1
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Weng M, Hu H, Graus MS, Tan DS, Gao Y, Ren S, Ho DHH, Langer J, Holzner M, Huang Y, Ling GS, Lai CSW, Francois M, Jauch R. An engineered Sox17 induces somatic to neural stem cell fate transitions independently from pluripotency reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2501. [PMID: 37611093 PMCID: PMC10446497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Advanced strategies to interconvert cell types provide promising avenues to model cellular pathologies and to develop therapies for neurological disorders. Yet, methods to directly transdifferentiate somatic cells into multipotent induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are slow and inefficient, and it is unclear whether cells pass through a pluripotent state with full epigenetic reset. We report iNSC reprogramming from embryonic and aged mouse fibroblasts as well as from human blood using an engineered Sox17 (eSox17FNV). eSox17FNV efficiently drives iNSC reprogramming while Sox2 or Sox17 fail. eSox17FNV acquires the capacity to bind different protein partners on regulatory DNA to scan the genome more efficiently and has a more potent transactivation domain than Sox2. Lineage tracing and time-resolved transcriptomics show that emerging iNSCs do not transit through a pluripotent state. Our work distinguishes lineage from pluripotency reprogramming with the potential to generate more authentic cell models for aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Weng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haoqing Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew S. Graus
- The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardiovascular Development: Gene Regulation and Editing Program, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Genome Imaging Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daisylyn Senna Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shimiao Ren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Derek Hoi Hang Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jakob Langer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Markus Holzner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guang Sheng Ling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cora Sau Wan Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Brain Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mathias Francois
- The David Richmond Laboratory for Cardiovascular Development: Gene Regulation and Editing Program, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Genome Imaging Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Gertsenstein M, Mianné J, Teboul L, Nutter LMJ. Targeted Mutations in the Mouse via Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2066:59-82. [PMID: 31512207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9837-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is a powerful technology that enabled the generation of a plethora of mutant mouse lines to study gene function and mammalian biology. Here we describe ES cell culture and transfection techniques used to manipulate the ES cell genome to obtain targeted ES cell clones. We include the standard gene targeting approach as well as the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system that can improve the efficiency of homologous recombination in ES cells by introducing a double-strand DNA break at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joffrey Mianné
- The Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Zhang X, Xue B, Li Y, Wei R, Yu Z, Jin J, Zhang Y, Liu Z. A novel chemically defined serum- and feeder-free medium for undifferentiated growth of porcine pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15380-15394. [PMID: 30701540 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Development and improvement of in vitro culture system supporting self-renewal and unlimited proliferation of porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) is an indispensable process for the naïve pPSCs establishment. In this study, we modified the previous culture system and attempted to develop a novel chemically defined medium (KOFL) for the establishment of pPSCs. It has been cultured >45 passages with flat colony morphology and normal karyotypes in in vitro environment. These cells exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed pluripotency markers such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and also possessed differentiation abilities both in vitro and in vivo, proving by the formation of embryonic bodies and teratomas into three germ layers. Then the cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the GFP positive cells contribute to the porcine preimplantation embryo development. In addition, these cells maintained long duration under feeder-free condition. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the pPSCs could be derived from preimplantation porcine embryos in serum-free medium and cultured under the feeder-free condition, providing an effective reference for further optimization of the pPSCs culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Binghua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhuoran Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junxue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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4
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Hutchison T, Yapindi L, Malu A, Newman RA, Sastry KJ, Harrod R. The Botanical Glycoside Oleandrin Inhibits Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Infectivity and Env-Dependent Virological Synapse Formation. JOURNAL OF ANTIVIRALS & ANTIRETROVIRALS 2019; 11. [PMID: 31824586 PMCID: PMC6904119 DOI: 10.35248/1948-5964.19.11.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are no antiretroviral drugs that inhibit incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into newly-synthesized virus particles. The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, derived from extracts of Nerium oleander, has previously been shown to reduce the levels of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) particles and inhibit HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. We therefore tested whether oleandrin or an extract from N. oleander could also inhibit the infectivity of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1): A related enveloped retrovirus and emerging tropical infectious agent. The treatment of HTLV-1+ lymphoma T-cells with either oleandrin or a N. oleander extract did not significantly inhibit viral replication or the release of p19Gag-containing particles into the culture supernatants. However, the collected virus particles from treated cells exhibited reduced infectivity on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMCs). Unlike HIV-1, extracellular HTLV-1 particles are poorly infectious and viral transmission typically occurs via direct intercellular interactions across a virological synapse. We therefore investigated whether oleandrin or a N. oleander extract could inhibit virus transmission from a GFP-expressing HTLV-1+ lymphoma T-cell-line to huPBMCs in co-culture assays. These results demonstrated that both oleandrin and the crude phytoextract inhibited the formation of virological synapses and the transmission of HTLV-1 in vitro. Importantly, these findings suggest oleandrin may have broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses by reducing the incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into mature particles, a stage of the infection cycle not targeted by modern HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Hutchison
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, USA
| | - Laçin Yapindi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, USA
| | - Aditi Malu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, USA
| | - Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Departments of Immunology and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Robert Harrod
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design & Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, USA
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5
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Menzorov AG, Orishchenko KE, Fishman VS, Shevtsova AA, Mungalov RV, Pristyazhnyuk IE, Kizilova EA, Matveeva NM, Alenina N, Bader M, Rubtsov NB, Serov OL. Targeted genomic integration of EGFP under tubulin beta 3 class III promoter and mEos2 under tryptophan hydroxylase 2 promoter does not produce sufficient levels of reporter gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17208-17218. [PMID: 31106442 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal tracing is a modern technology that is based on the expression of fluorescent proteins under the control of cell type-specific promoters. However, random genomic integration of the reporter construct often leads to incorrect spatial and temporal expression of the marker protein. Targeted integration (or knock-in) of the reporter coding sequence is supposed to provide better expression control by exploiting endogenous regulatory elements. Here we describe the generation of two fluorescent reporter systems: enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under pan-neural marker class III β-tubulin (Tubb3) promoter and mEos2 under serotonergic neuron-specific tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) promoter. Differentiation of Tubb3-EGFP embryonic stem (ES) cells into neurons revealed that though Tubb3-positive cells express EGFP, its expression level is not sufficient for the neuronal tracing by routine fluorescent microscopy. Similarly, the expression levels of mEos2-TPH2 in differentiated ES cells was very low and could be detected only on messenger RNA level using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Our data shows that the use of endogenous regulatory elements to control transgene expression is not always beneficial compared with the random genomic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei G Menzorov
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin E Orishchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetic Technologies of the Institute for Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia.,Cell Biology Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Veniamin S Fishman
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Shevtsova
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman V Mungalov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Inna E Pristyazhnyuk
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Kizilova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Cell Biology Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia M Matveeva
