamide Riboside. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858070. [PMID: 35873827 PMCID: PMC9301327 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the neurocircuit and synaptic sites of action of oxytocin (OT) in the brain is critical to the role of OT in social memory and behavior. To the same degree, it is important to understand how OT is transported to the brain from the peripheral circulation. To date, of these, many studies provide evidence that CD38, CD157, and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) act as regulators of OT concentrations in the brain and blood. It has been shown that RAGE facilitates the uptake of OT in mother’s milk from the digestive tract to the cell surface of intestinal epithelial cells to the body fluid and subsequently into circulation in male mice. RAGE has been shown to recruit circulatory OT into the brain from blood at the endothelial cell surface of neurovascular units. Therefore, it can be said that extracellular OT concentrations in the brain (hypothalamus) could be determined by the transport of OT by RAGE from the circulation and release of OT from oxytocinergic neurons by CD38 and CD157 in mice. In addition, it has recently been found that gavage application of a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide riboside, for 12 days can increase brain OT in mice. Here, we review the evaluation of the new concept that RAGE is involved in the regulation of OT dynamics at the interface between the brain, blood, and intestine in the living body, mainly by summarizing our recent results due to the limited number of publications on related topics. And we also review other possible routes of OT recruitment to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- *Correspondence: Haruhiro Higashida,
| | - Kazumi Furuhara
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Olga Lopatina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Maria Gerasimenko
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Stanislav M. Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anna A. Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Social Brain Study, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Kana Minami
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruko Yuhi
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tsuji
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - PinYue Fu
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuxin Luo
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Anpei Zhang
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition and Memory, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujiwara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ai Harashima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Peptides have traditionally been perceived as poor drug candidates due to unfavorable characteristics mainly regarding their pharmacokinetic behavior, including plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life. Nonetheless, in recent years, general strategies to tackle those shortcomings have been established, and peptides are subsequently gaining increasing interest as drugs due to their unique ability to combine the advantages of antibodies and small molecules. Macrocyclic peptides are a special focus of drug development efforts due to their ability to address so called ‘undruggable’ targets characterized by large and flat protein surfaces lacking binding pockets. Here, the main strategies developed to date for adapting peptides for clinical use are summarized, which may soon help usher in an age highly shaped by peptide-based therapeutics. Nonetheless, limited membrane permeability is still to overcome before peptide therapeutics will be broadly accepted.
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7
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Current Strategies to Enhance Delivery of Drugs across the Blood–Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050987. [PMID: 35631573 PMCID: PMC9145636 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has shown to be a significant obstacle to brain medication delivery. The BBB in a healthy brain is a diffusion barrier that prevents most substances from passing from the blood to the brain; only tiny molecules can pass across the BBB. The BBB is disturbed in specific pathological illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, seizures, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. The goal of this study is to offer a general overview of current brain medication delivery techniques and associated topics from the last five years. It is anticipated that this review will stimulate readers to look into new ways to deliver medications to the brain. Following an introduction of the construction and function of the BBB in both healthy and pathological conditions, this review revisits certain contested questions, such as whether nanoparticles may cross the BBB on their own and if medications are selectively delivered to the brain by deliberately targeted nanoparticles. Current non-nanoparticle options are also discussed, including drug delivery via the permeable BBB under pathological circumstances and the use of non-invasive approaches to improve brain medication absorption.
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8
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Wang Z, Mou Y, Li H, Yang R, Jia Y. Impact of Early Intravenous Haemostatic Drugs on Brain Haemorrhage Patients and Their Image Segmentation Based on RGB-D Images. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4608648. [PMID: 35035838 PMCID: PMC8759877 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4608648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral haemorrhage is a serious subtype of stroke, with most patients experiencing short-term haematoma enlargement leading to worsening neurological symptoms and death. The main hemostatic agents currently used for cerebral haemorrhage are antifibrinolytics and recombinant coagulation factor VIIa. However, there is no clinical evidence that patients with cerebral haemorrhage can benefit from hemostatic treatment. We provide an overview of the mechanisms of haematoma expansion in cerebral haemorrhage and the progress of research on commonly used hemostatic drugs. To improve the semantic segmentation accuracy of cerebral haemorrhage, a segmentation method based on RGB-D images is proposed. Firstly, the parallax map was obtained based on a semiglobal stereo matching algorithm and fused with RGB images to form a four-channel RGB-D image to build a sample library. Secondly, the networks were trained with 2 different learning rate adjustment strategies for 2 different structures of convolutional neural networks. Finally, the trained networks were tested and compared for analysis. The 146 head CT images from the Chinese intracranial haemorrhage image database were divided into a training set and a test set using the random number table method. The validation set was divided into four methods: manual segmentation, algorithmic segmentation, the exact Tada formula, and the traditional Tada formula to measure the haematoma volume. The manual segmentation was used as the "gold standard," and the other three algorithms were tested for consistency. The results showed that the algorithmic segmentation had the lowest percentage error of 15.54 (8.41, 23.18) % compared to the Tada formula method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui 253800, China
| | - Yating Mou
- Department of Neurology, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui 253800, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui 253800, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Neurology, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui 253800, China
| | - Yanxun Jia
- Department of Neurology, Gucheng County Hospital, Hengshui 253800, China
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Lohan S, Sharma T, Saini S, Singh A, Kumar A, Raza K, Kaur J, Singh B. Galactosylated nanoconstructs of Berberine with enhanced Biopharmaceutical and cognitive potential: A preclinical evidence in Alzheimer ‘s disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Emerging trends in the delivery of nanoformulated oxytocin across Blood-Brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121141. [PMID: 34597727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases are related to the central nervous system disorders and considered as serious cases. Several drugs are used to treat neurological diseases; however, to date the main issue is to design a therapeutic model which can cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) easily. The delivery of neuropeptides into the brain lays as one of the important routes for treating neurological disorders. Neuropeptides have been demonstrated as potential therapeutics for neurological disorders. Among numerous neuropeptides, the oxytocin (OT) hormone is of particular interest as it serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain as well as its role as a hormone. OT has a wide-range of activities in the brain and has a key role in cognitive, neuroendocrine, and social functions. However, OT does not cross the BBB readily coupled with its half-life in the blood being too short. The current literature reveals that the delivery of OT by nanoparticle-based drug delivery system (DDS) improves its efficacy. Nanoparticle based DDS are considered important tools for the targeted delivery of drugs to the brain as they lower toxicity of the drug and improve the drug efficacy. Nanoparticles are advantageous candidates for biomedical applications due to their distinctive characteristics such as quantum effects, large surface area and their ability to carry and transport the drug to its target site. OT can be delivered through oral and intranasal routes, but the bioavailability of OT inside the brain can further be enhanced by the delivery using nanoparticles. The application of nano-based delivery system not only improves the penetration of OT inside brain but also increases its half-life by the application of encapsulation and extended release. The aim of current review is to provide an overview of nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems for the delivery of OT inside brain.
