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Chen YL, Kuan WH, Liu CL. Comparative Study of the Composition of Sweat from Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands during Exercise and in Heat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3377. [PMID: 32408694 PMCID: PMC7277079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This preliminarily study was made to examine the differences in sweat excretions from human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in dynamic exercise and heat conditions. Sweat samples were collected from six young males while they were either running on a treadmill or sitting in a sauna cabinet. Sweat samples of at least 5 mL from the eccrine (upper-back) and apocrine (armpit) sweat glands were collected during a 20-min running (or inactive overheating) period. The samples were then analyzed for urea, uric acid, and electrolyte (Na+, Cl-, and K+) excretions. The results from a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the secretions of urea and K+ were significantly higher during running than during inactive overheating for both glands, as were Na+ secretions for the apocrine glands (all P < 0.05). Under the same sweating conditions, urea and K+ excretions from the apocrine glands were also higher than those from the eccrine glands (all P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the Na+ secretions of the apocrine and eccrine glands under the running condition. The effects of various sweating methods and sweat glands on Cl- secretions were nonsignificant, and little uric acid was excreted. A higher urea excretion level during running rather than in hot conditions could be attributed to an elevated metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan;
- Department of Industrial Design, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Kuan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Perez-Quintero M, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Effects of exposure to high temperatures on serum, urine and sweat concentrations of iron and copper. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102536. [PMID: 32364981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the acute effect of a maximum test until exhaustion in normothermia and hyperthermia, and after repeated exposure to heat at high temperatures on the homeostasis of Fe and Cu. The sample was composed of twenty-nine male university students. The participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). All of them underwent an incremental test until exhaustion in normothermia and hyperthermia before and after the repeated exposure of EG to heat at high temperatures, consisting of 9 heat acclimatisation sessions in the sauna. Samples of urine and blood were taken before and after each test. Additionally, sweat samples were collected in the hyperthermia test. The samples were frozen at -80 °C for further analysis by ICP-MS. None of the metal concentrations in serum were affected by hyperthermia or exposure to heat. Urinary Fe increased in CG in the hyperthermia test before Heat exposure at High Temperature (HEHT)(p < 0.05) and in both groups after HEHT (p < 0.05). In EG there was an increase in the urinary excretion of Cu after HEHT (p < 0.01) in both trials. Fe suffered a decrease in sweat in EG after exposure to heat (p < 0.05). The concentrations of Fe and Cu in serum were not affected by acute exercise and exposure to high temperatures. However, there was a decrease in excretion of Fe in sweat due to HEHT, and an increase in urinary excretion in both. Therefore, we think that in conditions of high temperatures for long periods of time, attention should be paid to the body levels of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Zhao J, Guo H, Li J, Bandodkar AJ, Rogers JA. Body-Interfaced Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Monitoring and Analysis of Biofluids. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang Y, Guo H, Kim SB, Wu Y, Ostojich D, Park SH, Wang X, Weng Z, Li R, Bandodkar AJ, Sekine Y, Choi J, Xu S, Quaggin S, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA. Passive sweat collection and colorimetric analysis of biomarkers relevant to kidney disorders using a soft microfluidic system. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1545-1555. [PMID: 30912557 PMCID: PMC6830512 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rich range of biomarkers in sweat and the ability to collect sweat in a non-invasive manner create interest in the use of this biofluid for assessments of health and physiological status, with potential applications that range from sports and fitness to clinical medicine. This paper introduces two important advances in recently reported classes of soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems for sweat capture and analysis: (1) a simple, broadly applicable means for collection of sweat that bypasses requirements for physical/mental exertion or pharmacological stimulation and (2) a set of enzymatic chemistries and colorimetric readout approaches for determining the concentrations of creatinine and urea in sweat, throughout ranges that are physiologically relevant. The results allow for routine, non-pharmacological capture of sweat for patient populations, such as infants and the elderly, that cannot be expected to sweat through exercise, and they create potential opportunities in the use of sweat for kidney disease screening/monitoring. Studies on human subjects demonstrate these essential capabilities, with quantitative comparisons to standard methods. The results expand the range of options available in microfluidic sampling and sensing of sweat for disease diagnostics and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Romańczyk G, Boryło A. 210Po secretion from sweat glands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 167:70-74. [PMID: 27866792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The results of the research indicated that the 210Po activity concentration in sweat samples was between 0.22 ± 0.03 to 2.10 ± 0.15 mBq·g-1 d.w. The obtained results of the studies showed that smoking and eating fish led to higher activity concentrations of 210Po in sweat in comparison to the control group. Statistical analysis of 210Po activity concentrations in sweat samples showed significant differences between control, smoking, fish eating and age groups, while no significant differences was found for 210Po between volunteers as far as gender is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Romańczyk
- Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Radiochemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Poland
| | - Alicja Boryło
- Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Radiochemistry, Department of Environmental Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Poland.