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Peptide Hormones, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolai B Rubtsov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Cell Biology Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg L Serov
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Development, Institute of Cytology and Genetics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Du Y, Wang T, Xu J, Zhao C, Li H, Fu Y, Xu Y, Xie L, Zhao J, Yang W, Yin M, Wen J, Deng H. Efficient derivation of extended pluripotent stem cells from NOD-scid Il2rg -/- mice. Protein Cell 2018; 10:31-42. [PMID: 29948854 PMCID: PMC6321811 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have established a new culture condition enabling the derivation of extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells, which, compared to conventional pluripotent stem cells, possess superior developmental potential and germline competence. However, it remains unclear whether this condition permits derivation of EPS cells from mouse strains that are refractory or non-permissive to pluripotent cell establishment. Here, we show that EPS cells can be robustly generated from non-permissive NOD-scid Il2rg−/− mice through de novo derivation from blastocysts. Furthermore, these cells can also be efficiently generated by chemical reprogramming from embryonic NOD-scid Il2rg−/− fibroblasts. NOD-scid Il2rg−/− EPS cells can be expanded for more than 20 passages with genomic stability and can be genetically modified through gene targeting. Notably, these cells contribute to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vivo. More importantly, they can produce chimeras and integrate into the E13.5 genital ridge. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of generating EPS cells from refractory mouse strains, which could potentially be a general strategy for deriving mouse pluripotent cells. The generation of NOD-scid Il2rg−/− EPS cell lines permits sophisticated genetic modification in NOD-scid Il2rg−/− mice, which may greatly advance the optimization of humanized mouse models for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Du
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chaoran Zhao
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yao Fu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaxing Xu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liangfu Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ming Yin
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinhua Wen
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Pantelic MN, Larkin LM. Stem Cells for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:373-391. [PMID: 29652595 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a debilitating condition wherein muscle loss overwhelms the body's normal physiological repair mechanism. VML is particularly common among military service members who have sustained war injuries. Because of the high social and medical cost associated with VML and suboptimal current surgical treatments, there is great interest in developing better VML therapies. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) is a promising alternative to traditional VML surgical treatments that use autogenic tissue grafts, and rather uses isolated stem cells with myogenic potential to generate de novo skeletal muscle tissues to treat VML. Satellite cells are the native precursors to skeletal muscle tissue, and are thus the most commonly studied starting source for SMTE. However, satellite cells are difficult to isolate and purify, and it is presently unknown whether they would be a practical source in clinical SMTE applications. Alternative myogenic stem cells, including adipose-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, perivascular stem cells, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonic stem cells, each have myogenic potential and have been identified as possible starting sources for SMTE, although they have yet to be studied in detail for this purpose. These alternative stem cell varieties offer unique advantages and disadvantages that are worth exploring further to advance the SMTE field toward highly functional, safe, and practical VML treatments. The following review summarizes the current state of satellite cell-based SMTE, details the properties and practical advantages of alternative myogenic stem cells, and offers guidance to tissue engineers on how alternative myogenic stem cells can be incorporated into SMTE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly N Pantelic
- 1 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa M Larkin
- 1 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Sonntag KC, Song B, Lee N, Jung JH, Cha Y, Leblanc P, Neff C, Kong SW, Carter BS, Schweitzer J, Kim KS. Pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease: Current status and future prospects. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:1-20. [PMID: 29653250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which affects about 0.3% of the general population. As the population in the developed world ages, this creates an escalating burden on society both in economic terms and in quality of life for these patients and for the families that support them. Although currently available pharmacological or surgical treatments may significantly improve the quality of life of many patients with PD, these are symptomatic treatments that do not slow or stop the progressive course of the disease. Because motor impairments in PD largely result from loss of midbrain dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, PD has long been considered to be one of the most promising target diseases for cell-based therapy. Indeed, numerous clinical and preclinical studies using fetal cell transplantation have provided proof of concept that cell replacement therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for PD. However, the use of human fetal cells as a standardized therapeutic regimen has been fraught with fundamental ethical, practical, and clinical issues, prompting scientists to explore alternative cell sources. Based on groundbreaking establishments of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, these human pluripotent stem cells have been the subject of extensive research, leading to tremendous advancement in our understanding of these novel classes of stem cells and promising great potential for regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the prospects and challenges of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Laboratory for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States; Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Jin Hyuk Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Young Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Carolyn Neff
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jeffrey Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States.
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9
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Efficient derivation of stable primed pluripotent embryonic stem cells from bovine blastocysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2090-2095. [PMID: 29440377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716161115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts. From agricultural and biomedical perspectives, the derivation of stable ESCs from domestic ungulates is important for genomic testing and selection, genome engineering, and modeling human diseases. Cattle are one of the most important domestic ungulates that are commonly used for food and bioreactors. To date, however, it remains a challenge to produce stable pluripotent bovine ESC lines. Employing a culture system containing fibroblast growth factor 2 and an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway, we derived pluripotent bovine ESCs (bESCs) with stable morphology, transcriptome, karyotype, population-doubling time, pluripotency marker gene expression, and epigenetic features. Under this condition bESC lines were efficiently derived (100% in optimal conditions), were established quickly (3-4 wk), and were simple to propagate (by trypsin treatment). When used as donors for nuclear transfer, bESCs produced normal blastocyst rates, thereby opening the possibility for genomic selection, genome editing, and production of cattle with high genetic value.
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10
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Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Testing Serum Batches for Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092411. [PMID: 29196597 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The variability in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture is due primarily to serum. Serum is typically produced in large batches from many animals. However, samples may differ depending on the age and diet of the animals, the country of origin, and other factors creating lot-to-lot variations. Some vendors test FBS lots for compatibility with ES cell culture. Many laboratories prefer to test serum batches themselves to identify the lot giving optimal growth. In this protocol, small quantities of specific serum batches are obtained from different suppliers and tested for their ability to support ES cells in an undifferentiated state. A complete test includes the serum batches' influence on plating efficiency, cell morphology, toxicity, and, if possible, their ability to support generation of chimeras.
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11
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mRNA 3' uridylation and poly(A) tail length sculpt the mammalian maternal transcriptome. Nature 2017; 548:347-351. [PMID: 28792939 PMCID: PMC5768236 DOI: 10.1038/nature23318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental principle in biology is that the program for early development is established during oogenesis in the form of the maternal transcriptome. How the maternal transcriptome acquires the appropriate content and dosage of transcripts is not fully understood. Here we show that 3' terminal uridylation of mRNA mediated by TUT4 and TUT7 sculpts the mouse maternal transcriptome by eliminating transcripts during oocyte growth. Uridylation mediated by TUT4 and TUT7 is essential for both oocyte maturation and fertility. In comparison to somatic cells, the oocyte transcriptome has a shorter poly(A) tail and a higher relative proportion of terminal oligo-uridylation. Deletion of TUT4 and TUT7 leads to the accumulation of a cohort of transcripts with a high frequency of very short poly(A) tails, and a loss of 3' oligo-uridylation. By contrast, deficiency of TUT4 and TUT7 does not alter gene expression in a variety of somatic cells. In summary, we show that poly(A) tail length and 3' terminal uridylation have essential and specific functions in shaping a functional maternal transcriptome.
