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Ono R, Takayama S, Abe M, Arita R, Abe T, Ishii T. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Is Considered a Predictive Biomarker of Long COVID in Non-hospitalized Patients. Cureus 2024; 16:e59433. [PMID: 38826986 PMCID: PMC11140824 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various diseases. Mitochondria plays a regulatory role during infection. The association between mitokines and subsequent COVID progression has not been previously studied. The retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the potential of serum mitokines as long COVID biomarkers in non-hospitalized patients. Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and blood test reports between January 2021 and April 2023 were included. Patients were categorized into two groups, the recovered and long COVID groups, based on fatigue, decline in focus, and pain. Serum levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), which are affected by mitochondrial function, along with inflammatory and vascular endothelium markers, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to screen the biomarkers. The threshold value of GDF-15 in the acute phase was 965 pg/mL (sensitivity: 71.4%, specificity: 83.3%), indicating that GDF-15 may be associated with the presence of symptoms three months post onset. No association with inflammatory markers and vascular structures was observed. Therefore, elevated GDF-15 levels in the acute phase may act as a predictive biomarker of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ono
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
| | - Shin Takayama
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JPN
| | - Michiaki Abe
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
| | - Ryutaro Arita
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JPN
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JPN
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, JPN
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, JPN
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Arita R, Ono R, Saito N, Suzuki S, Kikuchi A, Ohsawa M, Tadano Y, Akaishi T, Kanno T, Abe M, Onodera K, Takayama S, Ishii T. Refractory Chest Pain in Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 Successfully Treated with Saikanto, a Japanese Traditional Medicine. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2022; 257:241-249. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Arita
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Rie Ono
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Satoko Suzuki
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Akiko Kikuchi
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Minoru Ohsawa
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yasunori Tadano
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Tetsuya Akaishi
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Michiaki Abe
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Ko Onodera
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Shin Takayama
- Department of Kampo and Integrative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
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