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Gupta S, Gupta M, Goyal B, Yadav SRM, Mirza AA, Gupta A, Rao S, Kumari K, Nanda S, Kotru M. Expression of Survivin, CK7, ASH1, HMGB3, L587S, and CLCA2 in Peripheral Blood of Lung Cancer Patients by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cureus 2024; 16:e64386. [PMID: 39130876 PMCID: PMC11317019 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of the present study was to identify gene expression in peripheral blood by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in patients who have lung carcinoma. Material and methods Peripheral blood samples of patients with non-small cell and small cell lung cancer were collected. Target genes included survivin, CK7, ASH1, HMGB3, L587S, and CLCA2. β-Actin was the reference gene. If the mean CT (threshold cycle) value for a target gene is ≥40, the gene expression is considered undetectable. Results Fifty patients with lung carcinoma were included and 30 healthy controls. Out of the six genes, survivin showed 26.8 times fold change as compared to controls; ASH1 and L587S were 0.54 and 0.06, respectively; and HMGB3, CLCA2, and CK7 had non-significant fold change in comparison to controls. The overall detection rate of the six target genes examined in lung cancer was 84%, with 42 out of 50 patients testing positive. Higher stages and ASH1 (p = 0.031), CK7 (p = <0.001), and HMGB3, p = 0.011 were associated significantly. CLCA2 had higher expression in patients without adrenal metastases (p = 0.044). Conclusions Lifestyle and geographical variation might be a probable cause of variable gene expression as compared to other studies. However, further research is needed to determine the clinical implication of these markers, especially in larger groups of early-stage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Gupta
- Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Bela Goyal
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | | | - Anissa A Mirza
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Amit Gupta
- General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Shalinee Rao
- Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Kusum Kumari
- Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Deoghar, IND
| | - Siddhartha Nanda
- Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Mrinalini Kotru
- Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
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Lou H, Wu Z, Wei G. CDC6 may serve as an indicator of lung adenocarcinoma prognosis and progression based on TCGA and GEO data mining and experimental analyses. Oncol Rep 2024; 51:35. [PMID: 38186304 PMCID: PMC10807357 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most lethal types of cancer worldwide, and accurately predicting patient prognosis is an important challenge. Gene prediction models, which are known for their simplicity and efficiency, have the potential to be used for prognostic predictions. However, the availability of models with true clinical value is limited. The present study integrated tissue sequencing and the clinical information of patients with LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases using bioinformatics. This comprehensive approach enabled the identification of 252 differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed using these genes, and 14 and 3 genes [including cell division cycle 6 (CDC6), hyaluronan mediated motility receptor and STIL centriolar assembly protein] were selected for the construction of two prognostic models. Notably, the 3‑gene prognostic model exhibited a comparable predictive ability to that of the 14‑gene model. Functionally, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that CDC6 played a role in regulating the cell cycle and promoting tumor staging. To further investigate the relevance of CDC6, in vitro experiments involving the downregulation of CDC6 expression were conducted, which resulted in significant inhibition of tumor cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that downregulating CDC6 expression significantly reduced the burden and metastasis of in situ lung tumors in mice. These findings suggested that CDC6 may be a critical gene involved in the development and prognosis of LUAD. In summary, the present study successfully constructed a simple yet accurate prognostic prediction model consisting of 3 genes. Additionally, the functional importance of CDC6 as a key gene in the model was identified. These findings lay a crucial foundation for further exploration of prognostic prediction models and a deeper understanding of the functional mechanisms of CDC6. Notably, these results have potential clinical implications for improving personalized treatment and prognosis evaluation for patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lou
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Zelai Wu
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Guangyou Wei
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, Bozhou Municipal People's Hospital, Bozhou, Anhui 236800, P.R. China
- Department of Pediatrics, Bozhou Clinical Medicine of Anhui University of Science and Technology School, Bozhou, Anhui 236800, P.R. China
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Leitão C, Pereira SO, Marques C, Cennamo N, Zeni L, Shaimerdenova M, Ayupova T, Tosi D. Cost-Effective Fiber Optic Solutions for Biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:575. [PMID: 36004971 PMCID: PMC9405647 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, optical fiber sensors have proven to be a reliable and versatile biosensing tool. Optical fiber biosensors (OFBs) are analytical devices that use optical fibers as transducers, with the advantages of being easily coated and biofunctionalized, allowing the monitorization of all functionalization and detection in real-time, as well as being small in size and geometrically flexible, thus allowing device miniaturization and portability for point-of-care (POC) testing. Knowing the potential of such biosensing tools, this paper reviews the reported OFBs which are, at the moment, the most cost-effective. Different fiber configurations are highlighted, namely, end-face reflected, unclad, D- and U-shaped, tips, ball resonators, tapered, light-diffusing, and specialty fibers. Packaging techniques to enhance OFBs' application in the medical field, namely for implementing in subcutaneous, percutaneous, and endoscopic operations as well as in wearable structures, are presented and discussed. Interrogation approaches of OFBs using smartphones' hardware are a great way to obtain cost-effective sensing approaches. In this review paper, different architectures of such interrogation methods and their respective applications are presented. Finally, the application of OFBs in monitoring three crucial fields of human life and wellbeing are reported: detection of cancer biomarkers, detection of cardiovascular biomarkers, and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Leitão
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Sónia O. Pereira
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Carlos Marques
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.O.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Nunzio Cennamo
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Zeni
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy; (N.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
| | - Daniele Tosi
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (M.S.); (T.A.)
