1
|
Kay EJ, Koulouras G, Zanivan S. Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Production in Activated Fibroblasts: Roles of Amino Acid Metabolism in Collagen Synthesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719922. [PMID: 34513697 PMCID: PMC8429785 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumour microenvironment in most tumours, and are key mediators of the response to tissue damage caused by tumour growth and invasion, contributing to the observation that tumours behave as 'wounds that do not heal'. CAFs have been shown to play a supporting role in all stages of tumour progression, and this is dependent on the highly secretory phenotype CAFs develop upon activation, of which extracellular matrix (ECM) production is a key element. A collagen rich, stromal ECM has been shown to influence tumour growth and metastasis, exclude immune cells and impede drug delivery, and is associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. CAFs also extensively remodel their metabolism to support cancer cells, however, it is becoming clear that metabolic rewiring also supports intrinsic functions of activated fibroblasts, such as increased ECM production. In this review, we summarise how fibroblasts metabolically regulate ECM production, focussing on collagen production, at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational level, and discuss how this can provide possible strategies for effectively targeting CAF activation and formation of a tumour-promoting stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Kay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Grigorios Koulouras
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ersöz H, Ağababaoğlu İ, Taylan İ, Çakır E, Aksun S, Güneli E. Do oral amino acid supplements facilitate the healing of rat lung injuries? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 58:983-990. [PMID: 32783058 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prolonged air leaks following lung injury cause extended hospital stays. This study investigated the effect of nutritional supplements containing arginine, glutamine and β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate, which were theoretically proven to accelerate wound healing, on air leak and wound healing parameters in a rat lung injury model. METHODS Twenty-eight female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Experimental groups were given glutamine (Resource Glutamine®) or a mixture of arginine, glutamine and β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate (Abound®) as a dietary supplement at isonitrogenous and isocaloric doses. On day 3, standard sized lung injuries were created in all rats except the sham group. The rats were sacrificed on day 6, and the lungs were removed for air-leak threshold pressure measurement and histopathological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Loss of body mass was greater in the glutamine group than in the other groups (P = 0.004). Rats that received the amino acid mixture had better results for mature collagen fibre density (P = 0.002) and inflammation suppression (P = 0.003). The sham group had higher values for air-leak threshold pressure and all other histochemical parameters compared to the other groups. Hydroxyproline level did not differ significantly in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that an oral amino acid mixture was effective in the healing of lung injuries. Isolated glutamine supplementation had an adverse impact on body mass. Randomized clinical studies including larger series are needed. Hydroxyproline does not seem to be a suitable marker for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ersöz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ağababaoğlu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yıldırım Beyazıd University, Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Taylan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ebru Çakır
- Department of Medical Pathology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Saliha Aksun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ensari Güneli
- Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Albaugh VL, Mukherjee K, Barbul A. Proline Precursors and Collagen Synthesis: Biochemical Challenges of Nutrient Supplementation and Wound Healing. J Nutr 2017; 147:2011-2017. [PMID: 28978679 PMCID: PMC5657141 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.256404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process marked by highly coordinated immune fluxes into an area of tissue injury; these are required for re-establishment of normal tissue integrity. Along with this cascade of cellular players, wound healing also requires coordinated flux through a number of biochemical pathways, leading to synthesis of collagen and recycling or removal of damaged tissues. The availability of nutrients, especially amino acids, is critical for wound healing, and enteral supplementation has been intensely studied as a potential mechanism to augment wound healing-either by increasing tensile strength, decreasing healing time, or both. From a practical standpoint, although enteral nutrient supplementation may seem like a reasonable strategy to augment healing, a number of biochemical and physiologic barriers exist that limit this strategy. In this critical review, the physiology of enteral amino acid metabolism and supplementation and challenges therein are discussed in the context of splanchnic physiology and biochemistry. Additionally, a review of studies examining various methods of amino acid supplementation and the associated effects on wound outcomes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Albaugh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Kaushik Mukherjee
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Adrian Barbul
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arginyl-glutamine dipeptide or docosahexaenoic acid attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal mice. Nutrition 2013; 28:1186-91. [PMID: 23044165 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Supplementation studies of glutamine, arginine, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have established the safety of each of these nutrients in neonates. However, the potential for a more stable and soluble dipeptide, arginyl-glutamine (Arg-Gln) or DHA, a long-chain ω-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties, to exert benefits on hyperoxia-induced lung injury has not to our knowledge been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Arg-Gln dipeptide or DHA could attenuate markers of injury and inflammation in neonatal mouse lungs exposed to hyperoxia. METHODS Seven-day-old mouse pups were placed with their dams in 75% oxygen for 5 d. After 5 d of hyperoxic exposure (postnatal days 7-12), pups were removed from hyperoxia and allowed to recover in atmospheric conditions for 5 d (postnatal days 12-17). Mouse pups received Arg-Gln (5 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) or DHA (5 g · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) or saline orally from postnatal days 12 through 17. Histologic changes, myeloperoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, inflammatory