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Sweetening Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry by 18F-Fluoroglycosylation: Recent Progress and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111175. [PMID: 34832957 PMCID: PMC8621802 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of 18F-chemistry for the development of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), various labeling strategies by the use of prosthetic groups have been implemented, including chemoselective 18F-labeling of biomolecules. Among those, chemoselective 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods focus on the sweetening of pharmaceutical radiochemistry by offering a highly valuable tool for the synthesis of 18F-glycoconjugates with suitable in vivo properties for PET imaging studies. A previous review covered the various 18F-fluoroglycosylation methods that were developed and applied as of 2014 (Maschauer and Prante, BioMed. Res. Int. 2014, 214748). This paper is an updated review, providing the recent progress in 18F-fluoroglycosylation reactions and the preclinical application of 18F-glycoconjugates, including small molecules, peptides, and high-molecular-weight proteins.
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12
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Hanafy AS, Dietrich D, Fricker G, Lamprecht A. Blood-brain barrier models: Rationale for selection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113859. [PMID: 34246710 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain delivery is a broad research area, the outcomes of which are far hindered by the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Over the last century, research has been revealing the BBB complexity and the crosstalk between its cellular and molecular components. Pathologically, BBB alterations may precede as well as be concomitant or lead to brain diseases. To simulate the BBB and investigate options for drug delivery, several in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, in situ and in silico models are used. Hundreds of drug delivery vehicles successfully pass preclinical trials but fail in clinical settings. Inadequate selection of BBB models is believed to remarkably impact the data reliability leading to unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. In this review, we suggest a rationale for BBB model selection with respect to the addressed research question and downstream applications. The essential considerations of an optimal BBB model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Sayed Hanafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Intranasal Administration for Pain: Oxytocin and Other Polypeptides. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071088. [PMID: 34371778 PMCID: PMC8309171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain, particularly chronic pain, remains one of the most debilitating and difficult-to-treat conditions in medicine. Chronic pain is difficult to treat, in part because it is associated with plastic changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Polypeptides are linear organic polymers that are highly selective molecules for neurotransmitter and other nervous system receptors sites, including those associated with pain and analgesia, and so have tremendous potential in pain therapeutics. However, delivery of polypeptides to the nervous system is largely limited due to rapid degradation within the peripheral circulation as well as the blood–brain barrier. One strategy that has been shown to be successful in nervous system deposition of polypeptides is intranasal (IN) delivery. In this narrative review, we discuss the delivery of polypeptides to the peripheral and central nervous systems following IN administration. We briefly discuss the mechanism of delivery via the nasal–cerebral pathway. We review recent studies that demonstrate that polypeptides such as oxytocin, delivered IN, not only reach key pain-modulating regions in the nervous system but, in doing so, evoke significant analgesic effects. IN administration of polypeptides has tremendous potential to provide a non-invasive, rapid and effective method of delivery to the nervous system for chronic pain treatment and management.
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14
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Trim CM, Byrne LJ, Trim SA. Utilisation of compounds from venoms in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 60:1-66. [PMID: 34147202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Difficult drug targets are becoming the normal course of business in drug discovery, sometimes due to large interacting surfaces or only small differences in selectivity regions. For these, a different approach is merited: compounds lying somewhere between the small molecule and the large antibody in terms of many properties including stability, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Venoms have evolved over millions of years to be complex mixtures of stable molecules derived from other somatic molecules, the stability comes from the pressure to be ready for delivery at a moment's notice. Snakes, spiders, scorpions, jellyfish, wasps, fish and even mammals have evolved independent venom systems with complex mixtures in their chemical arsenal. These venom-derived molecules have been proven to be useful tools, such as for the development of antihypotensive angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and have also made successful drugs such as Byetta® (Exenatide), Integrilin® (Eptifibatide) and Echistatin. Only a small percentage of the available chemical space from venoms has been investigated so far and this is growing. In a new era of biological therapeutics, venom peptides present opportunities for larger target engagement surface with greater stability than antibodies or human peptides. There are challenges for oral absorption and target engagement, but there are venom structures that overcome these and thus provide substrate for engineering novel molecules that combine all desired properties. Venom researchers are characterising new venoms, species, and functions all the time, these provide great substrate for solving the challenges presented by today's difficult targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Trim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Lee J Byrne
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
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15
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Düll MM, Wolf K, Vetter M, Dietrich P, Neurath MF, Kremer AE. Endogenous Opioid Levels Do Not Correlate With Itch Intensity and Therapeutic Interventions in Hepatic Pruritus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:641163. [PMID: 33937284 PMCID: PMC8079640 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.641163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic pruritus affects up to 70% of patients with immune-mediated hepatobiliary disorders. Antagonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and agonists of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) are used to treat hepatic itch, albeit with limited success. An imbalance between ligands of MOR and KOR receptors has recently been suggested as a potential mechanism of hepatic pruritus. In this study, we therefore investigated systemic levels of important endogenous opioids such as β-endorphin, dynorphin A, Leu- and Met-enkephalin in plasma of a large cohort of well-characterized patients with immune-mediated cholestatic disorders, including patients with liver cirrhosis, and during effective anti-pruritic therapy. Methods: Plasma samples and clinical data were prospectively collected from well-characterized patients with primary/secondary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC/SSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and overlap syndromes suffering from pruritus (n = 29) and age-, gender- and disease-matched controls without pruritus (n = 27) as well as healthy controls (n = 20). General laboratory testing for hepatobiliary and renal function was performed. Levels of β-endorphin, dynorphin A, Leu- and Met-enkephalin were quantified in plasma by ELISA. Intensity of pruritus over the last week was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS, 0–10). Results: PBC and PSC patients with or without pruritus did neither differ in disease entity, disease stage, nor in the presence of cirrhosis. While both dynorphin A and β-endorphin concentrations were lower in pruritic patients compared to those without pruritus and healthy controls, the MOR/KOR ligand ratio was unaltered. No significant differences were observed for Leu- and Met-enkephalin concentrations. Opioid levels correlated with neither itch intensity nor stage of disease. Cirrhotic patients displayed higher concentrations of MOR agonist Leu-enkephalin and KOR agonist dynorphin A. Endogenous opioid levels remained largely unchanged after successful treatment with the potent anti-pruritic drugs rifampicin and bezafibrate. Conclusions: Endogenous opioid levels and the MOR/KOR ligand ratio neither correlate with itch intensity nor differentiate pruritic from non-pruritic patients with immune-mediated liver diseases. Thus, endogenous opioids may modulate signaling pathways involved in hepatic pruritus, but are unlikely to represent the major pruritogens in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam M Düll
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Vetter
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Piotrowska A, Starnowska-Sokół J, Makuch W, Mika J, Witkowska E, Tymecka D, Ignaczak A, Wilenska B, Misicka A, Przewłocka B. Novel bifunctional hybrid compounds designed to enhance the effects of opioids and antagonize the pronociceptive effects of nonopioid peptides as potent analgesics in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2021; 162:432-445. [PMID: 32826750 PMCID: PMC7808367 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of our work was to determine the role of nonopioid peptides derived from opioid prohormones in sensory hypersensitivity characteristics of neuropathic pain and to propose a pharmacological approach to restore the balance of these endogenous opioid systems. Nonopioid peptides may have a pronociceptive effect and therefore contribute to less effective opioid analgesia in neuropathic pain. In our study, we used unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve as a neuropathic pain model in rats. We demonstrated the pronociceptive effects of proopiomelanocortin- and proenkephalin-derived nonopioid peptides assessed by von Frey and cold plate tests, 7 to 14 days after injury. The concentration of proenkephalin-derived pronociceptive peptides was increased more robustly than that of Met-enkephalin in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord of CCI-exposed rats, as shown by mass spectrometry, and the pronociceptive effect of one of these peptides was blocked by an antagonist of the melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptor. The above results confirm our hypothesis regarding the possibility of creating an analgesic drug for neuropathic pain based on enhancing opioid activity and blocking the pronociceptive effect of nonopioid peptides. We designed and synthesized bifunctional hybrids composed of opioid (OP) receptor agonist and MC4 receptor antagonist (OP-linker-MC4). Moreover, we demonstrated that they have potent and long-lasting antinociceptive effects after a single administration and a delayed development of tolerance compared with morphine after repeated intrathecal administration to rats subjected to CCI. We conclude that the bifunctional hybrids OP-linker-MC4 we propose are important prototypes of drugs for use in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Starnowska-Sokół