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, National Laboratory Astana, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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Liu L, Xu K, Zhou Y. Development of a novel embryonic germline gene-related prognostic model of lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12257. [PMID: 34721973 PMCID: PMC8542372 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence implicates the correlation of embryonic germline genes with the tumor progress and patient's outcome. However, the prognostic value of these genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been fully studied. Here we systematically evaluated this issue, and constructed a novel signature and a nomogram associated with embryonic germline genes for predicting the outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS The LUAD cohorts retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used as training set and testing set, respectively. The embryonic germline genes were downloaded from the website https://venn.lodder.dev. Then, the differentially expressed embryonic germline genes (DEGGs) between the tumor and normal samples were identified by limma package. The functional enrichment and pathway analyses were also performed by clusterProfiler package. The prognostic model was constructed by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression method. Survival and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to validate the model using training set and four testing GEO datasets. Finally, a prognostic nomogram based on the signature genes was constructed using multivariate regression method. RESULTS Among the identified 269 DEGGs, 249 were up-regulated and 20 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that these DEGGs were mainly enriched in the process of cell proliferation and DNA damage repair. Then, 103 DEGGs with prognostic value were identified by univariate Cox regression and further filtered by LASSO method. The resulting sixteen DEGGs were included in step multivariate Cox regression and an eleven embryonic germline gene related signature (EGRS) was constructed. The model could robustly stratify the LUAD patients into high-risk and low-risk groups in both training and testing sets, and low-risk patients had much better outcomes. The multi-ROC analysis also showed that the EGRS model had the best predictive efficacy compared with other common clinicopathological factors. The EGRS model also showed robust predictive ability in four independent external datasets, and the area under curve (AUC) was 0.726 (GSE30219), 0.764 (GSE50081), 0.657 (GSE37745) and 0.668 (GSE72094). More importantly, the expression level of some genes in EGRS has a significant correlation with the progression of LUAD clinicopathology, suggesting these genes might play an important role in the progression of LUAD. Finally, based on EGRS genes, we built and calibrated a nomogram for conveniently evaluating patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, China CDC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yubai Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
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Moreno-Rubio J, Ponce S, Álvarez R, Olmedo ME, Falagan S, Mielgo X, Navarro F, Cruz P, Cabezón-Gutiérrez L, Aguado C, Colmenarejo G, Muñoz-Fernández de Leglaria M, Enguita AB, Cebollero M, Benito A, Alemany I, Del Castillo C, Ramos R, Ramírez de Molina A, Casado E, Sereno M. Clinical-pathological and molecular characterization of long-term survivors with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 17:444-457. [PMID: 32587780 PMCID: PMC7309469 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2019.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Long-term survivors (LS) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver alterations, displaying an overall survival (OS) of more than 3 years, comprise around 10% of cases in several series treated with chemotherapy. There are classical prognosis factors for these cases [stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), etc.], but more data are required in the literature. In this multi-center study, we focused on LS of advanced NSCLC with OS above 36 months to perform a clinical-pathological and molecular characterization. Methods: In the first step, we conducted a clinical-pathological characterization of the patients. Afterwards, we carried out a genetic analysis by comparing LS to a sample of short-term survivors (SS) (with an OS less than 9 months). We initially used whole-genome RNA-seq to identify differentiating profiles of LS and SS, and later confirmed these with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the rest of the samples. Results: A total of 94 patients were included, who were mainly men, former smokers, having adenocarcinoma (AC)-type NSCLC with an ECOG of 0–1. We obtained an initial differential transcriptome expression, displaying 5 over- and 33 under-expressed genes involved in different pathways: namely, the secretin receptor, surfactant protein, trefoil factor 1 (TFF1), serpin, Ca-channels, and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) families. Finally, RT-PCR analysis of 40 (20 LS/20 SS) samples confirmed that four genes (surfactant proteins and SFTP) were significantly down-regulated in SS compared to LS by using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model: SFTPA1 (P = 0.023), SFTPA2 (P = 0.027), SFTPB (P = 0.02), and SFTPC (P = 0.047). Conclusions: We present a sequential genetic analysis of a sample of NSCLC LS with no driver alterations, obtaining a differential RNA-seq/RT-PCR profile showing an abnormal expression of SF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Álvarez
- Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Falagan
- Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián De Los Reyes, Madrid 28702, Spain
| | - Xabier Mielgo
- Fundación Alcorcon University Hospital, Alcorcon, Madrid 28922, Spain
| | - Fátima Navarro
- Príncipe de Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá De Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Aguado
- Clinico San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Amparo Benito
- Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Isabel Alemany
- Fundación Alcorcon University Hospital, Alcorcon, Madrid 28922, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Ramos
- Parque Científico de Madrid Foundation, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Casado
- Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián De Los Reyes, Madrid 28702, Spain
| | - Maria Sereno
- Infanta Sofía University Hospital, San Sebastián De Los Reyes, Madrid 28702, Spain
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Zhang P, Lin Y, Liu Y. CLCA2 suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:776. [PMID: 34055075 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-activated Cl- channel A2 (CLCA2), a tumor suppressor, is associated with the development of several cancers. However, little is known about CLCA2 in human cervical cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CLCA2 on cervical cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR was used to examine the mRNA expression levels of CLCA2 in eight pairs of cervical cancer tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate CLCA2 protein expression in 144 archived cervical cancer specimens. The association of the CLCA2 with clinicopathological parameters was statistically evaluated. Cell proliferation and invasion capability were examined by MTT and Transwell assays, respectively. