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Shah AZ, Ma C, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu G, Yang G. Decoyinine Induced Resistance in Rice against Small Brown Planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. INSECTS 2022; 13:104. [PMID: 35055947 PMCID: PMC8781946 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced resistance against SBPH via microbial pesticides is considered as an eco-friendly and promising management approach. In this study, the induced resistance against SBPH in rice seedling by a new potential microbial pesticide, decoyinine (DCY), a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, was evaluated to investigate the effects of DCY on SBPH's biological and population parameters along with defense-related physiological and biochemical indices in rice against SBPH feeding. We found that DCY has potential to improve rice resistance and significantly reduced the fecundity of SBPH. Laboratory results revealed that DCY treated rice significantly changed SBPH's fecundity and population life table parameters. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), soluble sugars and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in DCY treated rice plants against SBPH infestation at 24, 48 and 96 hours post infestation (hpi), respectively. The concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) was significantly higher at 72 hpi, while super oxidase dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) concentrations were recorded higher at 96 hpi. The concentrations of synthases enzymes, phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was higher at 48 hpi, whereas polyphenol oxidase (PPO) concentration was maximum at 72 hpi against SBPH infestation. The results imply that DCY has unique properties to enhance rice resistance against SBPH by stimulating plant defensive responses. Microbial pesticides may be developed as an alternative to chemical pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaman Shah
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qiuxin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Gang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (A.Z.S.); (C.M.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Ali MP, Rahman MS, Nowrin F, Haque SS, Qin X, Haque MA, Uddin MM, Landis DA, Howlader MTH. Salinity Influences Plant-Pest-Predator Tritrophic Interactions. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1470-1479. [PMID: 34231849 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-induced salinity intrusion into agricultural soils is known to negatively impact crop production and food security. However, the effects of salinity increase on plant-herbivore-natural enemy systems and repercussions for pest suppression services are largely unknown. Here, we examine the effects of increased salinity on communities of rice (Oryza sativa), brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, and green mirid bug (GMB), Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, under greenhouse conditions. We found that elevated salinity significantly suppressed the growth of two rice cultivars. Meanwhile, BPH population size also generally decreased due to poor host plant quality induced by elevated salinity. The highest BPH density occurred at 2.0 dS/m salinity and declined thereafter with increasing salinity, irrespective of rice cultivar. The highest population density of GMB also occurred under control conditions and decreased significantly with increasing salinity. Higher salinity directly affected the rice crop by reducing plant quality measured with reference to biomass production and plant height, whereas inducing population developmental asynchrony between BPH and GMB observed at 2 dS/m salinity and potentially uncoupling prey-predator dynamics. Our results suggest that increased salinity has harmful effects on plants, herbivores, natural enemies, as well as plant-pest-predator interactions. The effects measured here suggest that the bottom-up effects of predatory insects on rice pests will likely decline in rice produced in coastal areas where salinity intrusion is common. Our findings indicate that elevated salinity influences tritrophic interactions in rice production landscapes, and further research should address resilient rice insect pest management combining multipests and predators in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ali
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - M S Rahman
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Nowrin
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - S S Haque
- Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh
| | - Xinghu Qin
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - M A Haque
- Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - M M Uddin
- Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M T H Howlader
- Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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Hong F, Han HL, Pu P, Wei D, Wang J, Liu Y. Effects of Five Host Plant Species on the Life History and Population Growth Parameters of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:15. [PMID: 31612945 PMCID: PMC6792084 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important agricultural pest with a wide range of host plants. To study effects of host species on the life history traits of M. persicae, aphids were individually reared on five host plants: Brassica campestris L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), Capsicum annuum L. (Tubiflorae: Solanaceae), Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tubiflorae: Solanaceae), Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), and Vicia faba L. (Rosales: Leguminosae). TWOSEX-MSchart software was used for the statistical analysis according to the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results showed that the shortest preadult stage and adult/total prereproductive period of M. persicae were 6.48, 0.19, and 6.67 d on V. faba, respectively. While the adult and total longevity of M. persicae on