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Witkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemistry Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Tymecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemistry Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Ignaczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemistry Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Wilenska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemistry Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological, and Chemistry Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Przewłocka
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Roushan A, Wilson GM, Kletter D, Sen KI, Tang W, Kil YJ, Carlson E, Bern M. Peak Filtering, Peak Annotation, and Wildcard Search for Glycoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100011. [PMID: 33578083 PMCID: PMC8724605 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptides in peptide or digested protein samples pose a number of analytical and bioinformatics challenges beyond those posed by unmodified peptides or peptides with smaller posttranslational modifications. Exact structural elucidation of glycans is generally beyond the capability of a single mass spectrometry experiment, so a reasonable level of identification for tandem mass spectrometry, taken by several glycopeptide software tools, is that of peptide sequence and glycan composition, meaning the number of monosaccharides of each distinct mass, e.g., HexNAc(2)Hex(5) rather than man5. Even at this level, however, glycopeptide analysis poses challenges: finding glycopeptide spectra when they are a tiny fraction of the total spectra; assigning spectra with unanticipated glycans, not in the initial glycan database; and finding, scoring, and labeling diagnostic peaks in tandem mass spectra. Here, we discuss recent improvements to Byonic, a glycoproteomics search program, that address these three issues. Byonic now supports filtering spectra by m/z peaks, so that the user can limit attention to spectra with diagnostic peaks, e.g., at least two out of three of 204.087 for HexNAc, 274.092 for NeuAc (with water loss), and 366.139 for HexNAc-Hex, all within a set mass tolerance, e.g., ± 0.01 Da. Also, new is glycan "wildcard" search, which allows an unspecified mass within a user-set mass range to be applied to N- or O-linked glycans and enables assignment of spectra with unanticipated glycans. Finally, the next release of Byonic supports user-specified peak annotations from user-defined posttranslational modifications. We demonstrate the utility of these new software features by finding previously unrecognized glycopeptides in publicly available data, including glycosylated neuropeptides from rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roushan
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Gary M Wilson
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Doron Kletter
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - K Ilker Sen
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Wilfred Tang
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Yong J Kil
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Eric Carlson
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA
| | - Marshall Bern
- Research and Development Group, Protein Metrics Inc, Cupertino, California, USA.
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18
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Ding Y, Ting JP, Liu J, Al-Azzam S, Pandya P, Afshar S. Impact of non-proteinogenic amino acids in the discovery and development of peptide therapeutics. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1207-1226. [PMID: 32945974 PMCID: PMC7544725 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the development of modern chemistry and biology, non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs) have become a powerful tool for developing peptide-based drug candidates. Drug-like properties of peptidic medicines, due to the smaller size and simpler structure compared to large proteins, can be changed fundamentally by introducing NPAAs in its sequence. While peptides composed of natural amino acids can be used as drug candidates, the majority have shown to be less stable in biological conditions. The impact of NPAA incorporation can be extremely beneficial in improving the stability, potency, permeability, and bioavailability of peptide-based therapies. Conversely, undesired effects such as toxicity or immunogenicity should also be considered. The impact of NPAAs in the development of peptide-based therapeutics is reviewed in this article. Further, numerous examples of peptides containing NPAAs are presented to highlight the ongoing development in peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA, 17605, USA
| | - Priyanka Pandya
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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19
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Roy R, Pradhan K, Khan J, Das G, Mukherjee N, Das D, Ghosh S. Human Serum Albumin-Inspired Glycopeptide-Based Multifunctional Inhibitor of Amyloid-β Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18628-18641. [PMID: 32775865 PMCID: PMC7407538 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), insoluble Aβ42 peptide fragments self-aggregate and form oligomers and fibrils in the brain, causing neurotoxicity. Further, the presence of redox-active metal ions such as Cu2+ enhances the aggregation process through chelation with these Aβ42 aggregates as well as generation of Aβ42-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we have adopted a bioinspired strategy to design and develop a multifunctional glycopeptide hybrid molecule (Glupep), which can serve as a potential AD therapeutic. This molecule consists of a natural metal-chelating tetrapeptide motif of human serum albumin (HSA), a β-sheet breaker peptide, and a sugar moiety for better bioavailability. We performed different biophysical and docking experiments, which revealed that Glupep not only associates with Aβ42 but also prevents its self-aggregation to form toxic oligomers and fibrils. Moreover, Glupep was also shown to sequester out Cu2+ from the Aβ-Cu2+ complex, reducing the ROS formation and toxicity. Besides, this study also revealed that Glupep could protect PC12-derived neurons from Aβ-Cu2+-mediated toxicity by reducing intracellular ROS generation and stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential. All these exciting features show Glupep to be a potent inhibitor of Aβ42-mediated multifaceted toxicity and a prospective therapeutic lead for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajsekhar Roy
- Department
of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Krishnangsu Pradhan
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, WB, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, WB, India
| | - Gaurav Das
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, WB, India
| | - Nabanita Mukherjee
- Department
of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Durba Das
- Department
of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic
and Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology and Bioinformatics
Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical
Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, WB, India
- Department
of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Jodhpur, NH 65, Surpura Bypass Road, Karwar, Rajasthan 342037, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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20
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Azarmi M, Maleki H, Nikkam N, Malekinejad H. Transcellular brain drug delivery: A review on recent advancements. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Duskey JT, Ottonelli I, Da Ros F, Vilella A, Zoli M, Kovachka S, Spyrakis F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G, Ruozi B. Novel peptide-conjugated nanomedicines for brain targeting: In vivo evidence. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Aljohani S, Hussein WM, Toth I, Simerska P. Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:609-617. [PMID: 31267872 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190702153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Aljohani
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Cooper Road, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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23
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Rajpoot K. Nanotechnology-based Targeting of Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Promising Tool for Efficient Delivery of Neuromedicines. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:819-836. [PMID: 31906836 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200106105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional drug delivery approaches remained ineffective in offering better treatment to various neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). In this context, diverse types of nanocarriers have shown their great potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have emerged as a prominent carrier system in drug delivery. Moreover, nanotechnology-based methods usually involve numerous nanosized carrier platforms, which potentiate the effect of the therapeutic agents in the therapy of NDs especially in diagnosis and drug delivery with negligible side effects. In addition, nanotechnology-based techniques have offered several strategies to cross BBB to intensify the bioavailability of drug moieties in the brain. In the last few years, diverse kinds of nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed by incorporating various biocompatible components (e.g., polysaccharide-based NPs, polymeric NPs, selenium NPs, AuNPs, protein-based NPs, gadolinium NPs, etc.), that showed great therapeutic benefits against NDs. Eventually, this review provides deep insights to explore recent applications of some innovative nanocarriers enclosing active molecules for the efficient treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Rajpoot