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that CLCA2 expression was decreased in cervical cancer compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. The expression levels of CLCA2 in patients were correlated with tumor stage (P=0.028), tumor size (P=0.009), and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status (P=0.041). In addition, CLCA2 upregulation was associated with longer overall and recurrence-free survival time after surgery (P=0.016 and P=0.009, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that CLCA2 expression had a predictive value for overall survival of patients with cervical cancer (P=0.017 and P=0.025, respectively). Knockdown of CLCA2 by small interfering RNA suppressed tumor cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, CLCA2 was involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that CLCA2 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells, and that CLCA2 may be a potential therapeutic target of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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Yang X, Cao JL, Yang FN, Li XF, Tao LM, Wang F. Decreased expression of CLCA2 and the correlating with immune infiltrates in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma: A bioinformatics analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:480-486. [PMID: 33966732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcium-activated chloride channel 2 (CLCA2) is closely related to the invasion, metastasis, and prognosis of some common malignant tumors. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of CLCA2 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) using bioinformatics analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mRNA sequencing data and the corresponding clinical data were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database respectively. Then univariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the differential mRNA expression of CLCA2 between normal, cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and CESC tissues and clinicopathological characteristics. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) was used to assess the association between CLCA2 and Disease-Free Survival (DFS), overall survival (OS). The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the associated signaling pathways. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to predict the potential biological roles of CLCA2 in tumor-immune of CESC. RESULTS CLCA2 expression was significantly decreased in CESC tissues compared with normal and CIN tissues (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, obese patients had lower levels of CLCA2 expression than normal-weight CESC patients (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the expression level of CLCA2 in patients with different T stage, lymph node status, metastasis, and FIGO stage in CC(P > 0.05). The survival analysis indicated that for DFS, CESC with high CLCA2 expression was associated with better prognoses compared with those with low expression levels (P < 0.05). But for the OS, there was no difference. GSEA revealed that 4 pathways exhibited significant differential enrichment in the CLCA2 high-expression phenotype, including the P53 signaling pathway, the ERBB signaling pathway, the NOTCH signaling pathway, and the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. The TIMER reveals the expression of CLCA2 showed a significant inverse association with the number of B cells, Macrophage cells, and Dendritic Cell infiltration. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that CLCA2 expression may be a potential prognostic marker for patients with CESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Long Cao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng-Na Yang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Mei Tao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
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Yadav SRM, Goyal B, Kumar R, Gupta S, Gupta A, Mirza AA, Sharma G, Rao S, Pasricha R, Gupta M. Identification of suitable reference genes in blood samples of carcinoma lung patients using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Carcinog 2020; 19:11. [PMID: 33679241 PMCID: PMC7921775 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.jcar_18_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer (LC), among all other cancers, is the leading cause of death worldwide, while the third most common cancer-causing mortality in India. Several techniques of the assay for early detection of cancer that improve survival rates have been employed in tissues and cell lines. Reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) is one of the most common techniques employed for gene expression studies for the normalization of a target gene using a reference gene (RG). The present study used the three most common RGs: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-Actin, and 18s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (18s rRNA), which were assessed by qPCR to validate, as of which is a more effective RG in blood samples of LC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of thirty participants with LC of non-small cell and small cell type were included along with twenty healthy controls. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified, prepared for complementary deoxyribose nucleic acid synthesis, and analyzed for expression of three RG on RTqPCR. RESULTS: Expression levels as Ct values of studied RG were reported as mean ± standard deviation for GAPDH (26.97 ± 5.107), β-actin (20.5 ± 2.3), and 18s rRNA (25.10 ± 4.075). GAPDH showed the lowest expression, whereas β-actin showed the highest expression among the studied RG in subjects of LC. The expression of GAPDH and 18s rRNA were statistically significantly lower than β-actin (p < 0.0001), whereas expression levels of GAPDH and 18s rRNA were comparable. However, the expression level of only β-actin in LC patients was comparable with healthy controls with P < 0.1611 at 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that β -actin may be considered the most suitable RG isolated and studied from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT qPCR in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Ranjan Mani Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bela Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sweety Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anissa Atif Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shalinee Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajesh Pasricha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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Analysis of gene expression profiles of lung cancer subtypes with machine learning algorithms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165822. [PMID: 32360590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and causes more than one million deaths annually. Lung adenocarcinoma (AC) and lung squamous cell cancer (SCC) are two major lung cancer subtypes and have different characteristics in several aspects. Identifying their differentially expressed genes and different gene expression patterns can deepen our understanding of these two subtypes at the transcriptomic level. In this work, we used several machine learning algorithms to investigate the gene expression profiles of lung AC and lung SCC samples retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus. First, the profiles were analyzed by using a powerful feature selection method, namely, Monte Carlo feature selection. A feature list, ranking all features according to their importance, and some informative features were obtained. Then, the feature list was used in the incremental feature selection method to extract optimal features, which can allow the support vector machine (SVM) to yield the best performance for classifying lung AC and lung SCC samples. Some top genes (CSTA, TP63, SERPINB13, CLCA2, BICD2, PERP, FAT2, BNC1, ATP11B, FAM83B, KRT5, PARD6G, PKP1) were extensively analyzed to prove that they can be differentially expressed genes between lung AC and lung SCC. Meanwhile, a rule learning procedure was applied on informative features to construct the classification rules. These rules provide a clear procedure of classification and show some different gene expression patterns between lung AC and lung SCC.