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Pieters T, Haenebalcke L, Bruneel K, Vandamme N, Hochepied T, van Hengel J, Wirth D, Berx G, Haigh JJ, van Roy F, Goossens S. Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518103 DOI: 10.3791/55575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and often consist of multiple functional domains, which can be influenced by posttranslational modifications. The depletion of the entire protein in conditional or constitutive knock-out (KO) mice does not take into account this functional diversity and regulation. An mESC line and a derived mouse model, in which a docking site for FLPe recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) was inserted within the ROSA26 (R26) locus, was previously reported. Here, we report on a structure-function approach that allows for molecular dissection of the different functionalities of a multidomain protein. To this end, RMCE-compatible mice must be crossed with KO mice and then RMCE-compatible KO mESCs must be isolated. Next, a panel of putative rescue constructs can be introduced into the R26 locus via RMCE targeting. The candidate rescue cDNAs can be easily inserted between RMCE sites of the targeting vector using recombination cloning. Next, KO mESCs are transfected with the targeting vector in combination with an FLPe recombinase expression plasmid. RMCE reactivates the promoter-less neomycin-resistance gene in the ROSA26 docking sites and allows for the selection of the correct targeting event. In this way, high targeting efficiencies close to 100% are obtained, allowing for insertion of multiple putative rescue constructs in a semi-high throughput manner. Finally, a multitude of R26-driven rescue constructs can be tested for their ability to rescue the phenotype that was observed in parental KO mESCs. We present a proof-of-principle structure-function study in p120 catenin (p120ctn) KO mESCs using endoderm differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs) as the phenotypic readout. This approach enables the identification of important domains, putative downstream pathways, and disease-relevant point mutations that underlie KO phenotypes for a given protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG);
| | - Lieven Haenebalcke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB
| | - Kenneth Bruneel
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | | | - Geert Berx
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Mammalian Functional Genetics Laboratory, Division of Blood Cancers, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash University and Alfred Health Alfred Centre
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG)
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University; Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG);
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Lo Nigro A, de Jaime-Soguero A, Khoueiry R, Cho DS, Ferlazzo GM, Perini I, Abon Escalona V, Aranguren XL, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Koh KP, Conaldi PG, Hu WS, Zwijsen A, Lluis F, Verfaillie CM. PDGFRα + Cells in Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures Represent the In Vitro Equivalent of the Pre-implantation Primitive Endoderm Precursors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:318-333. [PMID: 28089671 PMCID: PMC5311469 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In early mouse pre-implantation development, primitive endoderm (PrE) precursors are platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) positive. Here, we demonstrated that cultured mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) express PDGFRα heterogeneously, fluctuating between a PDGFRα+ (PrE-primed) and a platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1)-positive state (epiblast-primed). The two surface markers can be co-detected on a third subpopulation, expressing epiblast and PrE determinants (double-positive). In vitro, these subpopulations differ in their self-renewal and differentiation capability, transcriptional and epigenetic states. In vivo, double-positive cells contributed to epiblast and PrE, while PrE-primed cells exclusively contributed to PrE derivatives. The transcriptome of PDGFRα+ subpopulations differs from previously described subpopulations and shows similarities with early/mid blastocyst cells. The heterogeneity did not depend on PDGFRα but on leukemia inhibitory factor and fibroblast growth factor signaling and DNA methylation. Thus, PDGFRα+ cells represent the in vitro counterpart of in vivo PrE precursors, and their selection from cultured mESCs yields pure PrE precursors. Three subpopulations can be purified from mESC cultures by using PECAM1 and PDGFRα Expression of PDGFRα is associated with a molecular and epigenetic PrE signature PDGFRα+ cells are committed toward PrE derivatives in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lo Nigro
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Ri.Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anchel de Jaime-Soguero
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dong Seong Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Giorgia Maria Ferlazzo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanesa Abon Escalona
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xabier Lopez Aranguren
- Cell Therapy Program, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kian Peng Koh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Ri.Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lluis
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Galuppo AG, Chagastelles PC, Gamba D, Iglesias DB, Sperling LE, Machado J, Petry JFTC, Wendorff J, Petzhold CL, Pranke P. Effect of feeder free poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds on morphology, proliferation, and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:424-432. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Galuppo
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Stem Cell Laboratory; Fundamental Health Science Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Material Science; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Pedro C. Chagastelles
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Stem Cell Laboratory; Fundamental Health Science Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Material Science; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Douglas Gamba
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Polymers; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Daikelly B. Iglesias
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Laura E. Sperling
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Stem Cell Laboratory; Fundamental Health Science Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Janine Machado
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Jéssica F. T. C. Petry
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Polymers; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Cesar L. Petzhold
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Polymers; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Stem Cell Laboratory; Fundamental Health Science Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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15
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An efficient protocol for deriving liver stem cells from neonatal mice: validating its differentiation potential. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:219206. [PMID: 26557474 PMCID: PMC4628776 DOI: 10.1155/2015/219206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of liver regeneration depends on the availability of suitable cell types and their potential to differentiate into functional hepatocytes. To identify the stem cells which have the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes, we used neonatal liver as source. However, the current protocol for isolating stem cells from liver involves enzymes like collagenase, hyaluronidase exposed for longer duration which limits the success. This results in the keen interest to develop an easy single step enzyme digestion protocol for isolating stem cells from liver for tissue engineering approaches. Thus, the unlimited availability of cell type favors setting up the functional recovery of the damaged liver, ensuring ahead success towards treating liver diseases. We attempted to isolate liver stem derived cells (LDSCs) from mouse neonatal liver using single step minimal exposure to enzyme followed by in vitro culturing. The cells isolated were characterized for stem cell markers and subjected to lineage differentiation. Further, LDSCs were induced to hepatocyte differentiation and validated with hepatocyte markers. Finally, we developed a reproducible, efficient protocol for isolation of LDSCs with functional hepatocytes differentiation potential, which further can be used as in vitro model system for assessing drug toxicity assays in various preclinical trials.
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16
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Caserta E, Egriboz O, Wang H, Martin C, Koivisto C, Pecót T, Kladney RD, Shen C, Shim KS, Pham T, Karikomi MK, Mauntel MJ, Majumder S, Cuitino MC, Tang X, Srivastava A, Yu L, Wallace J, Mo X, Park M, Fernandez SA, Pilarski R, La Perle KMD, Rosol TJ, Coppola V, Castrillon DH, Timmers C, Cohn DE, O'Malley DM, Backes F, Suarez AA, Goodfellow P, Chamberlin HM, Macrae ER, Shapiro CL, Ostrowski MC, Leone G. Noncatalytic PTEN missense mutation predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1707-20. [PMID: 26302789 PMCID: PMC4561480 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262568.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Caserta et al. generated and analyzed Pten knock-in mice harboring a C2 domain missense mutation at phenylalanine 341 (PtenFV), found in human cancer. This PTEN noncatalytic missense mutation exposes a core tumor suppressor function distinct from inhibition of canonical AKT signaling that predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo. Inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is linked to increased PI3K–AKT signaling, enhanced organismal growth, and cancer development. Here we generated and analyzed Pten knock-in mice harboring a C2 domain missense mutation at phenylalanine 341 (PtenFV), found in human cancer. Despite having reduced levels of PTEN protein, homozygous PtenFV/FV embryos have intact AKT signaling, develop normally, and are carried to term. Heterozygous PtenFV/+ mice develop carcinoma in the thymus, stomach, adrenal medulla, and mammary gland but not in other organs typically sensitive to Pten deficiency, including the thyroid, prostate, and uterus. Progression to carcinoma in sensitive organs ensues in the absence of overt AKT activation. Carcinoma in the uterus, a cancer-resistant organ, requires a second clonal event associated with the spontaneous activation of AKT and downstream signaling. In summary, this PTEN noncatalytic missense mutation exposes a core tumor suppressor function distinct from inhibition of canonical AKT signaling that predisposes to organ-selective cancer development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Caserta
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Onur Egriboz
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Chelsea Martin
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Koivisto
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thierry Pecót
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Changxian Shen
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kang-Sup Shim
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thac Pham
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Matthew K Karikomi
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Melissa J Mauntel
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sarmila Majumder
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitino
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xing Tang
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Arunima Srivastava
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Julie Wallace
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Robert Pilarski
- Department of Internal Medicine, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Diego H Castrillon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Cynthia Timmers
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David E Cohn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - David M O'Malley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Floor Backes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Adrian A Suarez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Paul Goodfellow
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Helen M Chamberlin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Erin R Macrae
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Charles L Shapiro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Solid Tumor Biology Program, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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17
