1
|
Botha AM. Fast developing Russian wheat aphid biotypes remains an unsolved enigma. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 45:42-52. [PMID: 33359167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diuraphis noxia, commonly known as the Russian wheat aphid, is an economically important cereal pest species, highly invasive and reproduces mostly asexually. Remarkably, many new virulent populations continue to develop, despite the lack of genetic diversity in the aphid. Russian wheat aphid is a phloem feeder and is therefore engaged in a continuous arms battle with its cereal host, with the acquisition of virulence central to the breakdown of host resistance. In the review, most attention is given to recent topics about mechanisms and strategies whereby the aphid acquires virulence against its host, with special reference given to the role of noncoding RNA elements, bacteria, and the epigenetic pathway in possibly directing virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Botha
- Genetics Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
du Preez PH, Breeds K, Burger NFV, Swiegers HW, Truter JC, Botha AM. DNA Methylation and Demethylation Are Regulated by Functional DNA Methyltransferases and DnTET Enzymes in Diuraphis noxia. Front Genet 2020; 11:452. [PMID: 32655611 PMCID: PMC7324797 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are economically important insect pests of crops worldwide. Despite resistant varieties being available, resistance is continuously challenged and eventually broken down, posing a threat to food security. In the current study, the epigenome of two related Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdjumov) biotypes (i.e., SA1 and SAM) that differ in virulence was investigated to elucidate its role in virulence in this species. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing covered a total of 6,846,597,083 cytosine bases for SA1 and 7,397,965,699 cytosine bases for SAM, respectively, of which a total of 70,861,462 bases (SA1) and 74, 073,939 bases (SAM) were methylated, representing 1.126 ± 0.321% (SA1) and 1.105 ± 0.295% (SAM) methylation in their genomes. The sequence reads were analyzed for contexts of DNA methylation and the results revealed that RWA has methylation in all contexts (CpG, CHG and CHH), with the majority of methylation within the CpG context (± 5.19%), while the other contexts show much lower levels of methylation (CHG - ± 0.27%; CHH - ± 0.34%). The top strand was slightly (0.02%) more methylated than the bottom strand. Of the 35,493 genes that mapped, we also analyzed the contexts of methylation of each of these and found that the CpG methylation was much higher in genic regions than in intergenic regions. The CHG and CHH levels did not differ between genic and intergenic regions. The exonic regions of genes were more methylated (±0.56%) than the intronic regions. We also measured the 5mC and 5hmC levels between the aphid biotypes, and found little difference in 5mC levels between the biotypes, but much higher levels of 5hmC in the virulent SAM. RWA had two homologs of each of the DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1a and DNMT1b) and DNMT3s (DNMT3a and DNMT3b), but only a single DNMT2, with only the expression of DNMT3 that differed significantly between the two RWA biotypes. RWA has a single ortholog of Ten eleven translocase (DnTET) in the genome. Feeding studies show that the more virulent RWA biotype SAM upregulate DnDNMT3 and DnTET in response to wheat expressing antibiosis and antixenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rojas LA, Scully E, Enders L, Timm A, Sinha D, Smith CM. Comparative transcriptomics of Diuraphis noxia and Schizaphis graminum fed wheat plants containing different aphid-resistance genes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233077. [PMID: 32442185 PMCID: PMC7313535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular bases of aphid virulence to aphid crop plant resistance genes are
poorly understood. The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia,
(Kurdjumov), and the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani),
are global pest of cereal crops. Each species damages barley, oat, rye and
wheat, but S. graminum includes fescue, maize,
rice and sorghum in its host range. This study was conducted to compare and
contrast the transcriptomes of S. graminum
biotype I and D. noxia biotype 1 when each
ingested phloem from leaves of varieties of bread wheat, Triticum
aestivum L., containing no aphid resistance (Dn0),
resistance to D. noxia biotype 1
(Dn4), or resistance to both D.
noxia biotype 1 and S.