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Circulating Tumour Cells in Lung Cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2019. [PMID: 31605226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-26439-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) constitute a potential tumour surrogate that could serve as "liquid biopsy" with the advantage to be a minimally invasive approach compared to traditional tissue biopsies. As CTCs are thought to be the source of metastatic lesions, their analysis represents a potential means of tracking cancer cells from the primary tumour en route to distant sites, thus providing valuable insights into the metastatic process. However, several problems, such as their rarity in the peripheral blood, the technical limitations of single-cell downstream analysis and their phenotypic variability, make CTC detection and molecular characterisation very challenging. Nevertheless, in the last decade, there has been an exponential increase of interest in the development of powerful cellular and molecular methodologies applied to CTCs. In this chapter, we focus on the recent advances of functional studies and molecular profiling of CTCs. We will also highlight the clinical relevance of CTC detection and enumeration, and discuss their potential as tumour biomarkers with special focus on lung cancer.
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Li Z, Sang M, Tian Z, Liu Z, Lv J, Zhang F, Shan B. Identification of key biomarkers and potential molecular mechanisms in lung cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4429-4440. [PMID: 31611952 PMCID: PMC6781723 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most widespread neoplasms worldwide. To identify the key biomarkers in its carcinogenesis and development, the mRNA microarray datasets GSE102287, GSE89047, GSE67061 and GSE74706 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. GEO2R was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lung cancer. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used to analyze the functions and pathways of the DEGs, while the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins and Cytoscape were used to obtain the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Kaplan Meier curves were used to analyze the effect of the hub genes on overall survival (OS). Module analysis was completed using Molecular Complex Detection in Cytoscape, and one co-expression network of these significant genes was obtained with cBioPortal. A total of 552 DEGs were identified among the four microarray datasets, which were mainly enriched in 'cell proliferation', 'cell growth', 'cell division', 'angiogenesis' and 'mitotic nuclear division'. A PPI network, composed of 44 nodes and 886 edges, was constructed, and its significant module had 16 hub genes in the whole network: Opa interacting protein 5, exonuclease 1, PCNA clamp-associated factor, checkpoint kinase 1, hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase, non-SMC condensin I complex subunit G, centromere protein F, BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, cyclin A2, thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13, TPX2 microtubule nucleation factor, nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1, kinesin family member 20A, aurora kinase A and centrosomal protein 55. Survival analysis of these hub genes revealed that they were markedly associated with poor OS in patients with lung cancer. In summary, the hub genes and DEGs delineated in the research may aid the identification of potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Meixiang Sang
- Hebei Cancer Research Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Hebei Cancer Research Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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12
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Haworth AS, Brackenbury WJ. Emerging roles for multifunctional ion channel auxiliary subunits in cancer. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:125-140. [PMID: 31071485 PMCID: PMC6553682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several superfamilies of plasma membrane channels which regulate transmembrane ion flux have also been shown to regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation and migration. Ion channels are typically multimeric complexes consisting of conducting subunits and auxiliary, non-conducting subunits. Auxiliary subunits modulate the function of conducting subunits and have putative non-conducting roles, further expanding the repertoire of cellular processes governed by ion channel complexes to processes such as transcellular adhesion and gene transcription. Given this expansive influence of ion channels on cellular behaviour it is perhaps no surprise that aberrant ion channel expression is a common occurrence in cancer. This review will focus on the conducting and non-conducting roles of the auxiliary subunits of various Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- channels and the burgeoning evidence linking such auxiliary subunits to cancer. Several subunits are upregulated (e.g. Cavβ, Cavγ) and downregulated (e.g. Kvβ) in cancer, while other subunits have been functionally implicated as oncogenes (e.g. Navβ1, Cavα2δ1) and tumour suppressor genes (e.g. CLCA2, KCNE2, BKγ1) based on in vivo studies. The strengthening link between ion channel auxiliary subunits and cancer has exposed these subunits as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However further mechanistic understanding is required into how these subunits contribute to tumour progression before their therapeutic potential can be fully realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Haworth
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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13
