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Qiu H, Chen Y, Fu J, Zhang C. Expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes during flower senescence and in response to ethephon and silver nitrate treatments in Osmanthus fragrans. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:399-408. [PMID: 38319456 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is an ornamental evergreen tree species in China, whose flowers are sensitive to ethylene. The synthesis of ethylene is controlled by key enzymes and restriction enzymes, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), which are encoded by multigene families. However, the key synthase responsible for ethylene regulation in O. fragrans is still unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to screen the key ethylene synthase genes of sweet osmanthus flowers in response to ethylene regulation. METHODS In this study, we used the ACO and ACS sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana to search for homologous genes in the O. fragrans petal transcriptome database. These genes were also analyzed bioinformatically. Finally, the expression levels of O. fragrans were compared before and after senescence, as well as after ethephon and silver nitrate treatments. RESULTS The results showed that there are five ACO genes and one ACS gene in O. fragrans transcriptome database, and the phylogenetic tree revealed that the proteins encoded by these genes had high homology to the ACS and ACO proteins in plants. Sequence alignment shows that the OfACO1-5 proteins have the 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase domain, while OfACS1 contains seven conserved domains, as well as conserved amino acids in transaminases and glutamate residues related to substrate specificity. Expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of OfACS1 and OfACO1-5 were significantly higher at the early senescence stage compared to the full flowering stage. The transcripts of the OfACS1, OfACO2, and OfACO5 genes were upregulated by treatment with ethephon. However, out of these three genes, only OfACO2 was significantly downregulated by treatment with AgNO3. CONCLUSION Our study found that OfACO2 is an important synthase gene in response to ethylene regulation in sweet osmanthus, which would provide valuable data for further investigation into the mechanisms of ethylene-induced senescence in sweet osmanthus flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Ahmadizadeh M, Chen JT, Hasanzadeh S, Ahmar S, Heidari P. Insights into the genes involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2020; 18:62. [PMID: 33074438 PMCID: PMC7572930 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-020-00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that acts as a requisite role in many aspects of the plant life cycle, and it is also a regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, we attempt to provide comprehensive information through analyses of existing data using bioinformatics tools to compare the identified ethylene biosynthesis genes between Arabidopsis (as dicotyledonous) and rice (as monocotyledonous). Results The results exposed that the Arabidopsis proteins of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway had more potential glycosylation sites than rice, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase proteins were less phosphorylated than 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and S-adenosylmethionine proteins. According to the gene expression patterns, S-adenosylmethionine genes were more involved in the rice-ripening stage while in Arabidopsis, ACS2, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes were contributed to seed maturity. Furthermore, the result of miRNA targeting the transcript sequences showed that ath-miR843 and osa-miR1858 play a key role to regulate the post-transcription modification of S-adenosylmethionine genes in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. The discovered cis- motifs in the promoter site of all the ethylene biosynthesis genes of A. thaliana genes were engaged to light-induced response in the cotyledon and root genes, sulfur-responsive element, dehydration, cell cycle phase-independent activation, and salicylic acid. The ACS4 protein prediction demonstrated strong protein-protein interaction in Arabidopsis, as well as, SAM2, Os04T0578000, Os01T0192900, and Os03T0727600 predicted strong protein-protein interactions in rice. Conclusion In the current study, the complex between miRNAs with transcript sequences of ethylene biosynthesis genes in A. thaliana and O. sativa were identified, which could be helpful to understand the gene expression regulation after the transcription process. The binding sites of common transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, and ABRE that control target genes in abiotic and biotic stresses were generally distributed in promoter sites of ethylene biosynthesis genes of A. thaliana. This was the first time to wide explore the ethylene biosynthesis pathway using bioinformatics tools that markedly showed the capability of the in silico study to integrate existing data and knowledge and furnish novel insights into the understanding of underlying ethylene biosynthesis pathway genes that will be helpful for more dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jen-Tsung Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Soosan Hasanzadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Parviz Heidari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