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Ventelä S, Sittig E, Mannermaa L, Mäkelä JA, Kulmala J, Löyttyniemi E, Strauss L, Cárpen O, Toppari J, Grénman R, Westermarck J. CIP2A is an Oct4 target gene involved in head and neck squamous cell cancer oncogenicity and radioresistance. Oncotarget 2015; 6:144-58. [PMID: 25474139 PMCID: PMC4381584 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a mainstay for treatment of many human cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Thereby, it is clinically very relevant to understand the mechanisms determining radioresistance. Here, we identify CIP2A as an Oct4 target gene and provide evidence that they co-operate in radioresistance. Oct4 positively regulates CIP2A expression both in testicular cancer cell lines as well as in embryonic stem cells. To expand the relevance of these findings we show that Oct4 and CIP2A are co-expressed in CD24 positive side-population of patient-derived HNSCC cell lines. Most importantly, all Oct4 positive HNSCC patient samples were CIP2A positive and this double positivity was linked to poor differentiation level, and predicted for decreased patient survival among radiotherapy treated HNSCC patients. Oct4 and CIP2A expression was also linked with increased aggressiveness and radioresistancy in HNSCC cell lines. Together we demonstrate that CIP2A is a novel Oct4 target gene in stem cells and in human cancer cell lines. Clinically these results suggest that diagnostic evaluation of HNSCC tumors for Oct4 or Oct4/CIP2A positivity might help to predict HNSCC tumor radioresistancy. These results also identify both Oct4 and CIP2A as potential targets for radiosensitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ventelä
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland. Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleonora Sittig
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Leni Mannermaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jarmo Kulmala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Leena Strauss
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Cárpen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Finland. Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Reidar Grénman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland. Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Finland
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18
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Yeo JC, Jiang J, Tan ZY, Yim GR, Ng JH, Göke J, Kraus P, Liang H, Gonzales KAU, Chong HC, Tan CP, Lim YS, Tan NS, Lufkin T, Ng HH. Klf2 is an essential factor that sustains ground state pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:864-72. [PMID: 24905170 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) requires LIF and serum. However, a pluripotent "ground state," bearing resemblance to preimplantation mouse epiblasts, can be established through dual inhibition (2i) of both prodifferentiation Mek/Erk and Gsk3/Tcf3 pathways. While Gsk3 inhibition has been attributed to the transcriptional derepression of Esrrb, the molecular mechanism mediated by Mek inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we show that Krüppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) is phosphorylated by Erk2 and that phospho-Klf2 is proteosomally degraded. Mek inhibition hence prevents Klf2 protein phosphodegradation to sustain pluripotency. Indeed, while Klf2-null mESCs can survive under LIF/Serum, they are not viable under 2i, demonstrating that Klf2 is essential for ground state pluripotency. Importantly, we also show that ectopic Klf2 expression can replace Mek inhibition in mESCs, allowing the culture of Klf2-null mESCs under Gsk3 inhibition alone. Collectively, our study defines the Mek/Erk/Klf2 axis that cooperates with the Gsk3/Tcf3/Esrrb pathway in mediating ground state pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chi Yeo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Zi-Ying Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Guo-Rong Yim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jia-Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Göke
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Petra Kraus
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Hongqing Liang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kevin Andrew Uy Gonzales
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Han-Chung Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Peow Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yee-Siang Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Nguan-Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome Building, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #14-01T, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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19
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Simbulan RK, Di Santo M, Liu X, Lin W, Donjacour A, Maltepe E, Shenoy A, Borini A, Rinaudo P. Embryonic stem cells derived from in vivo or in vitro-generated murine blastocysts display similar transcriptome and differentiation potential. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117422. [PMID: 25723476 PMCID: PMC4344309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) has resulted in the birth of more than 5 million children. While children conceived by these technologies are generally healthy, there is conflicting evidence suggesting an increase in adult-onset complications like glucose intolerance and high blood pressure in IVF children. Animal models indicate similar potential risks. It remains unclear what molecular mechanisms may be operating during in vitro culture to predispose the embryo to these diseases. One of the limitations faced by investigators is the paucity of the material in the preimplantation embryo to test for molecular analysis. To address this problem, we generated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) from blastocysts conceived after natural mating (mESCFB) or after IVF, using optimal (KSOM + 5% O2; mESCKAA) and suboptimal (Whitten’s Medium, + 20% O2, mESCWM) conditions. All three groups of embryos showed similar behavior during both derivation and differentiation into their respective mESC lines. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of microarray data showed that blastocyst culture does not affect the transcriptome of derived mESCs. Transcriptomic changes previously observed in the inner cell mass (ICM) of embryos derived in the same conditions were not present in mESCs, regardless of method of conception or culture medium, suggesting that mESC do not fully maintain a memory of the events occurring prior to their derivation. We conclude that the fertilization method or culture media used to generate blastocysts does not affect differentiation potential, morphology and transcriptome of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodel K. Simbulan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marlea Di Santo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Tecnobios Procreazione, Bologna, Italy
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wingka Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Annemarie Donjacour
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Shenoy
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Paolo Rinaudo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Granier CJ, Wang W, Tsang T, Steward R, Sabaawy HE, Bhaumik M, Rabson AB. Conditional inactivation of PDCD2 induces p53 activation and cell cycle arrest. Biol Open 2014; 3:821-31. [PMID: 25150276 PMCID: PMC4163659 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PDCD2 (programmed cell death domain 2) is a highly conserved, zinc finger MYND domain-containing protein essential for normal development in the fly, zebrafish and mouse. The molecular functions and cellular activities of PDCD2 remain unclear. In order to better understand the functions of PDCD2 in mammalian development, we have examined PDCD2 activity in mouse blastocyst embryos, as well as in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We have studied mice bearing a targeted PDCD2 locus functioning as a null allele through a splicing gene trap, or as a conditional knockout, by deletion of exon2 containing the MYND domain. Tamoxifen-induced knockout of PDCD2 in MEFs, as well as in ESCs, leads to defects in progression from the G1 to the S phase of cell cycle, associated with increased levels of p53 protein and p53 target genes. G1 prolongation in ESCs was not associated with induction of differentiation. Loss of entry into S phase of the cell cycle and marked induction of nuclear p53 were also observed in PDCD2 knockout blastocysts. These results demonstrate a unique role for PDCD2 in regulating the cell cycle and p53 activation during early embryonic development of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine J Granier
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Sequencing and Microarray Core Facility, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genetics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tiffany Tsang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ruth Steward
- Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hatem E Sabaawy
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Mantu Bhaumik
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Arnold B Rabson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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21
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Menzorov A, Pristyazhnyuk I, Kizilova H, Yunusova A, Battulin N, Zhelezova A, Golubitsa A, Serov O. Cytogenetic analysis and Dlk1-Dio3 locus epigenetic status of mouse embryonic stem cells during early passages. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:61-71. [PMID: 24969018 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are widely used in early development studies and for transgenic animal production; however, a stable karyotype is a prerequisite for their use. We derived 32 ES cell lines of outbred mice (129 × BALB (1B), C57BL × 1B, and DD × 1B F1 hybrids). Pluripotency was assessed by utilizing stem-cell-marker gene expression, teratoma formation assays and the formation of chimeras. It was shown that only 21 of the 32 ES cell lines had a diploid modal number of chromosomes of 40. In these lines, the percentage of diploid cells varied from 30.3 to 78.9 %, and trisomy of chromosomes 1, 8 and 11 was observed in some cells in 16.7, 36.7 and 20.0 % of the diploid ES cell lines, respectively. Some cells had trisomy of chromosomes 6, 9, 12, 14, 18 and 19. In situ hybridization with an X chromosome paint probe revealed that 7 of the 11 XX-cell lines had X chromosome rearrangements in some cells. Analysis of the methylation status of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus showed that imprinting was altered in 4 of the 18 ES cell lines. Thus, mouse ES cell lines are prone to chromosome abnormalities even at early passages. Therefore, routine cytogenetic and imprinting analyses are necessary for ES cell characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Menzorov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Inna Pristyazhnyuk
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Helen Kizilova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasia Yunusova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman Battulin
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Antonina Zhelezova
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleftina Golubitsa
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg Serov
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Natural Science, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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22
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Veillard AC, Marks H, Bernardo AS, Jouneau L, Laloë D, Boulanger L, Kaan A, Brochard V, Tosolini M, Pedersen R, Stunnenberg H, Jouneau A. Stable methylation at promoters distinguishes epiblast stem cells from embryonic stem cells and the in vivo epiblasts. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2014-29. [PMID: 24738887 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) and Epiblast Stem Cells (EpiSCs) are the in vitro representatives of naïve and primed pluripotency, respectively. It is currently unclear how their epigenomes underpin the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of these distinct pluripotent states. Here, we performed a genome-wide comparison of DNA methylation between ESCs and EpiSCs by MethylCap-Seq. We observe that promoters are preferential targets for methylation in EpiSC compared to ESCs, in particular high CpG island promoters. This is in line with upregulation of the de novo methyltransferases Dnmt3a1 and Dnmt3b in EpiSC, and downregulation of the demethylases Tet1 and Tet2. Remarkably, the observed DNA methylation signature is specific to EpiSCs and differs from that of their in vivo counterpart, the postimplantation epiblast. Using a subset of promoters that are differentially methylated, we show that DNA methylation is established within a few days during in vitro outgrowth of the epiblast, and also occurs when ESCs are converted to EpiSCs in vitro. Once established, this methylation is stable, as ES-like cells obtained by in vitro reversion of EpiSCs display an epigenetic memory that only extensive passaging and sub-cloning are able to almost completely erase.