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McCarthy JB, El-Ashry D, Turley EA. Hyaluronan, Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Malignant Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:48. [PMID: 29868579 PMCID: PMC5951929 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the roles of CAFs in forming a “cancerized” fibrotic stroma favorable to tumor initiation and dissemination, in particular highlighting the functions of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) in these processes. The structural complexity of the tumor and its host microenvironment is now well appreciated to be an important contributing factor to malignant progression and resistance-to-therapy. There are multiple components of this complexity, which include an extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated biomechanical changes in tumor stroma. Tumor stroma is often fibrotic and rich in fibrillar type I collagen and hyaluronan (HA). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major source of this fibrotic ECM. CAFs organize collagen fibrils and these biomechanical alterations provide highways for invading carcinoma cells either under the guidance of CAFs or following their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The increased HA metabolism of a tumor microenvironment instructs carcinoma initiation and dissemination by performing multiple functions. The key effects of HA reviewed here are its role in activating CAFs in pre-malignant and malignant stroma, and facilitating invasion by promoting motility of both CAFs and tumor cells, thus facilitating their invasion. Circulating CAFs (cCAFs) also form heterotypic clusters with circulating tumor cells (CTC), which are considered to be pre-cursors of metastatic colonies. cCAFs are likely required for extravasation of tumors cells and to form a metastatic niche suitable for new tumor colony growth. Therapeutic interventions designed to target both HA and CAFs in order to limit tumor spread and increase response to current therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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14
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Mallik S, Zhao Z. ConGEMs: Condensed Gene Co-Expression Module Discovery Through Rule-Based Clustering and Its Application to Carcinogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 9:E7. [PMID: 29283433 PMCID: PMC5793160 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For transcriptomic analysis, there are numerous microarray-based genomic data, especially those generated for cancer research. The typical analysis measures the difference between a cancer sample-group and a matched control group for each transcript or gene. Association rule mining is used to discover interesting item sets through rule-based methodology. Thus, it has advantages to find causal effect relationships between the transcripts. In this work, we introduce two new rule-based similarity measures-weighted rank-based Jaccard and Cosine measures-and then propose a novel computational framework to detect condensed gene co-expression modules ( C o n G E M s) through the association rule-based learning system and the weighted similarity scores. In practice, the list of evolved condensed markers that consists of both singular and complex markers in nature depends on the corresponding condensed gene sets in either antecedent or consequent of the rules of the resultant modules. In our evaluation, these markers could be supported by literature evidence, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway and Gene Ontology annotations. Specifically, we preliminarily identified differentially expressed genes using an empirical Bayes test. A recently developed algorithm-RANWAR-was then utilized to determine the association rules from these genes. Based on that, we computed the integrated similarity scores of these rule-based similarity measures between each rule-pair, and the resultant scores were used for clustering to identify the co-expressed rule-modules. We applied our method to a gene expression dataset for lung squamous cell carcinoma and a genome methylation dataset for uterine cervical carcinogenesis. Our proposed module discovery method produced better results than the traditional gene-module discovery measures. In summary, our proposed rule-based method is useful for exploring biomarker modules from transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Mallik
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Aliah University, Newtown, WB-700156, India.
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Ganesan K, Xu B. Telomerase Inhibitors from Natural Products and Their Anticancer Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010013. [PMID: 29267203 PMCID: PMC5795965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres and telomerase are nowadays exploring traits on targets for anticancer therapy. Telomerase is a unique reverse transcriptase enzyme, considered as a primary factor in almost all cancer cells, which is mainly responsible to regulate the telomere length. Hence, telomerase ensures the indefinite cell proliferation during malignancy—a hallmark of cancer—and this distinctive feature has provided telomerase as the preferred target for drug development in cancer therapy. Deactivation of telomerase and telomere destabilization by natural products provides an opening to succeed new targets for cancer therapy. This review aims to provide a fundamental knowledge for research on telomere, working regulation of telomerase and its various binding proteins to inhibit the telomere/telomerase complex. In addition, the review summarizes the inhibitors of the enzyme catalytic subunit and RNA component, natural products that target telomeres, and suppression of transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. This extensive understanding of telomerase biology will provide indispensable information for enhancing the efficiency of rational anti-cancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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16
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Bronchial airway gene expression signatures in mouse lung squamous cell carcinoma and their modulation by cancer chemopreventive agents. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18885-18900. [PMID: 27935865 PMCID: PMC5386655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to exposure to environmental toxicants, a “field cancerization” effect occurs in the lung resulting in the development of a field of initiated but morphologically normal appearing cells in the damaged epithelium of bronchial airways with dysregulated gene expression patterns. Using a mouse model of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile bronchial airway gene expression and found activation of the PI3K and Myc signaling networks in cytologically normal bronchial airway epithelial cells of mice with preneopastic lung SCC lesions, which was reversed by treatment with the PI3K Inhibitor XL-147 and pioglitazone, respectively. Activated MYC signaling was also present in premalignant and tumor tissues from human lung SCC patients. In addition, we identified a key microRNA, mmu-miR-449c-5p, whose suppression significantly up-regulated Myc expression in the normal bronchial airway epithelial cells of mice with early stage SCC lesions. We developed a novel bronchial genomic classifier in mice and validated it in humans. In the classifier, Ppbp (pro-platelet basic protein) was overexpressed 115 fold in the bronchial airways of mice with preneoplastic lung SCC lesions. This is the first report that demonstrates Ppbp as a novel biomarker in the bronchial airway for lung cancer diagnosis.