graminum biotype I (Dn7, wheat genotype
94M370). Gene ontology enrichments, k-means analysis and KEGG pathway analysis
indicated that 94M370 plants containing the Dn7 D.
noxia resistance gene from rye had stronger effects on the
global transcriptional profiles of S. graminum
and D. noxia relative to those fed
Dn4 plants. S. graminum
responds to ingestion of phloem sap from 94M370 plants by expression of unigenes
coding for proteins involved in DNA and RNA repair, and delayed tissue and
structural development. In contrast, D. noxia
displays a completely different transcriptome after ingesting phloem sap from
Dn4 or 94M370 plants, consisting of unigenes involved
primarily in detoxification, nutrient acquisition and structural development.
These variations in transcriptional responses of D.
noxia and S. graminum
suggest that the underlying evolutionary mechanism(s) of virulence in these
aphids are likely species specific, even in cases of cross resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Aguirre Rojas
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
| | - Erin Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Unit, USDA-ARS Centerfor Grain and
Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United States of
America
| | - Laramy Enders
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United
States of America
| | - Alicia Timm
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Deepak Sinha
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
- SAGE University, Indore, India
| | - Charles Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United
States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Burger NFV, Botha AM. Genome of Russian wheat aphid an economically important cereal aphid. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:90. [PMID: 29299110 PMCID: PMC5745598 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the hemipterans (Aphididae) are comprised of roughly 50,000 extant insect species, only four have sequenced genomes that are publically available, namely Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid), Rhodnius prolixus (Kissing bug), Myzus persicae (Green peach aphid) and Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid). As a significant proportion of agricultural pests are phloem feeding aphids, it is crucial for sustained global food security that a greater understanding of the genomic and molecular functioning of this family be elucidated. Recently, the genome of US D. noxia biotype US2 was sequenced but its assembly only incorporated ~ 32% of produced reads and contained a surprisingly low gene count when compared to that of the model/first sequenced aphid, A. pisum. To this end, we present here the genomes of two South African Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov, Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes (SA1 and SAM), obtained after sequencing the genomes of the only two D. noxia biotypes with documented linked genealogy. To better understand overall targets and patterns of heterozygosity, we also sequenced a pooled sample of 9 geographically separated D. noxia populations (MixIX). We assembled a 399 Mb reference genome (PRJNA297165, representing 64% of the projected genome size 623 Mb) using ± 28 Gb of 101 bp paired-end HiSeq2000 reads from the D. noxia biotype SAM, whilst ± 13 Gb 101 bp paired-end HiSeq2000 reads from the D. noxia biotype SA1 were generated to facilitate genomic comparisons between the two biotypes. Sequencing the MixIX sample yielded ±26 Gb 50 bp paired-end SOLiD reads which facilitated SNP detection when compared to the D. noxia biotype SAM assembly. Ab initio gene calling produced a total of 31,885 protein coding genes from the assembled contigs spanning ~ 399 Mb (GCA_001465515.1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, Western Cape 7602 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sepúlveda DA, Zepeda-Paulo F, Ramírez CC, Lavandero B, Figueroa CC. Diversity, frequency, and geographic distribution of facultative bacterial endosymbionts in introduced aphid pests. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:511-521. [PMID: 26773849 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts in insects have been under intense study during the last years. Endosymbionts can modify the insect's phenotype, conferring adaptive advantages under environmental stress. This seems particularly relevant for a group of worldwide agricultural aphid pests, because endosymbionts modify key fitness-related traits, including host plant use, protection against natural enemies and heat tolerance. Aimed to understand the role of facultative endosymbionts on the success of introduced aphid pests, the distribution and abundance of 5 facultative endosymbionts (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica, Rickettsia and Spiroplasma) were studied and compared in 4 cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae, Diuraphis noxia, Metopolophium dirhodum and Schizaphis graminium) and in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum complex from 2 agroclimatic zones in Chile. Overall, infections with facultative endosymbionts exhibited a highly variable and characteristic pattern depending on the aphid species/host