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23
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Derivation of traceable and transplantable photoreceptors from mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:853-65. [PMID: 24936471 PMCID: PMC4050344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases resulting in the loss of photoreceptors are one of the major causes of blindness. Photoreceptor replacement therapy is a promising treatment because the transplantation of retina-derived photoreceptors can be applied now to different murine retinopathies to restore visual function. To have an unlimited source of photoreceptors, we derived a transgenic embryonic stem cell (ESC) line in which the Crx-GFP transgene is expressed in photoreceptors and assessed the capacity of a 3D culture protocol to produce integration-competent photoreceptors. This culture system allows the production of a large number of photoreceptors recapitulating the in vivo development. After transplantation, integrated cells showed the typical morphology of mature rods bearing external segments and ribbon synapses. We conclude that a 3D protocol coupled with ESCs provides a safe and renewable source of photoreceptors displaying a development and transplantation competence comparable to photoreceptors from age-matched retinas. De novo isolation of Crx-GFP embryonic stem cell lines to trace photoreceptors 3D culture system fine-tuning to generate many integration-competent photoreceptors Revealing in-vitro- and in-vivo-developing retina similarities Characterization of the most appropriate stage to transplant photoreceptors
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24
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Lü D, Luo C, Zhang C, Li Z, Long M. Differential regulation of morphology and stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells by substrate stiffness and topography. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3945-55. [PMID: 24529627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of stem cell pluripotency or stemness is crucial to embryonic development and differentiation. The mechanical or physical microenvironment of stem cells, which includes extracellular matrix stiffness and topography, regulates cell morphology and stemness. Although a growing body of evidence has shown the importance of these factors in stem cell differentiation, the impact of these biophysical or biomechanical regulators remains insufficiently characterized. In the present study, we applied a micro-fabricated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate with two elasticities and three topographies to systematically test the morphology, proliferation, and stemness of mESCs. The independent or combined impact of the two factors on specific cell functions was analyzed. Cells are able to grow effectively on both polystyrene and polyacrylamide substrates in the absence of feeder cells. Substrate stiffness is predominant in preserving stemness by enhancing Oct-4 and Nanog expression on a soft polyacrylamide substrate. Topography is also a critical factor for manipulating stemness via the formation of a relatively flattened colony on a groove or pillar substrate and a spheroid colony on a hexagonal substrate. Although topography is less effective on soft substrates, it plays a role in retaining cell stemness on stiff, hexagonal or pillar-shaped substrates. mESCs also form, in a timely manner, a 3D structure on groove or hexagonal substrates. These results further the understanding of stem cell morphology and stemness in a microenvironment that mimics physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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25
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle-wasting disease in which muscle is continuously damaged, resulting in loss of muscle tissue and function. Antisense-mediated exon skipping is a promising therapeutic approach for DMD. This method uses sequence specific antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to reframe disrupted dystrophin transcripts. As AONs function in a sequence specific manner, human specific AONs cannot be tested in the mdx mouse, which carries a mutation in the murine Dmd gene. We have previously generated a mouse model carrying the complete human DMD gene (hDMD mouse) integrated in the mouse genome to overcome this problem. However, as this is not a disease model, it cannot be used to study the effect of AON treatment on protein level and muscle function.
Therefore, our long term goal is to generate deletions in the human DMD gene in a mouse carrying the hDMD gene in an mdx background. Towards this aim, we generated a male ES cell line carrying the hDMD gene while having the mdx point mutation. Inheritance of the hDMD gene by the ES cell was confirmed both on DNA and mRNA level. Quality control of the ES cells revealed that the pluripotency marker genes Oct-4 and Nanog are well expressed and that 85% of cells have 40 chromosomes. Germ line competence of this cell line has been confirmed, and 2 mice strains were derived from this cell line and crossed back on a C57BL6 background: hDMD/mdx and mdx(BL6).
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26
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Lau TT, Ho LW, Wang DA. Hepatogenesis of murine induced pluripotent stem cells in 3D micro-cavitary hydrogel system for liver regeneration. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6659-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Nishimoto M, Katano M, Yamagishi T, Hishida T, Kamon M, Suzuki A, Hirasaki M, Nabeshima Y, Nabeshima YI, Katsura Y, Satta Y, Deakin JE, Graves JAM, Kuroki Y, Ono R, Ishino F, Ema M, Takahashi S, Kato H, Okuda A. In vivo function and evolution of the eutherian-specific pluripotency marker UTF1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68119. [PMID: 23874519 PMCID: PMC3706607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryogenesis in placental mammals is sustained by exquisite interplay between the embryo proper and placenta. UTF1 is a developmentally regulated gene expressed in both cell lineages. Here, we analyzed the consequence of loss of the UTF1 gene during mouse development. We found that homozygous UTF1 mutant newborn mice were significantly smaller than wild-type or heterozygous mutant mice, suggesting that placental insufficiency caused by the loss of UTF1 expression in extra-embryonic ectodermal cells at least in part contributed to this phenotype. We also found that the effects of loss of UTF1 expression in embryonic stem cells on their pluripotency were very subtle. Genome structure and sequence comparisons revealed that the UTF1 gene exists only in placental mammals. Our analyses of a family of genes with homology to UTF1 revealed a possible mechanism by which placental mammals have evolved the UTF1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masazumi Nishimoto
- Radioisotope Experimental Laboratory, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miyuki Katano
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamagishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kamon
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoko Nabeshima
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 1-5-4 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo-ichi Nabeshima
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 1-5-4 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukako Katsura
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Satta
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Janine E. Deakin
- Evolution, Ecology, and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Marshall Graves
- Evolution, Ecology, and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Laboratory for Immunogenomics, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ono
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kato
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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28
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HMGN1 modulates nucleosome occupancy and DNase I hypersensitivity at the CpG island promoters of embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3377-89. [PMID: 23775126 PMCID: PMC3753902 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00435-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structure plays a key role in regulating gene expression and embryonic differentiation; however, the factors that determine the organization of chromatin around regulatory sites are not fully known. Here we show that HMGN1, a nucleosome-binding protein ubiquitously expressed in vertebrate cells, preferentially binds to CpG island-containing promoters and affects the organization of nucleosomes, DNase I hypersensitivity, and the transcriptional profile of mouse embryonic stem cells and neural progenitors. Loss of HMGN1 alters the organization of an unstable nucleosome at transcription start sites, reduces the number of DNase I-hypersensitive sites genome wide, and decreases the number of nestin-positive neural progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ) region of mouse brain. Thus, architectural chromatin-binding proteins affect the transcription profile and chromatin structure during embryonic stem cell differentiation.