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17
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CLCA4 inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93001-93013. [PMID: 29190973 PMCID: PMC5696239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium activated chloride channel A4 (CLCA4), a tumor suppressor, was shown to contribute to the progression of several human cancers, while its role in bladder carcinoma remains unclear. In this study, we showed CLCA4 expression was down-regulated in bladder carcinoma tissues and cells compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues and normal urothelial cells. Low CLCA4 expression was correlated with larger tumor size, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis in bladder carcinoma patients. Overexpression of CLCA4 profoundly attenuated the proliferation, growth, migratory and invasive capabilities of bladder cancer cells, whereas CLCA4 knockdown had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, CLCA4 is involved in PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream molecules can promote bladder cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, CLCA4 could mediate the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K/Akt activation. This study suggests that CLCA4 may represent a promising prognostic biomarker for bladder cancer and provides a possible mechanism for bladder cancer growth and invasion.
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18
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Fu X, Shen C, Wang H, Chen F, Li G, Wen Z. Joint quantitative measurement of hTERT mRNA in both peripheral blood and circulating tumor cells of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its clinical significance. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:479. [PMID: 28693532 PMCID: PMC5504838 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study was aimed to quantitatively detect mRNA levels of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) in both peripheral blood and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and explore its significance in early diagnosis and treatment of NPC. Methods hTERT mRNA levels in peripheral blood and CTCs of 33 NPC patients before and after treatment with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or/and chemotherapy and 24 healthy controls were measured using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and their correlations to clinic pathological factors of NPC were analyzed. Results Peripheral hTERT mRNA content was 10.75 ± 4.29 in NPC patients and 0.95 ± 0.37 in control subjects (P < 0.05), and had a significant correlation with patients’ clinical stage, T stage, and N stage (P < 0.05). Treatment of NPC patients at stages I and II with simple IMRT significantly reduced hTERT mRNA level from 5.60 ± 2.33 to 3.43 ± 1.42 (P < 0.05) and treatment of patients at advanced stage (III and IV) with induction chemotherapy followed by IMRT significantly reduced hTERT mRNA levels from 12.68 ± 3.08 to 10.68 ± 2.48 to 3.13 ± 1.69 (P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, the study also showed that hTERT mRNA content in CTCs of NPC patients was 10.65 ± 4.28, evidently higher than that of 1.09 ± 0.40 in control subjects (P < 0.05) and hTERT mRNA level in CTCs of NPC patients was obviously correlated to patients’ clinical stage, T stage and N stage (P < 0.05). After treatment, hTERT mRNA level in CTCs of NPC patients lowered from 10.65 ± 4.28 to 5.59 ± 2.32 (P < 0.05). The correlation analysis found that hTERT mRNA level in peripheral blood and CTCs of NPC patients were highly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.981. Conclusions hTERT mRNA levels in peripheral blood and CTCs of NPC patients were significantly enhanced compared to that in healthy controls and highly correlated. Changes in hTERT mRNA level was closely correlated to patients’ clinical stage and T stage. Radiochemotherapy could effectively reduce hTERT mRNA level in peripheral blood and CTCs. Thus, it is possible using the joint detection of hTERT mRNA level in peripheral blood and CTCs as a new biomarker for early diagnosis, treatment efficacy and prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsa Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Congxiang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Huigang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Guanxue Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhong Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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19
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Xiong D, Pan J, Zhang Q, Szabo E, Miller MS, Lubet RA, Wang Y, You M. Pioglitazone-mediated reversal of elevated glucose metabolism in the airway epithelium of mouse lung adenocarcinomas. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94220. [PMID: 28679956 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are prone to the damage caused by lung cancer risk factors, such as cigarette smoking. Little is known about surrogate biomarkers in the bronchial airway epithelium that can be used to assess the effect of potential chemoprevention drugs on lung adenocarcinoma formation/progression. Pioglitazone has been suggested as a chemoprevention drug for lung cancer. To study the mechanisms underlying the role of pioglitazone in lung cancer prevention, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and found that Kras signaling was repressed by pioglitazone treatment in the airway epithelial cells of mice with lung adenocarcinoma (FDR q = 9.8E-04). It was also found that glucose metabolic pathways were elevated in the airway epithelium of mice with lung adenocarcinomas and inhibited by pioglitazone treatment (FDR q = 0.01). Downregulation of glucose metabolism genes was also observed in lung tumors of mice treated with pioglitazone. The high-risk expression signature of elevated glucose metabolism was associated with poor survival outcome in multiple lung adenocarcinoma patient populations (P values ranging from 1.0E-9 to 5.5E-5). Our results suggest that the role of pioglitazone in preventing lung adenocarcinoma may depend on inhibiting Kras signaling and glucose metabolism, which may serve as biomarkers of agent action in the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Xiong
- Cancer Center and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jing Pan
- Cancer Center and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cancer Center and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eva Szabo
- Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group and
| | - Mark Steven Miller
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- Cancer Center and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ming You
- Cancer Center and.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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20