race and geographic zone, which could explain the success of aphid pest populations after their introduction. While S. symbiotica and H. defensa were the most frequent endosymbionts carried by the A. pisum pea-race and A. pisum alfalfa-race aphids, respectively, the most frequent facultative endosymbiont carried by all cereal aphids was R. insecticola. Interestingly, a highly variable composition of endosymbionts carried by S. avenae was also observed between agroclimatic zones, suggesting that endosymbionts are responding differentially to abiotic variables (temperature and precipitations). In addition, our findings constitute the first report of bacterial endosymbionts in cereal aphid species not screened before, and also the first report of aphid endosymbionts in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Claudio C Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Phylogeographic analyses of bacterial endosymbionts in fig homotomids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) reveal codiversification of both primary and secondary endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw205. [PMID: 27702765 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While obligate primary (P-) endosymbionts usually cospeciate with their insect hosts, less is known about codiversification of secondary (S-) endosymbionts that are generally considered facultative. Typically, insects of the superfamily Psylloidea harbour one P- (Carsonella) and at least one S-endosymbiont, thought to compensate for Carsonella genome reduction. Most codiversification studies have used phylogenies of psyllids and their endosymbionts across and within host families or genera, but few have explored patterns within species. We focussed on P- and S-endosymbionts of three Mycopsylla (Homotomidae) species to explore whether they have congruent phylogenies and within-species geographic structures. The P-endosymbiont Carsonella, a S-endosymbiont and Wolbachia all had 100% prevalence, while Arsenophonus was only found in one species at low prevalence. Congruent phylogenies of Mycopsylla and P-endosymbionts across populations and species support strict cospeciation. S-endosymbiont phylogenies were also congruent across host species but low genetic variation in the S-endosymbiont was not correlated with host phylogeography, possibly due to a shorter evolutionary association. Between species, Wolbachia and Mycopsylla phylogenies were incongruent, probably due to horizontal transmission events. Our study is the first to explore endosymbionts of Mycopsylla and further supports the codivergence of Psylloidea hosts and P-endosymbionts, with obligate host interactions for both P- and S-endosymbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sinha DK, Chandran P, Timm AE, Aguirre-Rojas L, Smith CM. Virulent Diuraphis noxia Aphids Over-Express Calcium Signaling Proteins to Overcome Defenses of Aphid-Resistant Wheat Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146809. [PMID: 26815857 PMCID: PMC4729530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, an invasive phytotoxic pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum, and barley, Hordeum vulgare, causes huge economic losses in Africa, South America, and North America. Most acceptable and ecologically beneficial aphid management strategies include selection and breeding of D. noxia-resistant varieties, and numerous D. noxia resistance genes have been identified in T. aestivum and H. vulgare. North American D. noxia biotype 1 is avirulent to T. aestivum varieties possessing Dn4 or Dn7 genes, while biotype 2 is virulent to Dn4 and avirulent to Dn7. The current investigation utilized next-generation RNAseq technology to reveal that biotype 2 over expresses proteins involved in calcium signaling, which activates phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism. Calcium signaling proteins comprised 36% of all transcripts identified in the two D. noxia biotypes. Depending on plant resistance gene-aphid biotype interaction, additional transcript groups included those involved in tissue growth; defense and stress response; zinc ion and related cofactor binding; and apoptosis. Activation of enzymes involved in PI metabolism by D. noxia biotype 2 aphids allows depletion of plant calcium that normally blocks aphid feeding sites in phloem sieve elements and enables successful, continuous feeding on plants resistant to avirulent biotype 1. Inhibition of the key enzyme phospholipase C significantly reduced biotype 2 salivation into phloem and phloem sap ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K. Sinha
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Predeesh Chandran
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Alicia E. Timm
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - Lina Aguirre-Rojas
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