R. sativus (25.00 and 31.62 d) and N. tabacum (24.40 and 30.56 d) were significantly longer than that on the other three hosts, as was the reproductive period. The fecundity of M. persicae on R. sativus (80.83 nymphs per female), N. tabacum (71.72 nymphs per female), and V. faba (70.39 nymphs per female) was also greater than that on B. campestris and C. annuum. It was demonstrated that V. faba, R. sativus, and N. tabacum were more suitable plants for the growth of M. persicae exhibiting a shorter preadult stage, longer longevity, and greater fecundity than the remaining two species, as confirmed by the higher intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- College of Agriculture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Po Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Sichuan Plant Protection Station, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liang PZ, Ma KS, Chen XW, Tang CY, Xia J, Chi H, Gao XW. Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Flupyradifurone, a Novel Butenolide Insecticide, on the Development and Fecundity of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:852-858. [PMID: 30590572 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan pest Aphis gossypii (Glover) causes considerable economic losses on various crops by its feeding damage and transmitting diseases around the world. Flupyradifurone is a novel butenolide pesticide; its toxicity on A. gossypii parent generation (F0) was estimated following treatment with LC25 concentration for 48 h. The adult longevity and fecundity of the F0 individuals treated by flupyradifurone showed no significant decrease in comparison with the control. Life table method was used to evaluate the sublethal effects on progeny population (F1). Results showed that the development time of the fourth instar and the preadult as well as the total pre-reproductive period were significantly prolonged, while their fecundity was significantly decreased compared with the control. Additionally, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0) of F1 were all significantly lower in the group treated by LC25 than in the control group. These results reveal that the sublethal concentration of flupyradifurone could suppress the population growth of A. gossypii and indicate that this novel insecticide may be as a useful tool in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Zhuo Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang-Sheng Ma
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xue-Wei Chen
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Tang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jin Xia
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Chen GM, Chi H, Wang RC, Wang YP, Xu YY, Li XD, Yin P, Zheng FQ. Demography and Uncertainty of Population Growth of Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Reared on Five Host Plants With Discussion on Some Life History Statistics. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2143-2152. [PMID: 29992315 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development, survival, and fecundity data of Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) reared on chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume), maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge), and apple (Malus domestica Miller) were collected at 25 ± 1°C and 70 ± 5% RH. Raw data were analyzed and compared by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The mean fecundity (F) was the highest (282.3 eggs per female) when larvae were reared on chestnut. The lowest mean fecundity (19.2 eggs per female) occurred on apple. The net reproductive rates (R0) were 134.52, 106.77, 30.29, 27.61, and 8.63 offspring on chestnut, maize, sunflower, hawthorn, and apple, respectively. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) were 0.1359, 0.1326, 0.0807, 0.0811, and 0.0448 d-1 on chestnut, maize, sunflower, hawthorn, and apple, respectively. Computer projections based on the age-stage, two-sex life table revealed the stage structure and variability of the population growth of C. punctiferalis. Our results demonstrated that although chestnut and maize were the most suitable host plants for C. punctiferalis, the moths were also able to develop and reproduce on sunflower, hawthorn, and apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Min Chen
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Rong-Cheng Wang
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Yu Xu
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Dong Li
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Entomology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Wang ZL, Wang XP, Li CR, Xia ZZ, Li SX. Effect of Dietary Protein and Carbohydrates on Survival and Growth in Larvae of the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5049160. [PMID: 29982810 PMCID: PMC6037072 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of protein and carbohydrate in an insect's nutritional regime can significantly influence its survival, growth, and fecundity. The effects of 11 different artificial diets containing protein (p): carbohydrate (c) ratios were determined in larvae of the phytophagus ladybug, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We recorded the developmental times and survival rates of the larvae and weighed their pupae. When the concentration of carbohydrates was kept constant while the concentration of proteins was increased (p29:c20, p31:c20, p33:c20, and p35:c20), H. vigintioctopunctata could successfully complete the larval and pupal stages. The highest survival rate and greatest pupal mass of H. vigintioctopunctata were 72% and 19.5 mg, respectively, when reared on the p33:c20 diet. H. vigintioctopunctata larvae, however, were unable to develop into adults when the concentration of protein remained constant while the level of carbohydrates was increased (p20:c23, p20:c25, p20:c27, and p20:c29), or when the total amount (p + c) was kept at 48% (p22:c26, p 24:c24, p26:c22). Evidently, changing the availability of quality diet, especially the total protein levels, can significantly affect the performance to H. vigintioctopunctata. Our results indicated that the maximum development and survival of H. vigintioctopunctata larvae occurred within a narrow range-when the p:c ratio was (33:20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Ling Wang