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, 495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
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24
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Cherepanov SM, Miura R, Shabalova AA, Ichinose W, Yokoyama S, Fukuda H, Watanabe M, Higashida H, Shuto S. Synthesis of oxytocin derivatives lipidated via a carbonate or carbamate linkage as a long-acting therapeutic agent for social impairment-like behaviors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3358-3363. [PMID: 31229420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our studies of hydrophobic oxytocin (OT) analogues, we newly synthesized lipidated OT (LOT-4a-c and LOT-5a-c), in which a long alkyl chain (C14-C16) is conjugated via a carbonate or carbamate linkage at the Tyr-2 phenolic hydroxy group and a palmitoyl group at the terminal amino group of Cys-1. These LOTs did not activate OT and vasopressin receptors. Among the LOTs, however, LOT-4c, having a C16-chain via a carbonate linkage at the phenolic hydroxyl group of the Tyr-2, showed very long-lasting action for the recovery of impaired social behavior in CD38 knockout mice, a rodent model of autistic phenotypes, whereas the effect of OT itself rapidly diminished. These results indicate that LOT-4c may serve as a potential prodrug in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav M Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Risako Miura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Anna A Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Wataru Ichinose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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25
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Jafari B, Pourseif MM, Barar J, Rafi MA, Omidi Y. Peptide-mediated drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier for targeting brain tumors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:583-605. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1614911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Jafari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia,
Iran
| | - Mohammad M. Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Rafi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
PA, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz,
Iran
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26
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Ray P, Torck A, Quigley L, Wangzhou A, Neiman M, Rao C, Lam T, Kim JY, Kim TH, Zhang MQ, Dussor G, Price TJ. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the human and mouse dorsal root ganglia: an RNA-seq-based resource for pain and sensory neuroscience research. Pain 2019; 159:1325-1345. [PMID: 29561359 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular neurobiological insight into human nervous tissues is needed to generate next-generation therapeutics for neurological disorders such as chronic pain. We obtained human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) samples from organ donors and performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to study the hDRG transcriptional landscape, systematically comparing it with publicly available data from a variety of human and orthologous mouse tissues, including mouse DRG (mDRG). We characterized the hDRG transcriptional profile in terms of tissue-restricted gene coexpression patterns and putative transcriptional regulators, and formulated an information-theoretic framework to quantify DRG enrichment. Relevant gene families and pathways were also analyzed, including transcription factors, G-protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. Our analyses reveal an hDRG-enriched protein-coding gene set (∼140), some of which have not been described in the context of DRG or pain signaling. Most of these show conserved enrichment in mDRG and were mined for known drug-gene product interactions. Conserved enrichment of the vast majority of transcription factors suggests that the mDRG is a faithful model system for studying hDRG, because of evolutionarily conserved regulatory programs. Comparison of hDRG and tibial nerve transcriptomes suggests trafficking of neuronal mRNA to axons in adult hDRG, and are consistent with studies of axonal transport in rodent sensory neurons. We present our work as an online, searchable repository (https://www.utdallas.edu/bbs/painneurosciencelab/sensoryomics/drgtxome), creating a valuable resource for the community. Our analyses provide insight into DRG biology for guiding development of novel therapeutics and a blueprint for cross-species transcriptomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ray
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Torck
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Lilyana Quigley
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Andi Wangzhou
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Neiman
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Chandranshu Rao
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany Lam
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Dwivedi N, Shah J, Mishra V, Tambuwala M, Kesharwani P. Nanoneuromedicine for management of neurodegenerative disorder. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Keinänen O, Partelová D, Alanen O, Antopolsky M, Sarparanta M, Airaksinen AJ. Efficient cartridge purification for producing high molar activity [ 18F]fluoro-glycoconjugates via oxime formation. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 67:27-35. [PMID: 30380464 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 18F-fluoroglycosylation via oxime formation is a chemoselective and mild radiolabeling method for sensitive molecules. Glycosylation can also improve the bioavailability, in vivo kinetics, and stability of the compound in blood, as well as accelerate clearance of biomolecules. A typical synthesis procedure for 18F-fluoroglycosylation with [18F]FDG (2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose) and [18F]FDR (5-deoxy-5-[18F]fluoro-d-ribose) involves two HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) purifications: one after 18F-fluorination of the carbohydrate to remove its labeling precursor, and a second one after the oxime formation step to remove the aminooxy precursor. The two HPLC purifications can be time consuming and complicate the adaptation of the synthetic strategy in nuclear medicine applications and automated synthesis. We have developed a procedure in which SPE (solid phase extraction) and resin purification methods replace both of the needed HPLC purification steps. METHODS We used [18F]FDR and [18F]FDG as prosthetic groups to radiolabel two aminooxy-modified model molecules, a tetrazine and a PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen) inhibitor. After fluorination, the excess carbohydrate precursor was removed by derivatizing it with 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl). The DMT moiety increases the hydrophobicity of the unreacted precursor making the separation from the fluorinated precursor possible with simple C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. For removal of the aminooxy precursor, we used a commercially available aldehyde resin (AminoLink, Thermo Fisher Scientific). C18 Sep-Pak SPE cartridge was used to separate [18F]FDR and [18F]FDG from the 18F-fluoroglycoconjugate end product. RESULTS [18F]FDR and [18F]FDG were efficiently purified from their precursors, free fluorine-18, and other impurities. The aldehyde resin quantitatively removed the unreacted aminooxy precursors after the oxime formation. The fluorine-18 labeled oxime end products were obtained with high radiochemical purity (>99%) and molar activity (>600 GBq μmol-1). CONCLUSIONS We have developed an efficient cartridge purification method for producing high molar activity 18F-glycoconjugates synthesized via oxime formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry - Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denisa Partelová
- Department of Chemistry - Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Osku Alanen
- Department of Chemistry - Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maxim Antopolsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Department of Chemistry - Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry - Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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29
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Toms J, Reshetnikov V, Maschauer S, Mokhir A, Prante O. Radiosynthesis of an 18
F-fluoroglycosylated aminoferrocene for in-vivo imaging of reactive oxygen species activity by PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1081-1088. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Toms
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Viktor Reshetnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair II; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair II; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
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Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors for Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6030074. [PMID: 30110885 PMCID: PMC6164475 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a profound impact on human health worldwide and their incidence is predicted to increase as the population ages. ND severely limits the quality of life and leads to early death. Aside from treatments that may reduce symptoms, NDs are almost completely without means of therapeutic intervention. The genetic and biochemical basis of many NDs is beginning to emerge although most have complex etiologies for which common themes remain poorly resolved. Largely relying on progress in vector design, gene therapy is gaining increasing support as a strategy for genetic treatment of diseases. Here we describe recent developments in the engineering of highly defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors suitable for transfer and long-term expression of large and/or multiple therapeutic genes in brain neurons in the complete absence of viral gene expression. These advanced vector platforms are safe, non-inflammatory, and persist in the nerve cell nucleus for life. In the near term, it is likely that HSV can be used to treat certain NDs that have a well-defined genetic cause. As further information on disease etiology becomes available, these vectors may take on an expanded role in ND therapies, including gene editing and repair.