cytokines, and nuclear factor-κB inhibitor levels were checked in each group. RESULTS The Arg-Gln and DHA prevented the development of key markers of injury, including histologic changes, myeloperoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1)/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC). The highly beneficial effects of Arg-Gln on the reversal of oxygen-induced lung damage was associated with restoration of levels of nuclear factor-κB inhibitor. CONCLUSION The Arg-Gln and DHA, with protective effects on hyperoxic lung injury in neonatal mice, are promising nutritional adjuncts that may prevent lung damage owing to oxygen toxicity in infants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chamney C, Godar M, Garrigan E, Huey KA. Effects of glutamine supplementation on muscle function and stress responses in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:796-806. [PMID: 23143993 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.069658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of muscle function due to rapid breakdown of contractile proteins. Glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes, but its effects on muscle function after SCI are unknown. The benefits of glutamine in non-skeletal muscle tissues involve elevated heat shock protein (Hsp)70 and Hsp25, but the muscle response may differ because it is the largest contributor to plasma glutamine. We tested the hypothesis that glutamine preserves muscle function after SCI and that this is associated with increased heat shock protein and reduced inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Changes in plantarflexor force, fatigability and total myofibrillar, Hsp70, Hsp25, IL-6 and TNFα muscle protein levels were measured 7 days after sham or spinal cord transection surgery in mice receiving daily placebo or glutamine. Compared with placebo, after SCI glutamine significantly attenuated the reductions in maximal isometric force (0.22 ± 0.01 versus 0.31 ± 0.03 N, respectively) and fatigue resistance (34 ± 4 versus 59 ± 4% of initial force, respectively). Glutamine significantly ameliorated the loss of myofibrillar protein with spinal cord transection. Spinal cord transection was associated with decreased Hsp70 and Hsp25 with glutamine only (45 ± 3 and 44 ± 5% of placebo, respectively). Glutamine significantly reduced spinal cord transection-associated increases in IL-6 and TNFα compared with placebo (38 ± 6 and 37 ± 8% of placebo, respectively). Functionally, early reductions in contractile protein, force and fatigue resistance after SCI were reversed with glutamine. Spinal cord transection-associated reductions in Hsp70, Hsp25, IL-6 and TNFα with glutamine versus placebo suggest lower stress in the muscle, possibly related to a reduced need to produce glutamine. These findings support glutamine as a therapeutic intervention to accelerate recovery of muscle function after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Chamney
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee YK, Ahn Y, Leem DH, Baek JA, Ko SO, Shin HK. The effect of heat shock protein 70 on inducible nitric oxide synthase during sepsis in rats. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2010.36.5.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Keun Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yung Ahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Ho Leem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jin-A Baek
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Seung-O Ko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyo-Keun Shin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, Brain Korea 21 project, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meador BM, Huey KA. Glutamine preserves skeletal muscle force during an inflammatory insult. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:1000-7. [PMID: 19705479 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute glutamine (GLN) supplementation can counteract skeletal muscle contractile dysfunction occurring in response to inflammation by elevating muscle heat shock protein (Hsp) expression and reducing inflammatory cytokines. Mice received 5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concurrently with 1 g/kg GLN or vehicle treatments. Plantarflexor isometric force production was measured at 2 hours post-injection. Blood and gastrocnemius muscles were collected, and serum and muscle tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and muscle Hsp70 and Hsp25 were quantified. Saline/LPS treatment was associated with a 33% reduction in maximal force and elevated serum TNF-alpha and IL-6. GLN completely prevented this force decrement with LPS. GLN was found to reduce muscle Hsp70 and IL-6, but only in the presence of LPS. GLN supplementation provides an effective, novel, clinically applicable means of preserving muscle force during acute inflammation. These data indicate that force preservation is not dependent on reductions in serum cytokines or muscle TNF-alpha, or elevated Hsp levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Meador
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 120 Freer Hall, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glutamine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Nutrition 2009; 25:692-8. [PMID: 19286350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been reported that glutamine (GLN) can attenuate acute lung injury after sepsis. GLN is also thought to be a precursor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Using the GSH synthesis blocker, L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), we investigated the role of GSH synthesis in the protective effect of GLN on acute lung injury. METHODS In this study, we used an acute lung injury model induced by intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide (1 mg mL(-1) kg(-1)). GLN (0.75 g/kg, intravenous) and BSO (2 mmol/kg, intraperitoneal) were administrated simultaneously. At 2 and 18 h after the injections, the rats were sacrificed by right ventricular puncture and bronchoalveolar lavage was done. The lower right lung was excised for histologic examination. Total protein concentration and total cell and neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. CD11b expression in the blood was determined by flow cytometry. We also analyzed myeloperoxidase activity, and GSH and interleukin-8 levels in lung tissues. RESULTS GLN supplementation reduced the total protein concentration and total cell and neutrophils counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after lipopolysaccharide challenge. GLN enhanced GSH synthesis and attenuated interleukin-8 release and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissues. GLN also decreased CD11b expression in blood neutrophils and prevented lung histologic changes. BSO abolished the effects of GLN and attenuated its protection on acute lung injury. CONCLUSION These results indicate that GLN could prevent neutrophil recruitment and infiltration, protect the alveolar barrier, and attenuate inflammatory injury during sepsis. This effect may be related to enhanced GSH synthesis.
Collapse
|