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29
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Schneider RP, Garrobo I, Foronda M, Palacios JA, Marión RM, Flores I, Ortega S, Blasco MA. TRF1 is a stem cell marker and is essential for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1946. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Tarabay Y, Kieffer E, Teletin M, Celebi C, Van Montfoort A, Zamudio N, Achour M, El Ramy R, Gazdag E, Tropel P, Mark M, Bourc'his D, Viville S. The mammalian-specific Tex19.1 gene plays an essential role in spermatogenesis and placenta-supported development. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2201-14. [PMID: 23674551 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the consequence of Tex19.1 gene deletion in mice? SUMMARY ANSWER The Tex19.1 gene is important in spermatogenesis and placenta-supported development. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Tex19.1 is expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells, primordial germ cells (PGCs), placenta and adult gonads. Its invalidation in mice leads to a variable impairment in spermatogenesis and reduction of perinatal survival. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We generated knock-out mice and ES cells and compared them with wild-type counterparts. The phenotype of the Tex19.1 knock-out mouse line was investigated during embryogenesis, fetal development and placentation as well as during adulthood. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We used a mouse model system to generate a mutant mouse line in which the Tex19.1 gene was deleted in the germline. We performed an extensive analysis of Tex19.1-deficient ES cells and assessed their in vivo differentiation potential by generating chimeric mice after injection of the ES cells into wild-type blastocysts. For mutant animals, a morphological characterization was performed for testes and ovaries and placenta. Finally, we characterized semen parameters of mutant animals and performed real-time RT-PCR for expression levels of retrotransposons in mutant testes and ES cells. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE While Tex19.1 is not essential in ES cells, our study points out that it is important for spermatogenesis and for placenta-supported development. Furthermore, we observed an overexpression of the class II LTR-retrotransposon MMERVK10C in Tex19.1-deficient ES cells and testes. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The Tex19.1 knock-out phenotype is variable with testis morphology ranging from severely altered (in sterile males) to almost indistinguishable compared with the control counterparts (in fertile males). This variability in the testis phenotype subsequently hampered the molecular analysis of mutant testes. Furthermore, these results were obtained in the mouse, which has a second isoform (i.e. Tex19.2), while other mammals possess only one Tex19 (e.g. in humans). WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The fact that one gene has a role in both placentation and spermatogenesis might open new ways of studying human pathologies that might link male fertility impairment and placenta-related pregnancy disorders. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (Grant Avenir), the Ministère de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, the Université de Strasbourg, the Association Française contre les Myopathies (AFM) and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) and Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg.The authors have nothing to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Tarabay
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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Pieters T, Haenebalcke L, Hochepied T, D’Hont J, Haigh JJ, van Roy F, van Hengel J. Efficient and user-friendly pluripotin-based derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:768-78. [PMID: 22011883 PMCID: PMC3412084 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Classic derivation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from blastocysts is inefficient, strain-dependent, and requires expert skills. Over recent years, several major improvements have greatly increased the success rate for deriving mouse ES cell lines. The first improvement was the establishment of a user-friendly and reproducible medium-alternating protocol that allows isolation of ES cells from C57BL/6 transgenic mice with efficiencies of up to 75%. A recent report describes the use of this protocol in combination with leukemia inhibitory factor and pluripotin treatment, which made it possible to obtain ES cells from F1 strains with high efficiency. We report modifications of these protocols for user-friendly and reproducible derivation of mouse ES cells with efficiencies of up to 100%. Our protocol involves a long initial incubation of primary outgrowths from blastocysts with pluripotin, which results in the formation of large spherical outgrowths. These outgrowths are morphologically distinct from classical inner cell mass (ICM) outgrowths and can be easily picked and trypsinized. Pluripotin was omitted after the first trypsinization because we found that it blocks attachment of ES cells to the feeder layer and its removal facilitated formation of ES cell colonies. The newly established ES cells exhibited normal karyotypes and generated chimeras. In summary, our user-friendly modified protocol allows formation of large spherical ICM outgrowths in a robust and reliable manner. These outgrowths gave rise to ES cell lines with success rates of up to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Pieters
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Haenebalcke
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinke D’Hont
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB & Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Preda MB, Burlacu A, Simionescu M. Defined-size embryoid bodies formed in the presence of serum replacement increases the efficiency of the cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Tissue Cell 2012; 45:54-60. [PMID: 23107982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent nature of embryonic stem (ES) cells makes them powerful tools in cell replacement therapy for severe degenerative diseases, such as heart failure. However, the development of strategies to increase the efficiency of cardiomyocyte (CMC) differentiation is still needed to produce a sufficient amount of cells for clinical applications. This paper evaluates the impact of the size and the aggregation of embryoid bodies (EBs) on the efficiency of ES cell differentiation into CMCs. ES cells were generated from RAP inbred mice. These cells expressed pluripotency markers and induced teratomas when injected into syngeneic mice, which made them suitable for differentiation into CMCs. We found that the EBs that were formed as a result of in vitro ES cell aggregation generated contractile tissue in direct correlation with the initial number of ES cells. Furthermore, the presence of knock-out serum replacement (KO-SR) during ES cell aggregation resulted in less compacted EBs and increased cell differentiation into CMCs compared to the presence of foetal bovine serum. In conclusion, cardiac differentiation of ES cells is dependent on the size and the degree of compaction of EBs, and the presence of KO-SR during initiation of EBs may lead to improved cardiogenic differentiation of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Preda
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 8 BP Hasdeu 050568, Romania
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Battulin NR, Khabarova AA, Boyarskikh UA, Menzorov AG, Filipenko ML, Serov OL. Reprogramming somatic cells by fusion with embryonic stem cells does not cause silencing of the Dlk1-Dio3 region in mice. World J Stem Cells 2012; 4. [PMID: 23189213 PMCID: PMC3506971 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v4.i8.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 locus in pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell/fibroblast hybrid cells. METHODS Gtl2, Rian, and Mirg mRNA expression in mouse pluripotent ES cell/fibroblast hybrid cells was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Pyrosequencing and bisulfate sequencing were used to determine the DNA methylation level of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus imprinting control region. RESULTS The selected hybrid clones had a near-tetraploid karyotype and were highly pluripotent judging from their capacity to generate chimeric embryos and adult chimeras. Our data clearly demonstrate that Gtl2, Rian, and Mirg, which are imprinted genes within the Dlk1-Dio3 locus, are active in all examined ES cell/fibroblast hybrid clones. In spite of interclonal variability, the expression of the imprinted genes is comparable to that of ES cells and fibroblasts. Quantitative analysis of the DNA methylation status of the intergenic differentially methylated region (IG DMR) within the Dlk1-Dio3 locus by pyrosequencing and bisulfite sequencing clearly showed that the DNA methylation status of the imprinted region in the tested hybrid clones was comparable to that of both ES cells and fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Reprogramming process in a hybrid cell system is achieved without marked alteration of the imprinted Dlk1-Dio3 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman R Battulin
- Nariman R Battulin, Anna A Khabarova, Aleksey G Menzorov, Oleg L Serov, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SD RAS, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian
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Sun B, Ito M, Mendjan S, Ito Y, Brons IGM, Murrell A, Vallier L, Ferguson-Smith AC, Pedersen RA. Status of genomic imprinting in epigenetically distinct pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:161-8. [PMID: 22109880 DOI: 10.1002/stem.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) derived from postimplantation embryos are developmentally and functionally different from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) generated from blastocysts. EpiSCs require Activin A and FGF2 signaling for self-renewal, similar to human ESCs (hESCs), while mouse ESCs require LIF and BMP4. Unlike ESCs, EpiSCs have undergone X-inactivation, similar to the tendency of hESCs. The shared self-renewal and X-inactivation properties of EpiSCs and hESCs suggest that they have an epigenetic state distinct from ESCs. This hypothesis predicts that EpiSCs would have monoallelic expression of most imprinted genes, like that observed in hESCs. Here, we confirm this prediction. By contrast, we find that mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) tend to lose imprinting similar to mouse ESCs. These findings reveal that iPSCs have an epigenetic status associated with their pluripotent state rather than their developmental origin. Our results also reinforce the view that hESCs and EpiSCs are in vitro counterparts, sharing an epigenetic status distinct from ESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Sun
- The Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Uringa EJ, Lisaingo K, Pickett HA, Brind'Amour J, Rohde JH, Zelensky A, Essers J, Lansdorp PM. RTEL1 contributes to DNA replication and repair and telomere maintenance. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2782-92. [PMID: 22593209 PMCID: PMC3395665 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance and DNA repair are important processes that protect the genome. The essential helicase mRtel1 functions in homologous recombination repair and replication. In addition, telomeres in mRtel-deficient ES cells appear relatively stable in length, suggesting that mRtel1 is required to allow extension by telomerase. Telomere maintenance and DNA repair are important processes that protect the genome against instability. mRtel1, an essential helicase, is a dominant factor setting telomere length in mice. In addition, mRtel1 is involved in DNA double-strand break repair. The role of mRtel1 in telomere maintenance and genome stability is poorly understood. Therefore we used mRtel1-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells to examine the function of mRtel1 in replication, DNA repair, recombination, and telomere maintenance. mRtel1-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells showed sensitivity to a range of DNA-damaging agents, highlighting its role in replication and genome maintenance. Deletion of mRtel1 increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchange events and suppressed gene replacement, demonstrating the involvement of the protein in homologous recombination. mRtel1 localized transiently at telomeres and is needed for efficient telomere replication. Of interest, in the absence of mRtel1, telomeres in embryonic stem cells appeared relatively stable in length, suggesting that mRtel1 is required to allow extension by telomerase. We propose that mRtel1 is a key protein for DNA replication, recombination, and repair and efficient elongation of telomeres by telomerase.