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31
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Natural Bioactive Compounds: Alternative Approach to the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9363040. [PMID: 29359162 PMCID: PMC5735581 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9363040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent, primary malignant brain tumor prevalent in humans. GBM characteristically exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue resulting in poor patient prognosis. The current standard of care of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide is not very effective. The inefficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents may be attributed to the challenges in drug delivery to the tumor. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated the chemopreventive role of natural, dietary compounds in the development and progression of cancer. Many of these studies have reported the potential of using natural compounds in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a novel approach for the effective treatment of cancer. In this paper, we review the role of several natural compounds individually and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of GBM. We also assess the potential of drug delivery approaches such as the Gliadel wafers and role of nanomaterial based drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of GBM.
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32
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Dube T, Chibh S, Mishra J, Panda JJ. Receptor Targeted Polymeric Nanostructures Capable of Navigating across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Effective Delivery of Neural Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2105-2117. [PMID: 28768412 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The window of neurological maladies encompasses 600 known neurological disorders. In the past few years, an inordinate upsurge in the incidences of neuronal ailments with increased mortality rate has been witnessed globally. Despite noteworthy research in the discovery and development of neural therapeutics, brain drug delivery still encounters limited success due to meager perviousness of most of the drug molecules through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a tight layer of endothelial cells that selectively impedes routing of the molecules across itself. In this Review, we have tried to present a comprehensive idea on the recent developments in nanoparticle based BBB delivery systems, with a focus on the advancements in receptor targeted polymeric nanoparticles pertaining to BBB delivery. We have also attempted to bridge the gap between conventional brain delivery strategies and nanoparticle based BBB delivery for in-depth understanding. Various strategies are being explored for simplifying delivery of molecules across the BBB; however, they have their own limitations such as invasiveness and need for hospitalization and surgery. Introduction of nanotechnology can impressively benefit brain drug delivery. Though many nanoparticles are being explored, there are still several issues that need to be analyzed scrupulously before a real and efficient BBB traversing nanoformulation is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Dube
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab − 160062, India
| | - Sonika Chibh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab − 160062, India
| | - Jibanananda Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab − 144411, India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab − 160062, India
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33
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Wei C, Pohorille A. Sequence-Dependent Interfacial Adsorption and Permeation of Dipeptides across Phospholipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9859-9867. [PMID: 28982244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigate permeation of three blocked dipeptides with different side chain polarity across a phospholipid membrane and their behavior at the water-membrane interface by way of molecular dynamics simulations. Hydrophilic serine-serine dipeptide is found to desorb from the interface to aqueous phase, whereas hydrophobic phenylalanine-leucine and amphiphilic serine-leucine tend to accumulate at the interface with a free energy minimum of -3 kcal/mol. All three dipeptides exhibit free energy barriers to permeation across the membrane located at the center of the bilayer. The height of the barrier is strongly sequence dependent and increases with the dipeptide polarity. It is equal to 3.5, 6.4, and 10.0 kcal/mol for phenylalanine-leucine, serine-leucine, and serine-serine, respectively. The corresponding permeability coefficients are equal to 4.6 × 10-3, 4.5 × 10-5, and 8.7 × 10-8 cm/s. The apparent insensitivity of membrane permeability to hydrophobicity of dipeptides, found in some experiments, is attributed to neglecting corrections for unstirred water layers near membrane surface, which are significant for hydrophobic species. Different hydrophobicity of the dipeptides also influences their conformations and orientations, both at the interface and inside the membrane. In particular, penetration of hydrophilic serine-serine dipeptide causes the formation of water-filled defects in the bilayer. These results are relevant to the delivery of peptide-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wei
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew Pohorille
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Cherepanov SM, Akther S, Nishimura T, Shabalova AA, Mizuno A, Ichinose W, Shuto S, Yamamoto Y, Yokoyama S, Higashida H. Effects of Three Lipidated Oxytocin Analogs on Behavioral Deficits in CD38 Knockout Mice. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100132. [PMID: 29035307 PMCID: PMC5664059 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide that plays an important role in social behavior. Nasal administration of OT has been shown to improve trust in healthy humans and social interaction in autistic subjects. As is consistent with the nature of a peptide, OT has some unfavorable characteristics: it has a short half-life in plasma and shows poor permeability across the blood-brain barrier. Analogs with long-lasting effects may overcome these drawbacks. To this end, we have synthesized three analogs: lipo-oxytocin-1 (LOT-1), in which two palmitoyl groups are conjugated to the cysteine and tyrosine residues, lipo-oxytocin-2 (LOT-2) and lipo-oxytocin-3 (LOT-3), which include one palmitoyl group conjugated at the cysteine or tyrosine residue, respectively. The following behavioral deficits were observed in CD38 knockout (CD38−/−) mice: a lack of paternal nurturing in CD38−/− sires, decreased ability for social recognition, and decreased sucrose consumption. OT demonstrated the ability to recover these disturbances to the level of wild-type mice for 30 min after injection. LOT-2 and LOT-3 partially recovered the behaviors for a short period. Conversely, LOT-1 restored the behavioral parameters, not for 30 min, but for 24 h. These data suggest that the lipidation of OT has some therapeutic benefits, and LOT-1 would be most useful because of its long-last activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav M Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Shirin Akther
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nishimura
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Anna A Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Wataru Ichinose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan.