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Peng Y, Cui X, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu J, Cheng B. Systematic review focusing on the excretion and protection roles of sweat in the skin. Dermatology 2014; 228:115-20. [PMID: 24577280 DOI: 10.1159/000357524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin excretes substances primarily through sweat glands. Several conditions have been demonstrated to be associated with diminished sweating. However, few studies have concentrated on the metabolism and excretion of sweat. This review focuses on the relationship between temperature and the thermoregulatory efficacy of sweat, and then discusses the excretion of sweat, which includes the metabolism of water, minerals, proteins, vitamins as well as toxic substances. The potential role of sweat secretion in hormone homeostasis and the effects on the defense system of the skin are also clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Department Orthopedics and Traumatology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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Sawka MN, Leon LR, Montain SJ, Sonna LA. Integrated Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise Performance, Adaptation, and Maladaptation to Heat Stress. Compr Physiol 2011; 1:1883-928. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Genuis SJ, Birkholz D, Rodushkin I, Beesoon S. Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study: monitoring and elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:344-357. [PMID: 21057782 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the toxicokinetics of bioaccumulated toxic elements and their methods of excretion from the human body. This study was designed to assess the concentration of various toxic elements in three body fluids: blood, urine and sweat. Blood, urine, and sweat were collected from 20 individuals (10 healthy participants and 10 participants with various health problems) and analyzed for approximately 120 various compounds, including toxic elements. Toxic elements were found to differing degrees in each of blood, urine, and sweat. Serum levels for most metals and metalloids were comparable with those found in other studies in the scientific literature. Many toxic elements appeared to be preferentially excreted through sweat. Presumably stored in tissues, some toxic elements readily identified in the perspiration of some participants were not found in their serum. Induced sweating appears to be a potential method for elimination of many toxic elements from the human body. Biomonitoring for toxic elements through blood and/or urine testing may underestimate the total body burden of such toxicants. Sweat analysis should be considered as an additional method for monitoring bioaccumulation of toxic elements in humans.
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Ely MR, Kenefick RW, Cheuvront SN, Chinevere TD, Lacher CP, Lukaski HC, Montain SJ. Surface contamination artificially elevates initial sweat mineral concentrations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1534-40. [PMID: 21512152 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01437.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several sweat mineral element concentrations decline with serial sampling. Possible causes include reduced dermal mineral concentrations or flushing of surface contamination. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously sample mineral concentrations in transdermal fluid (TDF), sweat, and serum during extended exercise-heat stress to determine if these compartments show the same serial changes during repeat sampling. Sixteen heat-acclimated individuals walked on a treadmill (1.56 m/s, 3.0% grade) in a 35°C, 20% relative humidity (RH), 1 m/s wind environment 50 min each hour for 3 h. Mineral concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn were measured each hour from serum, sweat from upper back (sweat pouch) and arm (bag), and TDF from the upper back. Sites were meticulously cleaned to minimize surface contamination. Mineral concentrations were determined by spectrometry. TDF remained stable over time, with exception of a modest increase in TDF [Fe] (15%) and decrease in TDF [Zn] (-18%). Likewise, serum and pouch sweat samples were stable over time. In contrast, the initial arm bag sweat mineral concentrations were greater than those in the sweat pouch, and [Ca], [Cu], [Mg], and [Zn] declined 26-76% from initial to the subsequent samples, becoming similar to sweat pouch. Nominal TDF mineral shifts do not affect sweat mineral concentrations. Arm bag sweat mineral concentrations are initially elevated due to skin surface contaminants that are not removed despite meticulous cleaning (e.g., under fingernails, on arm hair), then decrease with extended sweating and approach those measured from the scapular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Ely
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Kansas St., Bldg. 42, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA.
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Salguero ML. Detoxification. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hoshi A, Watanabe H, Chiba M, Inaba Y, Kobayashi M, Kimura N, Ito T. Seasonal variation of trace element loss to sweat during exercise in males. Environ Health Prev Med 2002; 7:60-3. [PMID: 21432265 PMCID: PMC2723400 DOI: 10.1007/bf02897331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2001] [Accepted: 12/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the seasonal differences of the trace element excretion in sweat, the trace element concentration in sweat and their loss during exercise were compared between summer and winter. METHODS Sweat samples were collected from ten healthy adult males. Bicycle ergometer exercise was conducted by each subject at a heart rate of 140 beats/min for 1 hour, in summer and in winter. Sweat was collected by the arm bag method. RESULTS Concentrations of major (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Cr) in sweat tended to be lower in summer than in winter, and significantly lower concentrations of Mg (p<0.01), Na, Cu, and Mn (p<0.05) were found in summer. The sweat volume in summer (0.90 L) was 1.7-fold larger than that in winter (0.52 L) (p<0.01). The amount of loss of each element to sweat calculated from the concentrations in sweat and sweat volume showed no significant difference between summer and winter. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that there was no significant difference in the amount of loss of trace elements in sweat due to exercise between summer and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Hoshi
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8159, Tokyo, Japan,
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