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Acclimation Effects of Natural Daily Temperature Variation on Longevity, Fecundity, and Thermal Tolerance of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040309. [PMID: 35447751 PMCID: PMC9025151 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diurnal, monthly, or seasonal temperatures can fluctuate substantially. Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) can significantly impact the traits of insects but there is limited evidence from the natural environment. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) under environmental conditions. The longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and heat thermal tolerance of adults significantly changed under different DTAs. These findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response in the P.xylostella phenotype, and DTA should be incorporated into prediction models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change. Abstract Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) significantly affect the ecological and physiological traits of insects. Most studies in this field are based on laboratory experiments, while there is limited research on the effects of changes in DTA on insect phenotypic plasticity under natural conditions. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and the thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella L.) under naturally occurring environmental conditions. As DTAs increased, male longevity and total fecundity decreased, and early fecundity increased. An increase in DTA was significantly associated with the increased heat coma temperature (CTmax) of both males and females, but had no significant effect on their cold coma temperature (CTmin). Our findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response of P. xylostella and emphasize the importance of considering DTA in predicting models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change.
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Wang D, Yang G, Chen W. Diel and Circadian Patterns of Locomotor Activity in the Adults of Diamondback Moth ( Plutella xylostella). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080727. [PMID: 34442294 PMCID: PMC8396960 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plutella xylostell is a worldwide migratory insect pest that mainly damages cruciferous vegetables. In this study, we established a system for measuring the diel locomotor activities and used it to evaluate the locomotor circadian patterns of P. xylostella. We tested the locomotor activities of P. xylostella adults under several laboratory settings. We found that both the males and females showed nocturnal activity under a light:dark (LD) cycle, with activity peaking very early after lights off and quickly declining after lights on. Both males and females had high locomotor activity levels in constant darkness (DD) but weak in a constant light condition (LL). In addition, circadian patterns analysis showed that males exhibit much better rhythmic characteristics than females, especially in low temperature conditions. Overall, our proposed system for studying the locomotor activities in P. xylostella is reliable, which will help us to have a better understanding of the diel activity of P. xylostella and may finally be helpful in the development of an effective pest management strategy. Abstract The Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) is a highly destructive lepidopteran pest of cruciferous crops. However, there still is relatively little known about the locomotor activities of diel and the circadian patterns in P. xylostella. Here, we present an analysis of the diel locomotion of P. xylostella under several laboratory settings. We established a system for measuring the individual locomotor activities of P. xylostella and found that both males and females showed a nocturnal pattern of activity under 26 or 20 °C LD conditions, with activity peaking immediately after lights off and quickly declining after lights on. In addition, we showed that it is difficult to assess the free-running circadian rhythms of P. xylostella under 26 °C DD conditions. However, we found that males showed a higher power, rhythm index (RI) and rhythmic ratio than females under 20 °C DD conditions, which indicated that males in low-temperature conditions are much more suitable to study the free-running circadian rhythms of P. xylostella. The findings of this study will help us to have a better understanding of the diel activity of P. xylostella and may provide a foundation for the development of an effective pest management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (W.C.)
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (W.C.)
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Xing K, Sun D, Zhao F. Within- and Trans-Generational Life History Responses to Diurnal Temperature Amplitudes of the Pupal Stage in the Diamondback Moth. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:888-897. [PMID: 33974683 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal temperature fluctuations in nature can have a significant effect on many ectodermic traits. However, studies on the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations on organisms, especially the effects on specific life stages, are still limited. We examined the immediate effects of the same average temperature (25°C) and different temperature amplitudes (±4, ±6, ±8, ±10, ±12°C) on the development and survival of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). We also assessed carry-over effects on adult longevity, reproduction, development, and survival of offspring across generations. The effect of moderate temperature amplitudes was similar to that of constant temperature. Wide temperature amplitudes inhibited the development of pupae, reduced total reproduction, lowered intrinsic rates of population growth, and slowed the development and survival of eggs on the first day, but the proportion of females ovipositing on the first three days increased. Insects coped with the adverse effects of wide temperature amplitudes by laying eggs as soon as possible. Our results confirmed that a logistic model based on daily average temperature cannot predict development rates under wide temperature amplitudes. These findings highlight the effect of environmental temperature fluctuations at the pupal stage on the development and oviposition patterns of P. xylostella and should be fully considered when predicting field occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
| | - Dongbao Sun
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