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Kim DD, Yang CS, Chae HD, Kwak SG, Jeon CH. Melanoma antigen-encoding gene family member A1-6 and hTERT in the detection of circulating tumor cells following CD45 - depletion and RNA extraction. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:837-843. [PMID: 28693240 PMCID: PMC5494678 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 76 blood samples from patients without malignant disease and 107 blood samples from patients with malignant disease were investigated for the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). To detect CTCs, hematopoietic cells were removed from the blood samples and different RNA extraction methods were used to amplify the melanoma antigen-encoding gene family member A1-family member A6 (MAGE A1-6) and the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene as potential CTC markers. Comparison between four methods for extracting RNA from the blood was performed. The samples were enriched by cluster of differentiation 45 (CD45) antibody capturing, and the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the MAGE A1-6 and hTERT genes. MAGE A1-6 and hTERT gene expression levels were also evaluated in 14 cancer cell lines, and the MAGE A1-6 and hTERT expression levels were 85.7 and 100%, respectively. The RNeasy method demonstrated the most sensitivity in the SNU1 cells mixed with blood, although the differences between methods was non-significant. The positive expression levels of MAGE A1-6 and hTERT was 11.8% in the control group and 58.9% in those with malignant disease. In the 70 patients with colorectal cancer, positive expression levels of MAGE A1-6 or hTERT were significantly higher in stages T3 and T4 compared with in stages T1 and T2. The CTC detection method involving CD45 antibody capture, RNA extraction and MAGE A1-6 and hTERT reverse transcription resulted in good rates of sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the present study concluded that MAGE A1-6 and hTERT genes may be potential and practical markers for CTCs in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Dong Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Seok Yang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Chae
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kwak
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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21
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Jin XR, Zhu LY, Qian K, Feng YG, Zhou JH, Wang RW, Bai L, Deng B, Liang N, Tan QY. Circulating tumor cells in early stage lung adenocarcinoma: a case series report and literature review. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23130-23141. [PMID: 28423562 PMCID: PMC5410291 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to monitor circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in early stage lung adenocarcinoma patients. RESULTS CTCs were characterized and classified to epithelial (E-) CTCs, mesenchymal (M-) CTCs and epithelial- mesenchymal (E&M-) CTCs, as per epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) biomarkers. CTCs could not be found in healthy controls. However, in cohort A, CTCs were found in 17 (17/18) cases. Detection rate of E-CTCs was lower (5/18) compared with M-CTC (10/18) or E&M-CTC (14/18). Highly abundant M-CTCs were prone to being in the tumors > 2 cm. In cohorts A and B, CTCs count increased significantly in all patients with tumor progression (7/7). Higher CTCs level or change range could be found postoperatively in the patients with tumor progression, as compared with patients with disease free survival (P < 0.01). Additionally, CTCs detected by CanPatrolTM could be validated by CytoploRare or Pep@MNPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included four cohorts of patients and 20 healthy controls. In cohort A, CTCs were detected by a newly established approach, i.e., CanPatrolTM, prior to anesthesia and monitored after operation longitudinally. In cohort B, CTCs were not assessed prior to operation, but were longitudinally detected after operation. For validation, we detected FOLR(+)-CTCs by using CytoploRare and EPCAM(+)-CTCs by using Pep@MNPs prior to operation, in cohorts C and D, respectively. CONCLUSION CTCs can be detected in early stage lung adenocarcinoma, even in adenocarcinoma in situ, and CTCs detection can effectively monitor tumor progression. The distinguishing of biomarkers of highly invasive and aggressive CTCs warrants further robust study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Rui Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Yao Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Kai Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Geng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hai Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Wen Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Li Bai
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Qun-You Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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22
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Cell-Free RNA Content in Peripheral Blood as Potential Biomarkers for Detecting Circulating Tumor Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111845. [PMID: 27827952 PMCID: PMC5133845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been implicated in tumor progression and prognosis. Techniques detecting CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) may help to identify individuals likely to benefit from early systemic treatment. However, the detection of CTCs with a single marker is challenging, owing to low specificity and sensitivity and due to the heterogeneity and rareness of CTCs. Herein, the probability of cell-free RNA content in the peripheral blood as a potential biomarker for detecting CTCs in cancer patients was investigated. An immunomagnetic enrichment of real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) technology for analysis of CTCs in NSCLC patients was also developed. The mRNA levels of four candidate genes, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), E74-like factor 3 (ELF3), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor B4 (EphB4) that were significantly elevated in tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined. The expression of CK7 and ELF3 in tumor tissues and EGFR in PBMCs was associated with lymph node metastasis (all p < 0.05). The expression of CK7 in PBMCs was correlated with age and EphB4 in PBMCs correlated with histopathological type, respectively (all p < 0.05). The expression of all four genes in tumor tissues and PBMCs was significantly correlated with the clinical stage (all p < 0.01). Survival analysis showed that the patients with enhanced expression of CK7, ELF3, EGFR, and EphB4 mRNA in PBMCs had poorer disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those without (all p < 0.0001). The present study showed that this alteration of cell-free RNA content in peripheral blood might have clinical ramifications in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients.
