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Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-10. [PMID: 28586335 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are a diverse group of neoplasms typically diagnosed and treated on the basis of their site of origin. This Perspective focuses on advances in our understanding of the tumorigenesis and treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Recent evidence from sequencing indicates that, although neuroendocrine tumors can arise de novo, they can also develop as a result of lineage plasticity in response to pressure from targeted therapies. We discuss the shared genomic alterations of these tumors independently of their site of origin, and we explore potential therapeutic strategies on the basis of recent biological findings.
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Wang X, Ma K, Wang Y, He H, Hu JF, Li W. Evaluation of Circulating Tumor Cells in Predicting Therapeutic Response in Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Arch Med Res 2017; 47:454-459. [PMID: 27986125 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have prognostic significance in patients with metastatic cancer, but their utility in predicting the response to tumor therapy is unknown. This study examined the correlation of CTCs with the therapeutic response in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). METHODS Clinical and pathological data from 96 SCLC patients were evaluated in this study. CellSearch kits were used to detect CTCs in peripheral blood samples. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS At baseline, 47 (50.0%) SCLC patients had detectable CTC counts. Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was found to be associated with CTC thresholds. However, no significant differences were observed for an association of any threshold CTC count with the treatment response, with gender, age (≤60 or >60 years), smoking status, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), or Ki67 expression. CONCLUSION Detection of CTCs in SCLC patients was associated with serum NSE but not with response to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Kewei Ma
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hua He
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer and Stem Cell Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
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Krohn A, Ahrens T, Yalcin A, Plönes T, Wehrle J, Taromi S, Wollner S, Follo M, Brabletz T, Mani SA, Claus R, Hackanson B, Burger M. Tumor cell heterogeneity in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): phenotypical and functional differences associated with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and DNA methylation changes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100249. [PMID: 24959847 PMCID: PMC4069054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a specific subtype of lung cancer presenting as highly metastatic disease with extremely poor prognosis. Despite responding initially well to chemo- or radiotherapy, SCLC almost invariably relapses and develops resistance to chemotherapy. This is suspected to be related to tumor cell subpopulations with different characteristics resembling stem cells. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is known to play a key role in metastatic processes and in developing drug resistance. This is also true for NSCLC, but there is very little information on EMT processes in SCLC so far. SCLC, in contrast to NSCLC cell lines, grow mainly in floating cell clusters and a minor part as adherent cells. We compared these morphologically different subpopulations of SCLC cell lines for EMT and epigenetic features, detecting significant differences in the adherent subpopulations with high levels of mesenchymal markers such as Vimentin and Fibronectin and very low levels of epithelial markers like E-cadherin and Zona Occludens 1. In addition, expression of EMT-related transcription factors such as Snail/Snai1, Slug/Snai2, and Zeb1, DNA methylation patterns of the EMT hallmark genes, functional responses like migration, invasion, matrix metalloproteases secretion, and resistance to chemotherapeutic drug treatment all differed significantly between the sublines. This phenotypic variability might reflect tumor cell heterogeneity and EMT during metastasis in vivo, accompanied by the development of refractory disease in relapse. We propose that epigenetic regulation plays a key role during phenotypical and functional changes in tumor cells and might therefore provide new treatment options for SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Krohn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Ahrens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arzu Yalcin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Plönes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Witten/Herdecke, Köln, Germany
| | - Julius Wehrle
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanaz Taromi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wollner
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department for Visceral Surgery, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sendurai A. Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Hackanson
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Meike Burger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- University Furtwangen, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Campus VS-Schwenningen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Verma MK, Miki Y, Abe K, Nagasaki S, Niikawa H, Suzuki S, Kondo T, Sasano H. Co-expression of estrogen receptor beta and aromatase in Japanese lung cancer patients: Gender-dependent clinical outcome. Life Sci 2012; 91:800-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang Y, Wen W, Yi Y, Zhang Z, Lubet RA, You M. Preventive effects of bexarotene and budesonide in a genetically engineered mouse model of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:1059-64. [PMID: 19934342 PMCID: PMC6001362 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of bexarotene (Targretin) and budesonide in the chemoprevention of small cell lung carcinoma using a lung-specific knockout model of Rb1 and p53. Upon treatment with bexarotene, tumor incidence, number, and load were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Budesonide treatment trended to inhibition, but the effect was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that bexarotene treatment decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in tumors. The Rb1/p53 gene-targeted mouse seems to be a valuable model for chemopreventive studies on human small cell lung cancer. Our results indicate that the retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene may be a potent chemopreventive agent in this cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Weidong Wen
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yijun Yi
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Zhongqiu Zhang
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ronald A. Lubet
- Department of Pathology and Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ming You
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Meuwissen R, Linn SC, Linnoila RI, Zevenhoven J, Mooi WJ, Berns A. Induction of small cell lung cancer by somatic inactivation of both Trp53 and Rb1 in a conditional mouse model. Cancer Cell 2003; 4:181-9. [PMID: 14522252 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive human tumor with a more than 95% mortality rate. Its ontogeny and molecular pathogenesis remains poorly understood. We established a mouse model for neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors by conditional inactivation of Rb1 and Trp53 in mouse lung epithelial cells. Mice carrying conditional alleles for both Rb1 and Trp53 developed with high incidence aggressive lung tumors with striking morphologic and immunophenotypic similarities to SCLC. Most of these tumors, which we designate MSCLC (murine small cell lung carcinoma), diffusely spread through the lung and gave rise to extrapulmonary metastases. In our model, inactivation of both Rb1 and p53 was a prerequisite for the pathogenesis of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Meuwissen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Center of Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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