- Department of Entomology. Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology. Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Ren Li
- Department of Entomology. Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Xia
- Department of Entomology. Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xiang Li
- Department of Entomology. Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, P.R. China
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Farrokhi M, Gharekhani G, Iranipour S, Hassanpour M. Host Plant-Herbivore-Predator Interactions in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Four Plant Species Under Laboratory Conditions. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2342-2350. [PMID: 29121244 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), is a well-known biocontrol agent. The current study examined host plant-herbivore-predator interactions with C. carnea and Myzus persicae on four host plants (peach, almond, pepper, and potato). The experiments were carried out at 25 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% RH at a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h). Duration of the preadult growth period, adult longevity, fecundity, and population growth parameters were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The shortest and longest preadult developmental times of the predator were observed on the peach and potato, respectively. The highest and lowest predation rate, oviposition period, and male and female longevity of predator were also observed on the peach and potato, respectively. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) were observed on the potato (0.1087 and 1.11 d-1, respectively) and the highest on the peach (0.1460 and 1.15 d-1, respectively). The maximum and minimum mean generation times (T) were 41.84 and 35.59 d in the potato and peach, respectively. Overall, peach was found to be a more appropriate host than the other host plants for development and predation fitness of C. carnea. These findings reveal that information on tritrophic interactions and subsequent life table evaluation of natural enemies improves integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Farrokhi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran
| | | | - Shahzad Iranipour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hassanpour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
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Zheng XM, Tao YL, Chi H, Wan FH, Chu D. Adaptability of small brown planthopper to four rice cultivars using life table and population projection method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42399. [PMID: 28205522 PMCID: PMC5304318 DOI: 10.1038/srep42399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the adaptability of the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) to four rice cultivars including Shengdao13 (SD13), Shengdao14 (SD14), Shengdao15 (SD15), and Zixiangnuo (ZXN) using the age-stage, two-sex life table with a simplified method for recording egg production (i.e., every five days vs. daily). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the SBPH was the highest (0.1067 d−1) on cultivar SD15, which was similar to the rate on SD14 (0.1029 d−1), but was significantly higher than that occurring on ZXN (0.0897 d−1) and SD13 (0.0802 d−1). The differences of the finite rate of increase (λ) on the four rice cultivars were consistent with the r values. Population projection predicted an explosive population growth of the SBPH occurring in a relatively short time when reared on SD14 and SD15. These findings demonstrated that the SBPH can successfully survive on the four rice cultivars, although there were varying host adaptabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yun-Li Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkey
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Jha RK, Chi H, Tang LC. A comparison of artificial diet and hybrid sweet corn for the rearing of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on life table characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:30-39. [PMID: 22525057 DOI: 10.1603/en11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The demographic characteristics of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) reared on hybrid sweet corn (Zea mays L. variety saccharata) (hybrid super sweet corn KY bright jean) and on an artificial diet were compared by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Because the hatch rate of eggs varies with maternal age, age-specific fecundity was calculated based on the numbers of hatched eggs to reveal the biological characteristics of H. armigera accurately. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and mean generation time (T) of H. armigera were 0.0853 d(-1), 1.0890 d(-1), and 46.6 d, respectively, on Z. mays and 0.1015 d(-1), 1.1068 d(-1), and 46.3 d, respectively, on the artificial diet. There were significant differences in the intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate between two treatments. The age-stage life expectancy and reproductive value also were calculated. The relationships among the net reproductive rate, the mean female fecundity, the number of emerged females, and the total number of individuals used in the life table study are consistent with theoretical expectations. We recommend the age-stage, two-sex life table for use in insect demographic studies to incorporate both sexes and the variation in developmental rate among individuals and to obtain accurate population parameters. The artificial diet is more suitable for the mass rearing of H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna K Jha
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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