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Liu C, Li J, Zhu P, Yu J, Hou J, Wang C, Long D, Yu M, Zhao A. Mulberry EIL3 confers salt and drought tolerances and modulates ethylene biosynthetic gene expression. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6391. [PMID: 30809434 PMCID: PMC6385683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene regulates plant abiotic stress responses and tolerances, and ethylene-insensitive3 (EIN3)/EIN3-like (EIL) proteins are the key components of ethylene signal transduction. Although the functions of EIN3/EIL proteins in response to abiotic stresses have been investigated in model plants, little is known in non-model plants, including mulberry (Morus L.), which is an economically important perennial woody plant. We functionally characterized a gene encoding an EIN3-like protein from mulberry, designated as MnEIL3. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of MnEIL3 could be induced in roots and shoot by salt and drought stresses. Arabidopsis overexpressing MnEIL3 exhibited an enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses. MnEIL3 overexpression in Arabidopsis significantly upregulated the transcript abundances of ethylene biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, MnEIL3 enhanced the activities of the MnACO1 and MnACS1 promoters, which respond to salt and drought stresses. Thus, MnEIL3 may play important roles in tolerance to abiotic stresses and the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guiyang University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China.,Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dingpei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Chongqing, China
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Zou B, Xu YJ, Wu JJ, Yu YS, Xiao GS. Phenolic compounds participating in mulberry juice sediment formation during storage. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 18:854-866. [PMID: 28990376 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The stability of clarified juice is of great importance in the beverage industry and to consumers. Phenolic compounds are considered to be one of the main factors responsible for sediment formation. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the phenolic content in clarified mulberry juice during storage. Hence, separation, identification, quantification, and analysis of the changes in the contents of phenolic compounds, both free and bound forms, in the supernatant and sediments of mulberry juice, were carried out using high performance liquid chromatographic system, equipped with a photo-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and HPLC coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometric (HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) techniques. There was an increase in the amount of sediment formed over the period of study. Total phenolic content of supernatant, as well as free phenolic content in the extracts of the precipitate decreased, whereas the bound phenolic content in the sediment increased. Quantitative estimation of individual phenolic compounds indicated high degradation of free anthocyanins in the supernatant and sediment from 938.60 to 2.30 mg/L and 235.60 to 1.74 mg/g, respectively. A decrease in flavonoids in the supernatant was also observed, whereas the contents of bound forms of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin in the sediment increased. Anthocyanins were the most abundant form of phenolics in the sediment, and accounted for 67.2% of total phenolics after 8 weeks of storage. These results revealed that phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins, were involved in the formation of sediments in mulberry juice during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yu-Juan Xu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Ji-Jun Wu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Yu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Geng-Sheng Xiao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture / Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
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Liu C, Zhao A, Zhu P, Li J, Han L, Wang X, Fan W, Lü R, Wang C, Li Z, Lu C, Yu M. Characterization and expression of genes involved in the ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction during ripening of mulberry fruit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122081. [PMID: 25822202 PMCID: PMC4378970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ethylene is well known as an essential regulator of fruit development, little work has examined the role ethylene plays in the development and maturation of mulberry (Morus L.) fruit. To study the mechanism of ethylene action during fruit development in this species, we measured the ethylene production, fruit firmness, and soluble solids content (SSC) during fruit development and harvest. By comparing the results with those from other climacteric fruit, we concluded that Morus fruit are probably climacteric. Genes associated with the ethylene signal transduction pathway of Morus were characterized from M. notabilis Genome Database, including four ethylene receptor genes, a EIN2-like gene, a CTR1-like gene, four EIN3-like genes, and a RTE1-like gene. The expression patterns of these genes were analyzed in the fruit of M. atropurpurea cv. Jialing No.40. During fruit development, transcript levels of MaETR2, MaERS, MaEIN4, MaRTE, and MaCTR1 were lower at the early stages and higher after 26 days after full bloom (DAF), while MaETR1, MaEIL1, MaEIL2, and MaEIL3 remained constant. In ripening fruit, the transcripts of MaACO1 and MaACS3 increased, while MaACS1 and MaACO2 decreased after harvest. The transcripts of MaACO1, MaACO2, and MaACS3 were inhibited by ethylene, and 1-MCP (1–methylcyclopropene) upregulated MaACS3. The transcripts of the MaETR-like genes, MaRTE, and MaCTR1 were inhibited by ethylene and 1-MCP, suggesting that ethylene may accelerate the decline of MaETRs transcripts. No significant changes in the expression of MaEIN2, MaEIL1, and MaEIL3 were observed during ripening or in response to ethylene, while the expressions of MaEIL2 and MaEIL4 increased rapidly after 24 h after harvest (HAH) and were upregulated by ethylene. The present study provides insights into ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction in Morus plants and lays a foundation for the further understanding of the mechanisms underlying Morus fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Leng Han
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihua Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengang Li
- Institution of Sericulture and Apiculture, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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