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Target genes of Topoisomerase IIβ regulate neuronal survival and are defined by their chromatin state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E934-43. [PMID: 22474351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119798109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are essential for DNA replication in dividing cells, but their genomic targets and function in postmitotic cells remain poorly understood. Here we show that a switch in the expression from Topoisomerases IIα (Top2α) to IIβ (Top2β) occurs during neuronal differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Genome-scale location analysis in stem cell-derived postmitotic neurons reveals Top2β binding to chromosomal sites that are methylated at lysine 4 of histone H3, a feature of regulatory regions. Indeed Top2β-bound sites are preferentially promoters and become targets during the transition from neuronal progenitors to neurons, at a time when cells exit the cell cycle. Absence of Top2β protein or its activity leads to changes in transcription and chromatin accessibility at many target genes. Top2β deficiency does not impair stem cell properties and early steps of neuronal differentiation but causes premature death of postmitotic neurons. This neuronal degeneration is caused by up-regulation of Ngfr p75, a gene bound and repressed by Top2β. These findings suggest a chromatin-based targeting of Top2β to regulatory regions in the genome to govern the transcriptional program associated with neuronal differentiation and longevity.
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Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and Accutase dramatically increase mouse embryonic stem cell derivation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 48:30-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Davies TJ, Fairchild PJ. Optimization of protocols for derivation of mouse embryonic stem cell lines from refractory strains, including the non obese diabetic mouse. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1688-700. [PMID: 21933027 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from a variety of genetic backgrounds remains a desirable objective in the generation of mice functionally deficient in genes of interest and the modeling of human disease. Nevertheless, disparity in the ease with which different strains of mice yield ESC lines has long been acknowledged. Indeed, the generation of bona fide ESCs from the non obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a well-characterized model of human type I diabetes, has historically proved especially difficult to achieve. Here, we report the development of protocols for the derivation of novel ESC lines from C57Bl/6 mice based on the combined use of high concentrations of leukemia inhibitory factor and serum-replacement, which is equally applicable to fresh and cryo-preserved embryos. Further, we demonstrate the success of this approach using Balb/K and CBA/Ca mice, widely considered to be refractory strains. CBA/Ca ESCs contributed to the somatic germ layers of chimeras and displayed a very high competence at germline transmission. Importantly, we were able to use the same protocol for the derivation of ESC lines from nonpermissive NOD mice. These ESCs displayed a normal karyotype that was robustly stable during long-term culture, were capable of forming teratomas in vivo and germline competent chimeras after injection into recipient blastocysts. Further, these novel ESC lines efficiently formed embryoid bodies in vitro and could be directed in their differentiation along the dendritic cell lineage, thus illustrating their potential application to the generation of cell types of relevance to the pathogenesis of type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Davies
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hashemi SM, Soudi S, Shabani I, Naderi M, Soleimani M. The promotion of stemness and pluripotency following feeder-free culture of embryonic stem cells on collagen-grafted 3-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7363-74. [PMID: 21762983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The components of extracellular matrix (ECM) may substitute for feeder layers that promote the self-renewal pathways in embryonic stem cells. Surface modification of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have been studied to closely resemble natural ECMs and support in vitro and in vivo proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we analyzed the maintenance of stemness and pluripotency of the mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) following feeder-free culture on collagen-grafted polyethersulfone (PES-COL) electrospun nanofibrous scaffold. Our results showed that, the mESCs cultured for seven passages on PES-COL scaffolds had a typical undifferentiated morphology, enhanced proliferation, stable diploid normal karyotype, and continued expression of stemness and pluripotency-associated markers, Oct-4, Nanog, SSEA-1, and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in comparison with PES scaffolds and gelatin-coated plate. Moreover, these cells retained their in vitro and in vivo pluripotency. Our results indicated the enhanced infiltration and teratoma formation of mESCs in PES-COL. Collagen-grafted polyethersulfone nanofibrous scaffold has potential for feeder-free culture of pluripotent stem cells because of its 3-dimensional structure and bioactivity which enhance pluripotency, proliferation, differentiation, and infiltration of embryonic stem cells.
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Macfarlan TS, Gifford WD, Agarwal S, Driscoll S, Lettieri K, Wang J, Andrews SE, Franco L, Rosenfeld MG, Ren B, Pfaff SL. Endogenous retroviruses and neighboring genes are coordinately repressed by LSD1/KDM1A. Genes Dev 2011; 25:594-607. [PMID: 21357675 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2008511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) constitute a substantial portion of mammalian genomes, and their retrotransposition activity helped to drive genetic variation, yet their expression is tightly regulated to prevent unchecked amplification. We generated a series of mouse mutants and embryonic stem (ES) cell lines carrying "deletable" and "rescuable" alleles of the lysine-specific demethylase LSD1/KDM1A. In the absence of KDM1A, the murine endogenous retrovirus MuERV-L/MERVL becomes overexpressed and embryonic development arrests at gastrulation. A number of cellular genes normally restricted to the zygotic genome activation (ZGA) period also become up-regulated in Kdm1a mutants. Strikingly, many of these cellular genes are flanked by MERVL sequences or have cryptic LTRs as promoters that are targets of KDM1A repression. Using genome-wide epigenetic profiling of Kdm1a mutant ES cells, we demonstrate that this subset of ZGA genes and MERVL elements displays increased methylation of histone H3K4, increased acetylation of H3K27, and decreased methylation of H3K9. As a consequence, Kdm1a mutant ES cells exhibit an unusual propensity to generate extraembryonic tissues. Our findings suggest that ancient retroviral insertions were used to co-opt regulatory sequences targeted by KDM1A for epigenetic silencing of cell fate genes during early mammalian embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Macfarlan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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Riaz A, Zhao X, Dai X, Li W, Liu L, Wan H, Yu Y, Wang L, Zhou Q. Mouse cloning and somatic cell reprogramming using electrofused blastomeres. Cell Res 2010; 21:770-8. [PMID: 21187860 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse cloning from fertilized eggs can assist development of approaches for the production of "genetically tailored" human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines that are not constrained by the limitations of oocyte availability. However, to date only zygotes have been successfully used as recipients of nuclei from terminally differentiated somatic cell donors leading to ES cell lines. In fertility clinics, embryos of advanced embryonic stages are usually stored for future use, but their ability to support the derivation of ES cell lines via somatic nuclear transfer has not yet been proved. Here, we report that two-cell stage electrofused mouse embryos, arrested in mitosis, can support developmental reprogramming of nuclei from donor cells ranging from blastomeres to somatic cells. Live, full-term cloned pups from embryonic donors, as well as pluripotent ES cell lines from embryonic or somatic donors, were successfully generated from these reconstructed embryos. Advanced stage pre-implantation embryos were unable to develop normally to term after electrofusion and transfer of a somatic cell nucleus, indicating that discarded pre-implantation human embryos could be an important resource for research that minimizes the ethical concerns for human therapeutic cloning. Our approach provides an attractive and practical alternative to therapeutic cloning using donated oocytes for the generation of patient-specific human ES cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1st Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