| | - C. Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506–4004, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bentur JS, Rawat N, Divya D, Sinha DK, Agarrwal R, Atray I, Nair S. Rice-gall midge interactions: Battle for survival. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:40-49. [PMID: 26455891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gall midges are insects specialized in maneuvering plant growth, metabolic and defense pathways for their benefit. The Asian rice gall midge and rice share such an intimate relationship that there is a constant battle for survival by either partner. Diverse responses by the rice host against the midge include necrotic hypersensitive resistance reaction, non-hypersensitive resistance reaction and gall-forming compatible interaction. Genetic studies have revealed that major R (resistance) genes confer resistance to gall midge in rice. Eleven gall midge R genes have been characterized so far in different rice varieties in India. In addition, no single R gene confers resistance against all the seven biotypes of the Asian rice gall midge, and none of the biotypes is virulent against all the resistance genes. Further, the interaction of the plant resistance gene with the insect avirulence gene is on a gene-for-gene basis. Our recent investigations involving suppressive subtraction hybridization cDNA libraries, microarray analyses, gene expression assays and metabolic profiling have revealed several molecular mechanisms, metabolite markers and pathways that are induced, down-regulated or altered in the rice host during incompatible or compatible interactions with the pest. This is also true for some of the pathways studied in the gall midge. Next generation sequencing technology, gene expression studies and conventional screening of gall midge cDNA libraries highlighted molecular approaches adopted by the insect to feed, survive and reproduce. This constant struggle by the midge to overcome the host defenses and the host to resist the pest has provided us with an opportunity to observe this battle for survival at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish S Bentur
- Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Nidhi Rawat
- Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - D Divya
- Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Deepak K Sinha
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Ruchi Agarrwal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Isha Atray
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Suresh Nair
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nicholson SJ, Nickerson ML, Dean M, Song Y, Hoyt PR, Rhee H, Kim C, Puterka GJ. The genome of Diuraphis noxia, a global aphid pest of small grains. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:429. [PMID: 26044338 PMCID: PMC4561433 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov, is one of the most important pests of small grains throughout the temperate regions of the world. This phytotoxic aphid causes severe systemic damage symptoms in wheat, barley, and other small grains as a direct result of the salivary proteins it injects into the plant while feeding. RESULTS We sequenced and de novo assembled the genome of D. noxia Biotype 2, the strain most virulent to resistance genes in wheat. The assembled genomic scaffolds span 393 MB, equivalent to 93% of its 421 MB genome, and contains 19,097 genes. D. noxia has the most AT-rich insect genome sequenced to date (70.9%), with a bimodal CpG(O/E) distribution and a complete set of methylation related genes. The D. noxia genome displays a widespread, extensive reduction in the number of genes per ortholog group, including defensive, detoxification, chemosensory, and sugar transporter groups in comparison to the Acyrthosiphon pisum genome, including a 65% reduction in chemoreceptor genes. Thirty of 34 known D. noxia salivary genes were found in this assembly. These genes exhibited less homology with those salivary genes commonly expressed in insect saliva, such as glucose dehydrogenase and trehalase, yet greater conservation among genes that are expressed in D. noxia saliva but not detected in the saliva of other insects. Genes involved in insecticide activity and endosymbiont-derived genes were also found, as well as genes involved in virus transmission, although D. noxia is not a viral vector. CONCLUSIONS This genome is the second sequenced aphid genome, and the first of a phytotoxic insect. D. noxia's reduced gene content of may reflect the influence of phytotoxic feeding in shaping the D. noxia genome, and in turn in broadening its host range. The presence of methylation-related genes, including cytosine methylation, is consistent with other parthenogenetic and polyphenic insects. The D. noxia genome will provide an important contrast to the A. pisum genome and advance functional and comparative genomics of insects and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Nicholson
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Michael L Nickerson
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Michael Dean
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Peter R Hoyt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | | | | | - Gary J Puterka