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Fjellaksel R, Boomgaren M, Sundset R, Haraldsen IH, Hansen JH, Riss PJ. Small molecule piperazinyl-benzimidazole antagonists of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1965-1969. [PMID: 30108717 PMCID: PMC6072469 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00320j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we report the synthesis and characterization of a library of small molecule antagonists of the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor based upon the 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-piperazinyl-benzimidazole scaffold via Cu-catalysed azide alkyne cycloaddition. Our main purpose was to find a more soluble compound based on the WAY207024 lead with nanomolar potency to inhibit the GnRH receptor. A late stage diversification by the use of click chemistry was, furthermore developed to allow for expansion of the library in future optimisations. All compounds were tested in a functional assay to determine the individual potency of inhibiting stimulation of the receptor by the endogenous agonist GnRH. In conclusion, we found that compound 8a showed improved solubility compared to WAY207024 and nanomolar affinity to GnRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fjellaksel
- Medical Imaging Group , Department of Clinical Medicine , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway . .,Drug Transport and Delivery Group , Department of Pharmacy , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway.,Organic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Marc Boomgaren
- Organic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Rune Sundset
- Medical Imaging Group , Department of Clinical Medicine , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway . .,PET imaging center, division of diagnostics , UNN - University Hospital of North-Norway , 9038 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ira H Haraldsen
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Organic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , PO BOX 1033 , Oslo 0371 , Norway.,Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS , Postboks 4950 Nydalen , 0424 Oslo , Norway
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36
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Bruijnzeel AW. Neuropeptide systems and new treatments for nicotine addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1419-1437. [PMID: 28028605 PMCID: PMC5420481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mildly euphoric and cognitive enhancing effects of nicotine play a role in the initiation of smoking, while dysphoria and anxiety associated with smoking cessation contribute to relapse. After the acute withdrawal phase, smoking cues, a few cigarettes (i.e., lapse), and stressors can cause relapse. Human and animal studies have shown that neuropeptides play a critical role in nicotine addiction. OBJECTIVES The goal of this paper is to describe the role of neuropeptide systems in the initiation of nicotine intake, nicotine withdrawal, and the reinstatement of extinguished nicotine seeking. RESULTS The reviewed studies indicate that several drugs that target neuropeptide systems diminish the rewarding effects of nicotine by preventing the activation of dopaminergic systems. Other peptide-based drugs diminish the hyperactivity of brain stress systems and diminish withdrawal-associated symptom severity. Blockade of hypocretin-1 and nociceptin receptors and stimulation of galanin and neurotensin receptors diminishes the rewarding effects of nicotine. Both corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists diminish dysphoria and anxiety-like behavior associated with nicotine withdrawal and inhibit stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Furthermore, blockade of vasopressin 1b receptors diminishes dysphoria during nicotine withdrawal, and melanocortin 4 receptor blockade prevents stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. The role of neuropeptide systems in nicotine-primed and cue-induced reinstatement is largely unexplored, but there is evidence for a role of hypocretin-1 receptors in cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. CONCLUSION Drugs that target neuropeptide systems might decrease the euphoric effects of smoking and improve relapse rates by diminishing withdrawal symptoms and improving stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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37
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Varamini P, Mansfeld FM, Giddam AK, Steyn F, Toth I. New gonadotropin-releasing hormone glycolipids with direct antiproliferative activity and gonadotropin-releasing potency. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:327-336. [PMID: 28232269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Varamini
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Friederike M Mansfeld
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ashwini Kumar Giddam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frederik Steyn
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research and the School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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38
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Rosa M, Gonzalez-Nunez V, Barreto-Valer K, Marcelo F, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Calle LP, Arévalo JC, Rodríguez RE, Jiménez-Barbero J, Arsequell G, Valencia G. Role of the sugar moiety on the opioid receptor binding and conformation of a series of enkephalin neoglycopeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2260-2265. [PMID: 28284867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation by simple sugars is a drug discovery alternative that has been explored with varying success for enhancing the potency and bioavailability of opioid peptides. Long ago we described two O-glycosides having either β-Glucose and β-Galactose of (d-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide showing one of the highest antinociceptive activities known. Here, we report the resynthesis of these two analogs and the preparation of three novel neoglycopeptide derivatives (α-Mannose, β-Lactose and β-Cellobiose). Binding studies to cloned zebrafish opioid receptors showed very small differences of affinity between the parent compound and the five glycopeptides thus suggesting that the nature of the carbohydrate moiety plays a minor role in determining the binding mode. Indeed, NMR conformational studies, combined with molecular mechanics calculations, indicated that all glycopeptides present the same major conformation either in solution or membrane-like environment. The evidences provided here highlight the relevance for in vivo activity of the conjugating bond between the peptide and sugar moieties in opioid glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rosa
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Katherine Barreto-Valer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Julia Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis P Calle
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel E Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, E-48160 Derio, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao E-48013, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Valencia
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Cherepanov SM, Yokoyama S, Mizuno A, Ichinose W, Lopatina O, Shabalova AA, Salmina AB, Yamamoto Y, Okamoto H, Shuto S, Higashida H. Structure-specific effects of lipidated oxytocin analogs on intracellular calcium levels, parental behavior, and oxytocin concentrations in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5:e00290. [PMID: 28596839 PMCID: PMC5461640 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a neuroendocrine nonapeptide that plays an important role in social memory and behavior. Nasal administration of OT has been shown to improve trust in healthy humans and social interaction in autistic subjects in some clinical trials. As a central nervous system (CNS) drug, however, OT has two unfavorable characteristics: OT is short‐acting and shows poor permeability across the blood–brain barrier, because it exists in charged form in the plasma and has short half‐life. To overcome these drawbacks, an analog with long‐lasting effects is required. We previously synthesized the analog, lipo‐oxytocin‐1 (LOT‐1), in which two palmitoyl groups are conjugated to the cysteine and tyrosine residues. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated the analogs lipo‐oxytocin‐2 (LOT‐2) and lipo‐oxytocin‐3 (LOT‐3), which feature the conjugation of one palmitoyl group at the cysteine and tyrosine residues, respectively. In human embryonic kidney‐293 cells overexpressing human OT receptors, these three LOTs demonstrated comparably weak effects on the elevation of intracellular free calcium concentrations after OT receptor activation, compared to the effects of OT. The three LOTs and OT exhibited different time‐dependent effects on recovery from impaired pup retrieval behavior in sires of CD38‐knockout mice. Sires treated with LOT‐1 showed the strongest effect, whereas others had no or little effects at 24 h after injection. These results indicated that LOTs have structure‐specific agonistic effects, and suggest that lipidation of OT might have therapeutic benefits for social impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav M Cherepanov