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Hou J, Meng F, Chan LWC, Cho WCS, Wong SCC. Circulating Plasma MicroRNAs As Diagnostic Markers for NSCLC. Front Genet 2016; 7:193. [PMID: 27857721 PMCID: PMC5093122 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths all over the world, in which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of cases. It is well known that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in various cellular processes, mediating post-transcriptional silencing either by mRNA degradation through binding the 3' UTR of target mRNA or by translational inhibition of the protein. In the past decade, miRNAs have also been increasingly identified in biological fluids such as human serum or plasma known as circulating or cell-free miRNAs, and may function as non-invasive diagnostic markers for various cancer types including NSCLC. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are those cells that are shed from solid tumors and then migrate into the circulation. However, reports concerning the roles of CTCs are quite rare, which may be attributed to the difficulties in the enrichment and detection of CTCs in the circulation. Although, there have been reassuring advances in identifying circulating miRNA-panels, which are assumed to be of diagnostic value in NSCLC early stage, some issues remain concerning the reliability of using miRNA panels as a diagnostic tool for NSCLC. In the current review, we are aiming at providing insights into the miRNAs biology, the mechanisms of miRNAs release into the bloodstream, cell-free miRNAs as the diagnostic markers for NSCLC and the current limitations of CTCs as diagnostic markers in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpao Hou
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fei Meng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lawrence W C Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Kowloon, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S C Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Ion Channels in Brain Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091513. [PMID: 27618016 PMCID: PMC5037790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma exhibit a high metastatic tropism to the brain. Development of brain metastases severely worsens the prognosis of cancer patients and constrains curative treatment options. Metastasizing to the brain by cancer cells can be dissected in consecutive processes including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, evasion from the primary tumor, intravasation and circulation in the blood, extravasation across the blood-brain barrier, formation of metastatic niches, and colonization in the brain. Ion channels have been demonstrated to be aberrantly expressed in tumor cells where they regulate neoplastic transformation, malignant progression or therapy resistance. Moreover, many ion channel modulators are FDA-approved drugs and in clinical use proposing ion channels as druggable targets for future anti-cancer therapy. The present review article aims to summarize the current knowledge on the function of ion channels in the different processes of brain metastasis. The data suggest that certain channel types involving voltage-gated sodium channels, ATP-release channels, ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors and gap junction-generating connexins interfere with distinct processes of brain metastazation.
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Turley EA, Wood DK, McCarthy JB. Carcinoma Cell Hyaluronan as a "Portable" Cancerized Prometastatic Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2507-12. [PMID: 27197262 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a structurally simple polysaccharide, but its ability to act as a template for organizing pericellular matrices and its regulated synthesis and degradation are key to initiating repair responses. Importantly, these HA functions are usurped by tumor cells to facilitate progression and metastasis. Recent advances have identified the functional complexities associated with the synthesis and degradation of HA-rich matrices. Three enzymes synthesize large HA polymers while multiple hyaluronidases or tissue free radicals degrade these into smaller bioactive fragments. A family of extracellular and cell-associated HA-binding proteins/receptors translates the bioinformation encrypted in this complex polymer mixture to activate signaling networks required for cell survival, proliferation, and migration in an actively remodeling microenvironment. Changes in HA metabolism within both the peritumor stroma and parenchyma are linked to tumor initiation, progression, and poor clinical outcome. We review evidence that metastatic tumor cells must acquire the capability to autonomously synthesize, assemble, and process their own "portable" HA-rich microenvironments to survive in the circulation, metastasize to ectopic sites, and escape therapeutic intervention. Strategies to disrupt the HA machinery of primary tumor and circulating tumor cells may enhance the effectiveness of current conventional and targeted therapies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2507-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Turley
- Cancer Research Laboratories, London Regional Cancer Center, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada. Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David K Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James B McCarthy
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Mirzapoiazova T, Mambetsariev N, Lennon FE, Mambetsariev B, Berlind JE, Salgia R, Singleton PA. HABP2 is a Novel Regulator of Hyaluronan-Mediated Human Lung Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2015; 5:164. [PMID: 26258071 PMCID: PMC4508840 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is a devastating disease with limited treatment options. Many lung cancers have changes in their microenvironment including upregulation of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA), which we have previously demonstrated can regulate the activity of the extracellular serine protease, hyaluronan binding protein 2 (HABP2). This study examined the functional role of HABP2 on HA-mediated human lung cancer dynamics. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on lung cancer patient samples using anti-HABP2 antibody. Stable control, shRNA, and HABP2 overexpressing human lung adenocarcinoma cells were evaluated using immunoblot analysis, migration, extravasation, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) activation assays with or without high-molecular weight HA or low-molecular weight HA (LMW-HA). In human lung cancer xenograft models, primary tumor growth rates and lung metastasis were analyzed using consecutive tumor volume measurements and nestin immunoreactivity in nude mouse lungs. Results We provide evidence that HABP2 is an important regulator of lung cancer progression. HABP2 expression was increased in several subtypes of patient non-small cell lung cancer samples. Further, HABP2 overexpression increased LMW-HA-induced uPA activation, migration, and extravasation in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. In vivo, overexpression of HABP2 in human lung adenocarcinoma cells increased primary tumor growth rates in nude mice by ~2-fold and lung metastasis by ~10-fold compared to vector control cells (n = 5/condition). Conclusion Our data suggest a possible direct effect of HABP2 on uPA activation and lung cancer progression. Our observations suggest that exploration of HABP2 in non-small cell lung carcinoma merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Nurbek Mambetsariev
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Frances E Lennon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Bolot Mambetsariev
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Joshua E Berlind
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Patrick A Singleton
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA ; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA
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