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Stillwater, OK, 74075, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Puterka GJ, Giles KL, Brown MJ, Nicholson SJ, Hammon RW, Peairs FB, Randolph TL, Michaels GJ, Bynum ED, Springer TL, Armstrong JS, Mornhinweg DW. Change in Biotypic Diversity of Russian Wheat Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations in the United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:798-804. [PMID: 26470192 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A key component of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), management has been through planting resistant wheat cultivars. A new biotype, RWA2, appeared in 2003 which caused widespread damage to wheat cultivars containing the Dn4 gene. Biotypic diversity in Russian wheat aphid populations has not been addressed since 2005 when RWA2 dominated the biotype complex. Our objectives were to determine the biotypic diversity in the Central Great Plains and Colorado Plateau at regional (2010, 2011, 2013) and local (2012) levels and detect the presence of new Russian wheat aphid biotypes. Regional and within-field aphid collections were screened against Russian wheat aphid-resistant wheat genotypes containing genes Dn3, Dn4, Dn6, Dn7, Dn9, CI2401; and resistant barley STARS 9301B. In 2010, all aphid collections from Texas were avirulent to the Dn4 resistance gene in wheat. Regional results revealed Dn4 avirulent RWA6 was widespread (55-84%) in populations infesting wheat in both regions. Biotypes RWA1, 2, and 3/7 were equally represented with percentages<20% each while RWA8 was rarely detected. Combining percentages of RWA1, 6, and 8 across regions to estimate avirulence to Dn4 gene revealed high percentages for both 2011 (64-80%) and 2013 (69-90%). In contrast, the biotype structure at the local level differed where biotype percentages varied up to ≥2-fold between fields. No new biotypes were detected; therefore, Dn7, CI2401, and STARS9301B remained resistant to all known Russian wheat aphid biotypes. This study documents a shift to Dn4 avirulent biotypes and serves as a valuable baseline for biotypic diversity in Russian wheat aphid populations prior to the deployment of new Russian wheat aphid-resistant wheat cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Puterka
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074.
| | - K L Giles
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 27 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078
| | - M J Brown
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074
| | - S J Nicholson
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074
| | - R W Hammon
- Colorado State University, Tri River Area Extension, 2775 Hwy., 50 Grand Junction, CO 81502
| | - F B Peairs
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177
| | - T L Randolph
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, 1177 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177
| | - G J Michaels
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 6500 W. Amarillo Blvd., Amarillo, TX
| | - E D Bynum
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 6500 W. Amarillo Blvd., Amarillo, TX
| | - T L Springer
- USDA, ARS, SPA, Range and Pasture Research, 2000 18th St., Woodward, OK 73801
| | - J S Armstrong
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074
| | - D W Mornhinweg
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang B, Edwards O, Kang L, Fuller S. A multi-genome analysis approach enables tracking of the invasion of a single Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) clone throughout the New World. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1940-51. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Zhang
- Science & Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100193 China
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity; LPO Box 5012 Bruce ACT 2617 Australia
| | - O. Edwards
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity; LPO Box 5012 Bruce ACT 2617 Australia
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences; Centre for Environment and Life Sciences; Underwood Avenue Floreat WA 6014 Australia
| | - L. Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - S. Fuller
- Science & Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; GPO Box 2434 Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity; LPO Box 5012 Bruce ACT 2617 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Smith CM, Chuang WP. Plant resistance to aphid feeding: behavioral, physiological, genetic and molecular cues regulate aphid host selection and feeding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:528-40. [PMID: 24282145 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphids damage major world food and fiber crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Fortunately, the development of many aphid-resistant crop plants has provided both ecological and economic benefits to food production. Plant characters governing aphid host selection often dictate eventual plant resistance or susceptibility to aphid herbivory, and these phenotypic characters have been successfully used to map aphid resistance genes. Aphid resistance is often inherited as a dominant trait, but is also polygenic and inherited as recessive or incompletely dominant traits. Most aphid-resistant cultivars exhibit constitutively expressed defenses, but some cultivars exhibit dramatic aphid-induced responses, resulting in the overexpression of large ensembles of putative aphid resistance genes. Two aphid resistance