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Wataru Ichinose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Olga Lopatina
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk 660022 Russia
| | - Anna A Shabalova
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk 660022 Russia
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular BiologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular BiologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan.,Department of Advanced Biological Sciences for Regeneration (Kotobiken Medical Laboratories) Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai 980-8575 Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hokkaido University Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0812 Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery Hokkaido University Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku Sapporo060-0812 Japan
| | - Haruhiro Higashida
- Department of Basic Research on Social Recognition Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-8640 Japan
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40
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Virgone-Carlotta A, Dufour E, Bacot S, Ahmadi M, Cornou M, Moni L, Garcia J, Chierici S, Garin D, Marti-Batlle D, Perret P, Ghersi-Egea J, Moulin Sallanon M, Fagret D, Ghezzi C. New diketopiperazines as vectors for peptide protection and brain delivery: Synthesis and biological evaluation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:517-530. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Dufour
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5250; Grenoble France
| | - S. Bacot
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - M. Ahmadi
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - M. Cornou
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5250; Grenoble France
| | - L. Moni
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5250; Grenoble France
| | - J. Garcia
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5250; Grenoble France
| | - S. Chierici
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5250; Grenoble France
| | - D. Garin
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - D. Marti-Batlle
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - P. Perret
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - J.F. Ghersi-Egea
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon France
- BIP Platform, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center; Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - M. Moulin Sallanon
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - D. Fagret
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
| | - C. Ghezzi
- INSERM U1039; La Tronche France
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
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41
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Mutoh T, Mutoh T, Taki Y, Ishikawa T. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Product-Based Oral Nanomedicines for Stroke Prevention. J Med Food 2016; 19:521-7. [PMID: 27136062 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is the leading cause of death and permanent disability in elderly persons. The impaired glucose and oxygen transport to the brain during ischemia causes bioenergetic failure, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and eventually cell death. However, the development of effective therapies against stroke has been hampered by insufficient oral absorption of pharmaceuticals and subsequent delivery to the brain. Nanotechnology has emerged as a new method of treating cerebral diseases, with the potential to fundamentally change currently available therapeutic approaches using compounds with low bioavailability. This perspective review provides an overview of the therapeutic potential of oral nanomedicines for stroke, focusing on novel natural product-loaded delivery system with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mutoh
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan .,2 Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-AKITA , Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mutoh
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- 2 Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-AKITA , Akita, Japan
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42
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Moradi SV, Hussein WM, Varamini P, Simerska P, Toth I. Glycosylation, an effective synthetic strategy to improve the bioavailability of therapeutic peptides. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2492-2500. [PMID: 28660018 PMCID: PMC5477030 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of peptides is a promising strategy for modulating the physicochemical properties of peptide drugs and for improving their absorption through biological membranes. This review highlights various methods for the synthesis of glycoconjugates and recent progress in the development of glycosylated peptide therapeutics. Furthermore, the impacts of glycosylation in overcoming the existing barriers that restrict oral and brain delivery of peptides are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Pegah Varamini
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
- The University of Queensland , School of Pharmacy , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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43
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Early Loss of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Precedes NOX2 Elevation in the Prefrontal Cortex of an Animal Model of Psychosis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2031-2044. [PMID: 26910819 PMCID: PMC5355521 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The social isolation rearing of young adult rats is a model of psychosocial stress and provides a nonpharmacological tool to study alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychosis. We have previously demonstrated that social isolation in rats leads to increased oxidative stress and to cerebral NOX2 elevations. Here, we investigated early alterations in mRNA expression leading to increased NOX2 in the brain. Rats were exposed to a short period of social isolation (1 week) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mRNA expression of genes involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation and integrity (ORLs, Vof 21 and Vof 16, Leng8, Vnr1, and Trank 1 genes) was performed. Real-time PCR experiments, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting analysis showed an increased expression of these genes and related proteins in isolated rats with respect to control animals. The expression of specific markers of BBB integrity, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), occludin 1, and plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 (PV-1), was also significantly altered after 1 week of social isolation. BBB permeability, evaluated by quantification of Evans blue dye extravasation, as well as interstitial fluid, was significantly increased in rats isolated for 1 week with respect to controls. Isolation-induced BBB disruption was also accompanied by a significant increase of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) expression. Conversely, no differences in NOX2 levels were detected at this time point. Our study demonstrates that BBB disruption precedes NOX2 elevations in the brain. These results provide new insights in the interplay of mechanisms linking psychosocial stress to early oxidative stress in the brain, disruption of the BBB, and the development of mental disorders.