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Bennett MM, Rinehart JP, Yocum GD, Doetkott C, Greenlee KJ. Cues for cavity nesters: investigating relevant zeitgebers for emerging leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.175406. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod is considered the universal zeitgeber, regulating physiological processes in numerous animals. However, for animals in light-restricted habitats (e.g. burrows or cavities), thermoperiod may be a more important cue. Our study tested this hypothesis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, which nests in cavities and undergoes development within a brood cell. We assessed the role of environmental cues (thermoperiod and photoperiod) on the process of adult emergence by examining: 1) if those cues direct circadian rhythms, 2) which cue is more dominant, and 3) how sensitive developing bees and emergence-ready adults are to cues. Although we found that 20% of light penetrates the brood cell, and bees respond to photoperiod by synchronizing emergence, thermoperiod is the dominant cue. When presented with a conflicting zeitgeber, bees entrained to the thermophase instead of the photophase. When temperature cues were removed, we observed free-running of emergence, indicating that underlying circadian mechanisms can be synchronized by daily fluctuations in temperature. We also found that emerging bees were highly sensitive to even small increases in temperature, entraining to a ramp speed of 0.33°C/hour. The response and sensitivity to temperature cues suggest that M. rotundata evolved a temperature-mediated clock to mediate emergence from light-restricted cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M. Bennett
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Joseph P. Rinehart
- USDA-ARS Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - George D. Yocum
- USDA-ARS Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Curt Doetkott
- North Dakota State University, Department of Statistics, 1320 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Kendra J. Greenlee
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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Ngowi BV, Tonnang HEZ, Mwangi EM, Johansson T, Ambale J, Ndegwa PN, Subramanian S. Temperature-dependent phenology of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Simulation and visualization of current and future distributions along the Eastern Afromontane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173590. [PMID: 28301564 PMCID: PMC5354382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of laboratory and field-based results showing the movement of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) across a spatial scale. We studied the population growth of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (L.) under six constant temperatures, to understand and predict population changes along altitudinal gradients and under climate change scenarios. Non-linear functions were fitted to continuously model DBM development, mortality, longevity and oviposition. We compiled the best-fitted functions for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which we stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. Three temperature-dependent indices (establishment, generation and activity) were derived from a logistic population growth model and then coupled to collected current (2013) and downscaled temperature data from AFRICLIM (2055) for geospatial mapping. To measure and predict the impacts of temperature change on the pest’s biology, we mapped the indices along the altitudinal gradients of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) and Taita Hills (Kenya) and assessed the differences between 2013 and 2055 climate scenarios. The optimal temperatures for development of DBM were 32.5, 33.5 and 33°C for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively. Mortality rates increased due to extreme temperatures to 53.3, 70.0 and 52.4% for egg, larvae and pupae, respectively. The net reproduction rate reached a peak of 87.4 female offspring/female/generation at 20°C. Spatial simulations indicated that survival and establishment of DBM increased with a decrease in temperature, from low to high altitude. However, we observed a higher number of DBM generations at low altitude. The model predicted DBM population growth reduction in the low and medium altitudes by 2055. At higher altitude, it predicted an increase in the level of suitability for establishment with a decrease in the number of generations per year. If climate change occurs as per the selected scenario, DBM infestation may reduce in the selected region. The study highlights the need to validate these predictions with other interacting factors such as cropping practices, host plants and natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benignus V. Ngowi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- National Plant Quarantine Station, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Henri E. Z. Tonnang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans M. Mwangi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tino Johansson
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janet Ambale
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul N. Ndegwa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Song W, Liu L, Li P, Sun H, Qin Y. Analysis of the mating and reproductive traits of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:267. [PMID: 25434041 PMCID: PMC5634042 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive traits of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) were investigated and analyzed by different analytical methods. Simple statistical analysis showed relatively higher mating rates maintained from 21:00 to 2:00, thereafter dropping to a minimum at about 18:00. Mating rates were affected by female and male age. Mating was most likely to take place between females and males that were 1 d old. Correlation and factor analysis indicated that mating delayed females have a relatively lower and unsuccessful mating rate and relatively shorter copulation duration, with lower egg hatchability and fecundity; in addition, the mating delayed male would reduce female's fertility. Delay of mating prolonged life of both males and females. A higher and successful mating rate would cause a higher egg hatchability and fecundity. Canonical correlation analysis showed that mating age and successful copulation of female play a decisive role for her fecundity and longevity, and mating age and mating rates of male play a decisive role for his longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengyan Li
- Plant Protection Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchuan Qin
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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