Analysis of plasma metabolites during human PET-studies with three receptor ligands, [11C]YM-09151-2, [11C]doxepin and [11C]pyrilamine

Improved detection and measurement of low levels of [18F]fluoride metabolized from [18F]-labeled pyrimidine nucleoside analogues in biological samples

INTRODUCTION

It is important to identify all circulating metabolites, including free fluoride, for accurate pharmacokinetic modeling of [(18)F]-labeled radiotracers. We sought to determine the most efficient method to detect and quantify low levels of free [(18)F]fluoride in biological samples.

METHODS

Low levels of [(18)F]fluoride were analyzed using two methods: (A) an ion-exchange cartridge and gamma counting, and (B) radio-HPLC, to compare the detection limits of these two analytical methods. Twenty microliters of [(18)F]fluoride solution was loaded onto an ion-exchange cartridge, then eluted with 20% MeCN/water (5 ml) and radioactivity trapped in the cartridge counted on a gamma counter. [(18)F]Fluoride was also determined in plasma and urine from mice injected with [(18)F]-labeled thymidine analogues using Method A.

RESULTS

The detection sensitivity of Method A was 9.4-fold higher than that of Method B (0.075±0.004 vs. 0.71±0.02 nCi). With Method A, [(18)F]fluoride was determined in plasma for [(18)F]FLT, [(18)F]FMAU, [(18)F]FEAU and N(3)-[(18)F]FPrT as 1.4±0.31% (n=4), 0.17±0.49% (n=3), 4.88±1.62% (n=3) and 12.94±0.48% (n=4), respectively. The amount of [(18)F]fluoride determined in the urine was 11.49±1.60% (n=4) from [(18)F]FLT, 5.36±2.34% (n=3) from [(18)F]FMAU, 13.57±1.96% (n=3) from [(18)F]FEAU and 11.19±1.98% (n=4) from N(3)-[(18)F]FPrT.

CONCLUSION

Low levels of [(18)F]fluoride in biological samples can be detected and quantified using an ion-exchange cartridge and gamma counting. This methodology is simple, accurate and superior to the standard use of radio-HPLC on a C(18) column for metabolite analysis, and it should be useful in pharmacokinetic modeling for animal imaging studies using an [(18)F]-labeled radiotracer and PET.

Histamine H(1) receptors in patients with Alzheimer's disease assessed by positron emission tomography

Cerebral histamine H(1) receptor binding was measured in vivo in 11 normal subjects (six young and five old) and 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease by positron emission tomography and [11C]doxepin, a radioligand for H(1) receptors. The parametric images describing the tracer kinetics were generated by either compartmental or graphical analysis, and were examined statistically on region-of-interest and voxel-by-voxel bases. The binding potential of H(1) receptors showed a significant decrease particularly in the frontal and temporal areas of the Alzheimer's disease brain compared to the old, normal subjects. In addition, the receptor binding correlated closely to the severity of Alzheimer's disease assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination score within several brain areas. The ratio of K1 values between the brain areas and the cerebellum was used as a relative measure of regional cerebral blood flow which decreased in the frontal and temporal areas of the Alzheimer's disease brain. However, the difference in the binding potential (total concentration of receptor/equilibrium dissociation constant) between the Alzheimer's disease patients and the old, normal subjects was greater than that in the cerebral blood flow, and the rate of decrease in the binding potential with the progression of Alzheimer's disease was greater than the rate of decrease in the cerebral blood flow. This study reveals the predominant disruption of the histaminergic neurotransmission in the neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease. This study suggests that the decline of the histamine receptor binding might play a substantial role in the cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease patients.

Metabolite analysis of [11C]flumazenil in human plasma: assessment as the standardized value for quantitative PET studies

Analysis of carbon-11 labeled metabolites in plasma was carried out during positron emission tomography (PET) studies with a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand [11C]flumazenil ([11C]FMZ) in 24 human subjects (14-76 y.o.) including five normal volunteers and 19 patients with neurological disorders. Arterial plasma samples were obtained at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 min after i.v. injection of the tracer, and were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The rate of plasma [11C]FMZ degradation was associated with a large individual variation, but no significant difference was found in the degradation of [11C]FMZ either between male and female, young and old, or between normal subjects and patient groups. When the mean fraction of unchanged [11C]FMZ at each time point was used instead of individually measured metabolite data for the arterial input function, as much as a 30% error occurred in the distribution volume of the [11C]FMZ binding in the brain. These results indicate that the mean percentage of unchanged [11C]FMZ fraction in subjects cannot be used as the standardized value, and that the analysis of metabolites in plasma is necessary to determine the exact arterial input function for quantitative PET measurement.