genes have been cloned. Mi-1.2, an NBS-LRR gene from wild tomato, confers resistance to potato aphid and three Meloidogyne root-knot nematode species, and Vat, an NBS-LRR gene from melon, controls resistance to the cotton/melon aphid and to some viruses. Virulence to aphid resistance genes of plants occurs in 17 aphid species--more than half of all arthropod biotypes demonstrating virulence. The continual appearance of aphid virulence underscores the need to identify new sources of resistance of diverse sequence and function in order to delay or prevent biotype development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puterka GJ, Hammon RW, Burd JD, Peairs FB, Randolph TL, Cooper WR. Cyclical parthenogenetic reproduction in the Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the United States: sexual reproduction and its outcome on biotypic diversity. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:1057-1068. [PMID: 22812148 DOI: 10.1603/ec11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In 1986, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), became an invasive species of United States. Nearly 20 yr later, new biotypes appeared that were capable of overcoming most sources of resistance and became a renewed threat to wheat, Triticum aestivum L., production. Cyclical (CP) and obligate (OP) parthenogenesis enables aphids to both adapt to changing environments and exploit host resources. We documented these forms of reproduction for Russian wheat aphid in wheat and wild grasses in the Central Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions during falls 2004-2009. Colonies from sample sites also were held under unheated greenhouse conditions and observed for the presence of sexual morphs and eggs through the winter. Russian wheat aphid populations were mainly OP and attempted to overwinter as adults, regardless of region sampled. A few populations contained oviparae but no males (gynocyclic) and were not specific to any particular region. Observation of the Russian wheat aphid colonies under greenhouse conditions failed to produce males or eggs. In spring 2007, CP was confirmed in a small population of Russian wheat aphid that eclosed from eggs (fundatricies) on wild grasses and wheat near Dove Creek, CO, in the Colorado Plateau region where other aphid species undergo CP. Lineages from ninety-three fundatricies were screened against 16 resistant and susceptible cereal entries to determine their biotypic classification. A high degree of biotypic diversity (41.4%) was detected in this population. Although CP was a rare in Russian wheat aphid populations, genetic recombination during the sexual cycle creates new biotypes and can have significant effects on population genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Puterka
- Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Influence of host phylogeographic patterns and incomplete lineage sorting on within-species genetic variability in Wigglesworthia species, obligate symbionts of tsetse flies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8400-8. [PMID: 21948847 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05688-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of obligate symbionts generates a predictable evolutionary history of symbionts that reflects that of their hosts. In insects, evolutionary associations between symbionts and their hosts have been investigated primarily among species, leaving population-level processes largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) bacterial symbiont, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, to determine whether observed codiversification of symbiont and tsetse host species extends to a single host species (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Uganda. To explore symbiont genetic variation in G. f. fuscipes populations, we screened two variable loci (lon and lepA) from the Wigglesworthia glossinidia bacterium in the host species Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (W. g. fuscipes) and examined phylogeographic and demographic characteristics in multiple host populations. Symbiont genetic variation was apparent within and among populations. We identified two distinct symbiont lineages, in northern and southern Uganda. Incongruence length difference (ILD) tests indicated that the two lineages corresponded exactly to northern and southern G. f. fuscipes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (P = 1.0). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) confirmed that most variation was partitioned between the northern and southern lineages defined by host mtDNA (85.44%). However, ILD tests rejected finer-scale congruence within the northern and southern populations (P = 0.009). This incongruence was potentially due to incomplete lineage sorting that resulted in novel combinations of symbiont genetic variants and host background. Identifying these novel combinations may have public health significance, since tsetse is the sole vector of sleeping sickness and Wigglesworthia is known to influence host vector competence. Thus, understanding the adaptive value of these host-symbiont combinations may afford opportunities to develop vector control methods.
Collapse
|