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Kotlyarov S. Effects of Atherogenic Factors on Endothelial Cells: Bioinformatics Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Signaling Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041216. [PMID: 37189834 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a serious medical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It develops over many years as a complex chain of events in the vascular wall involving various cells and is influenced by many factors of clinical interest. (2) Methods: In this study, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to investigate the gene ontology of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in endothelial cells exposed to atherogenic factors such as tobacco smoking, oscillatory shear, and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). DEGs were identified using the limma R package, and gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. (3) Results: We studied biological processes and signaling pathways involving DEGs in endothelial cells under the influence of atherogenic factors. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were mainly involved in cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, innate immune response, lipid biosynthetic process, 5-lipoxygenase activity, and nitric-oxide synthase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that common pathways included tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, lipoprotein particle binding, and apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: Atherogenic factors such as smoking, impaired flow, and oxLDL contribute to impaired innate immune response, metabolism, and apoptosis in endothelial cells, potentially leading to the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Emura N, Wang CM, Yang WH, Yang WH. Steroidogenic Factor 1 (NR5A1) Activates ATF3 Transcriptional Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041429. [PMID: 32093223 PMCID: PMC7073147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1/NR5A1), an orphan nuclear receptor, is important for sexual differentiation and the development of multiple endocrine organs, as well as cell proliferation in cancer cells. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a transcriptional repressor, and its expression is rapidly induced by DNA damage and oncogenic stimuli. Since both NR5A1 and ATF3 can regulate and cooperate with several transcription factors, we hypothesized that NR5A1 may interact with ATF3 and plays a functional role in cancer development. First, we found that NR5A1 physically interacts with ATF3. We further demonstrated that ATF3 expression is up-regulated by NR5A1. Moreover, the promoter activity of the ATF3 is activated by NR5A1 in a dose-dependent manner in several cell lines. By mapping the ATF3 promoter as well as the site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we provide evidence that NR5A1 response elements (-695 bp and -665 bp) are required for ATF3 expression by NR5A1. It is well known that the transcriptional activities of NR5A1 are modulated by post-translational modifications, such as small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification and phosphorylation. Notably, we found that both SUMOylation and phosphorylation of NR5A1 play roles, at least in part, for NR5A1-mediated ATF3 expression. Overall, our results provide the first evidence of a novel relationship between NR5A1 and ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Emura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - William Harry Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (C.-M.W.); (W.H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-912-721-8203; Fax: +1-912-721-8268
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Widelitz RB, Lin GW, Lai YC, Mayer JA, Tang PC, Cheng HC, Jiang TX, Chen CF, Chuong CM. Morpho-regulation in diverse chicken feather formation: Integrating branching modules and sex hormone-dependent morpho-regulatory modules. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 61:124-138. [PMID: 30569461 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many animals can change the size, shape, texture and color of their regenerated coats in response to different ages, sexes, or seasonal environmental changes. Here, we propose that the feather core branching morphogenesis module can be regulated by sex hormones or other environmental factors to change feather forms, textures or colors, thus generating a large spectrum of complexity for adaptation. We use sexual dimorphisms of the chicken to explore the role of hormones. A long-standing question is whether the sex-dependent feather morphologies are autonomously controlled by the male or female cell types, or extrinsically controlled and reversible. We have recently identified core feather branching molecular modules which control the anterior-posterior (bone morphogenetic orotein [BMP], Wnt gradient), medio-lateral (Retinoic signaling, Gremlin), and proximo-distal (Sprouty, BMP) patterning of feathers. We hypothesize that morpho-regulation, through quantitative modulation of existing parameters, can act on core branching modules to topologically tune the dimension of each parameter during morphogenesis and regeneration. Here, we explore the involvement of hormones in generating sexual dimorphisms using exogenously delivered hormones. Our strategy is to mimic male androgen levels by applying exogenous dihydrotestosterone and aromatase inhibitors to adult females and to mimic female estradiol levels by injecting exogenous estradiol to adult males. We also examine differentially expressed genes in the feathers of wildtype male and female chickens to identify potential downstream modifiers of feather morphogenesis. The data show male and female feather morphology and their color patterns can be modified extrinsically through molting and resetting the stem cell niche during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gee-Way Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Julie A Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Biocept Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Bollag WB. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced signals mediating aldosterone production. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R115-R129. [PMID: 27913572 PMCID: PMC8310676 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa, enhances sodium retention, thus increasing blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure and contributes to cardiovascular and renal disease, stroke and visual loss. Hypertension is also associated with obesity, which is correlated with other serious health risks as well. Although weight gain is associated with increased blood pressure, the mechanism by which excess fat deposits increase blood pressure remains unclear. Several studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are elevated with obesity and may represent a link between obesity and hypertension. In addition to hypertension, obese patients typically have dyslipidemia, including elevated serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDL, which functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues, has been demonstrated to stimulate aldosterone production. Recent studies suggest that the signaling pathways activated by VLDL are similar to those utilized by AngII. Thus, VLDL increases cytosolic calcium levels and stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity to result in the induction of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression. These effects seem to be mediated by the ability of VLDL to increase the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors, such as the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. Thus, research into the pathways by which VLDL stimulates aldosterone production may identify novel targets for the development of therapies for the treatment of hypertension, particularly those associated with obesity, and other aldosterone-modulated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterOne Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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