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44
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Kuo YC, Wang IH. Enhanced delivery of etoposide across the blood–brain barrier to restrain brain tumor growth using melanotransferrin antibody- and tamoxifen-conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2016; 24:645-54. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1132223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Hsin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, Republic of China
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45
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Korshavn KJ, Jang M, Kwak YJ, Kochi A, Vertuani S, Bhunia A, Manfredini S, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Reactivity of Metal-Free and Metal-Associated Amyloid-β with Glycosylated Polyphenols and Their Esterified Derivatives. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17842. [PMID: 26657338 PMCID: PMC4674742 DOI: 10.1038/srep17842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both amyloid-β (Aβ) and transition metal ions are shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the importance of their interactions remains unclear. Multifunctional molecules, which can target metal-free and metal-bound Aβ and modulate their reactivity (e.g., Aβ aggregation), have been developed as chemical tools to investigate their function in AD pathology; however, these compounds generally lack specificity or have undesirable chemical and biological properties, reducing their functionality. We have evaluated whether multiple polyphenolic glycosides and their esterified derivatives can serve as specific, multifunctional probes to better understand AD. The ability of these compounds to interact with metal ions and metal-free/-associated Aβ, and further control both metal-free and metal-induced Aβ aggregation was investigated through gel electrophoresis with Western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. We also examined the cytotoxicity of the compounds and their ability to mitigate the toxicity induced by both metal-free and metal-bound Aβ. Of the polyphenols investigated, the natural product (Verbascoside) and its esterified derivative (VPP) regulate the aggregation and cytotoxicity of metal-free and/or metal-associated Aβ to different extents. Our studies indicate Verbascoside represents a promising structure for further multifunctional tool development against both metal-free Aβ and metal-Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Korshavn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Milim Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Akiko Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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46
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Wynendaele E, Verbeke F, Stalmans S, Gevaert B, Janssens Y, Van De Wiele C, Peremans K, Burvenich C, De Spiegeleer B. Quorum Sensing Peptides Selectively Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142071. [PMID: 26536593 PMCID: PMC4633044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria communicate with each other by the use of signaling molecules, a process called 'quorum sensing'. One group of quorum sensing molecules includes the oligopeptides, which are mainly produced by Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, these quorum sensing peptides were found to biologically influence mammalian cells, promoting i.a. metastasis of cancer cells. Moreover, it was found that bacteria can influence different central nervous system related disorders as well, e.g. anxiety, depression and autism. Research currently focuses on the role of bacterial metabolites in this bacteria-brain interaction, with the role of the quorum sensing peptides not yet known. Here, three chemically diverse quorum sensing peptides were investigated for their brain influx (multiple time regression technique) and efflux properties in an in vivo mouse model (ICR-CD-1) to determine blood-brain transfer properties: PhrCACET1 demonstrated comparatively a very high initial influx into the mouse brain (Kin = 20.87 μl/(g×min)), while brain penetrabilities of BIP-2 and PhrANTH2 were found to be low (Kin = 2.68 μl/(g×min)) and very low (Kin = 0.18 μl/(g×min)), respectively. All three quorum sensing peptides were metabolically stable in plasma (in vitro) during the experimental time frame and no significant brain efflux was observed. Initial tissue distribution data showed remarkably high liver accumulation of BIP-2 as well. Our results thus support the potential role of some quorum sensing peptides in different neurological disorders, thereby enlarging our knowledge about the microbiome-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederick Verbeke
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Stalmans
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Gevaert
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yorick Janssens
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van De Wiele
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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47
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Deuis JR, Whately E, Brust A, Inserra MC, Asvadi NH, Lewis RJ, Alewood PF, Cabot PJ, Vetter I. Activation of κ Opioid Receptors in Cutaneous Nerve Endings by Conorphin-1, a Novel Subtype-Selective Conopeptide, Does Not Mediate Peripheral Analgesia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26225903 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of peripheral κ opioid receptors (KORs) may overcome the dose-limiting adverse effects of conventional opioid analgesics. We recently developed a vicinal disulfide-stabilized class of peptides with subnanomolar potency at the KOR. The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic effects of one of these peptides, named conorphin-1, in comparison with the prototypical KOR-selective small molecule agonist U-50488, in several rodent pain models. Surprisingly, neither conorphin-1 nor U-50488 were analgesic when delivered peripherally by intraplantar injection at local concentrations expected to fully activate the KOR at cutaneous nerve endings. While U-50488 was analgesic when delivered at high local concentrations, this effect could not be reversed by coadministration with the selective KOR antagonist ML190 or the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone. Instead, U-50488 likely mediated its peripheral analgesic effect through nonselective inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, including peripheral sensory neuron isoforms NaV1.8 and NaV1.7. Our study suggests that targeting the KOR in peripheral sensory nerve endings innervating the skin is not an alternative analgesic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Deuis
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ella Whately
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Marco C. Inserra
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naghmeh H. Asvadi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter J. Cabot
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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48
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Endocytosis of Nanomedicines: The Case of Glycopeptide Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:74-89. [PMID: 26102358 PMCID: PMC4491652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of nanomedicine as a new strategy for drug delivery and targeting prompted the interest in developing approaches toward basic and clinical neuroscience. Despite enormous advances on brain research, central nervous system (CNS) disorders remain the world's leading cause of disability, in part due to the inability of the majority of drugs to reach the brain parenchyma. Many attempts to use nanomedicines as CNS drug delivery systems (DDS) were made; among the various non-invasive approaches, nanoparticulate carriers and, particularly, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) seem to be the most interesting strategies. In particular, the ability of poly-lactide-co-glycolide NPs (PLGA-NPs) specifically engineered with a glycopeptide (g7), conferring to NPs' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in rodents at a concentration of up to 10% of the injected dose, was demonstrated in previous studies using different routes of administrations. Most of the evidence on NP uptake mechanisms reported in the literature about intracellular pathways and processes of cell entry is based on in vitro studies. Therefore, beside the particular attention devoted to increasing the knowledge of the rate of in vivo BBB crossing of nanocarriers, the subsequent exocytosis in the brain compartments, their fate and trafficking in the brain surely represent major topics in this field.
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49
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Saleh TM, Connell BJ, Kucukkaya I, Abd-El-Aziz AS. Increasing the Biological Stability Profile of a New Chemical Entity, UPEI-104, and Potential Use as a Neuroprotectant Against Reperfusion-Injury. Brain Sci 2015; 5:130-43. [PMID: 25906324 PMCID: PMC4493460 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated the utility of synthetic combinations of two naturally occurring, biologically active compounds. In particular, we combined two known anti-oxidant compounds, lipoic acid and apocynin, covalently linked via an ester bond (named UPEI-100). In an animal model of ischemia-reperfusion injury (tMCAO), UPEI-100 was shown to produce equivalent neuroprotection compared to each parent compound, but at a 100-fold lower dose. However, it was determined that UPEI-100 was undetectable in any tissue samples almost immediately following intravenous injection. Therefore, the present investigation was done to determine if biological stability of UPEI-100 could be improved by replacing the ester bond with a more bio cleavage-resistant bond, an ether bond (named UPEI-104). We then compared the stability of UPEI-104 to the original parent compound UPEI-100 in human plasma as well as liver microsomes. Our results demonstrated that both UPEI-100 and UPEI-104 could be detected in human plasma for over 120 min; however, only UPEI-104 was detectable for an average of 7 min following incubation with human liver microsomes. This increased stability did not affect the biological activity of UPEI-104 as measured using our tMCAO model. Our results suggest that combining compounds using an ether bond can improve stability while maintaining biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Saleh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Barry J Connell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Inan Kucukkaya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Alaa S Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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50
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Peluffo H, Unzueta U, Negro-Demontel ML, Xu Z, Váquez E, Ferrer-Miralles N, Villaverde A. BBB-targeting, protein-based nanomedicines for drug and nucleic acid delivery to the CNS. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:277-87. [PMID: 25698504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) demands the urgent development of efficient drugs. While many of these medicines are already available, the Blood Brain Barrier and to a lesser extent, the Blood Spinal Cord Barrier pose physical and biological limitations to their diffusion to reach target tissues. Therefore, efforts are needed not only to address drug development but specially to design suitable vehicles for delivery into the CNS through systemic administration. In the context of the functional and structural versatility of proteins, recent advances in their biological fabrication and a better comprehension of the physiology of the CNS offer a plethora of opportunities for the construction and tailoring of plain nanoconjugates and of more complex nanosized vehicles able to cross these barriers. We revise here how the engineering of functional proteins offers drug delivery tools for specific CNS diseases and more transversally, how proteins can be engineered into smart nanoparticles or 'artificial viruses' to afford therapeutic requirements through alternative administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peluffo
- Neuroinflammation Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luciana Negro-Demontel
- Neuroinflammation Gene Therapy Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Zhikun Xu
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Váquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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