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Characterization, isolation and culture of primordial germ cells in domestic animals: recent progress and insights from the ovine species. Theriogenology 2010; 74:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Schnetz MP, Handoko L, Akhtar-Zaidi B, Bartels CF, Pereira CF, Fisher AG, Adams DJ, Flicek P, Crawford GE, LaFramboise T, Tesar P, Wei CL, Scacheri PC. CHD7 targets active gene enhancer elements to modulate ES cell-specific gene expression. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001023. [PMID: 20657823 PMCID: PMC2904778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CHD7 is one of nine members of the chromodomain helicase DNA–binding domain family of ATP–dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes found in mammalian cells. De novo mutation of CHD7 is a major cause of CHARGE syndrome, a genetic condition characterized by multiple congenital anomalies. To gain insights to the function of CHD7, we used the technique of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP–Seq) to map CHD7 sites in mouse ES cells. We identified 10,483 sites on chromatin bound by CHD7 at high confidence. Most of the CHD7 sites show features of gene enhancer elements. Specifically, CHD7 sites are predominantly located distal to transcription start sites, contain high levels of H3K4 mono-methylation, found within open chromatin that is hypersensitive to DNase I digestion, and correlate with ES cell-specific gene expression. Moreover, CHD7 co-localizes with P300, a known enhancer-binding protein and strong predictor of enhancer activity. Correlations with 18 other factors mapped by ChIP–seq in mouse ES cells indicate that CHD7 also co-localizes with ES cell master regulators OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. Correlations between CHD7 sites and global gene expression profiles obtained from Chd7+/+, Chd7+/−, and Chd7−/− ES cells indicate that CHD7 functions at enhancers as a transcriptional rheostat to modulate, or fine-tune the expression levels of ES–specific genes. CHD7 can modulate genes in either the positive or negative direction, although negative regulation appears to be the more direct effect of CHD7 binding. These data indicate that enhancer-binding proteins can limit gene expression and are not necessarily co-activators. Although ES cells are not likely to be affected in CHARGE syndrome, we propose that enhancer-mediated gene dysregulation contributes to disease pathogenesis and that the critical CHD7 target genes may be subject to positive or negative regulation. The gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA–binding protein 7 (CHD7) is required for normal mammalian development. In humans, genetic mutations in CHD7 lead to CHARGE syndrome, a disorder characterized by multiple birth defects. In previous studies, CHD7 was shown to localize to the cell nucleus and bind to specific sites on chromatin. However, the genome-wide distribution of CHD7 on chromatin and its function are not known. Here, we identified 10,483 sites on chromatin bound by CHD7 in mouse embryonic stem cells. Many of these sites are gene enhancer elements suspected to be involved in turning on genes. We show CHD7 functions at these loci to fine-tune the levels of genes that are specifically expressed in mouse ES cells. This modulation is mediated through several proteins that bind together with CHD7 at enhancer elements and can occur in either direction. These findings suggest CHARGE syndrome is the result of key genes that are improperly expressed during development. These key genes are currently unknown but are likely to be tissue-specific and may be upregulated or downregulated in response to CHD7 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Schnetz
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lusy Handoko
- Genome Technology and Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Batool Akhtar-Zaidi
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cynthia F. Bartels
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - C. Filipe Pereira
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda G. Fisher
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory E. Crawford
- Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy and Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul Tesar
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- Genome Technology and Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter C. Scacheri
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rantakari P, Lagerbohm H, Kaimainen M, Suomela JP, Strauss L, Sainio K, Pakarinen P, Poutanen M. Hydroxysteroid (17{beta}) dehydrogenase 12 is essential for mouse organogenesis and embryonic survival. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1893-901. [PMID: 20130115 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenases (HSD17Bs) have a significant role in steroid metabolism by catalyzing the conversion between 17-keto and 17beta-hydroxysteroids. However, several studies in vitro have shown that some of these enzymes may also be involved in other metabolic pathways. Among these enzymes, HSD17B12 has been shown to be involved in both the biosynthesis of estradiol and the elongation of the essential very long fatty acids in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the function of mammalian HSD17B12 in vivo, we generated mice with a null mutation of the Hsd17b12 gene (HSD17B12KO mice) by using a gene-trap vector, resulting in the expression of the lacZ gene of the trapped allele. The beta-galactosidase staining of the heterozygous HSD17B12KO mice revealed that Hsd17b12 is expressed widely in the embryonic day (E) 7.5-E9.5 embryos, with the highest expression in the neural tissue. The HSD17B12KO mice die at E9.5 at latest and present severe developmental defects. Analysis of the knockout embryos revealed that the embryos initiate gastrulation, but organogenesis is severely disrupted. As a result, the E8.5-E9.5 embryos were void of all normal morphological structures. In addition, the inner cell mass of knockout blastocysts showed decreased proliferation capacity in vitro, and the amount of arachidonic acid was significantly decreased in heterozygous HSD17B12 ES cells. This, together with the expression pattern, suggests that in mouse, the HSD17B12 is involved in the synthesis of arachidonic acid and is essential for normal neuronal development during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Rantakari
- Department of Physiology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Cajánek L, Ribeiro D, Liste I, Parish CL, Bryja V, Arenas E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling blockade promotes neuronal induction and dopaminergic differentiation in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2917-27. [PMID: 19725118 DOI: 10.1002/stem.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent not only a promising source of cells for cell replacement therapy, but also a tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular signaling and dopaminergic (DA) neuron development. One of the main regulators of DA neuron development is Wnt signaling. Here we used mouse ESCs (mESCs) lacking Wnt1 or the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) to decipher the action of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling on DA neuron development in mESCs. We provide evidence that the absence of LRP6 abrogates responsiveness of mESCs to Wnt ligand stimulation. Using two differentiation protocols, we show that the loss of Wnt1 or LRP6 increases neuroectodermal differentiation and the number of mESC-derived DA neurons. These effects were similar to those observed following treatment of mESCs with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibitor Dickkopf1 (Dkk1). Combined, our results show that decreases in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling enhance neuronal and DA differentiation of mESCs. These findings suggest that: 1) Wnt1 or LRP6 are not strictly required for the DA differentiation of mESCs in vitro, 2) the levels of morphogens and their activity in ESC cultures need to be optimized to improve DA differentiation, and 3) by enhancing the differentiation and number of ESC-derived DA neurons with Dkk1, the application of ESCs for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukás Cajánek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Wagner KE, Vemuri MC. Serum-free and feeder-free culture expansion of human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 584:109-119. [PMID: 19907974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-369-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. hESCs have become a great asset to studying human diseases and genetic functions of healthy organisms. The rate at which hESCs are being used in laboratories is exponentially increasing, and with that, the need for xeno-free hESCs is also increasing. Xeno-free grade hESCs, cells that have not come into contact with any animal-derived components except those of human origin, are critical for eventual drug therapy, cell therapy, and disease treatment in humans. However, advances toward a xeno-free hESC environment are still being developed. Replacement of murine feeder layers with extracellular matrix proteins has advanced the research, and some advances toward a serum-free and feeder-free environment for hESCs are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Wagner
- Primary and Stem Cell Systems, Invitrogen Corporation, Grand Island, NY, USA
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Takehara T, Teramura T, Onodera Y, Kishigami S, Matsumoto K, Saeki K, Fukuda K, Hosoi Y. Potential Existence of Stem Cells With Multiple Differentiation Abilities to Three Different Germ Lineages in Mouse Neurospheres. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1433-40. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takehara
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Teramura
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Saeki
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kanji Fukuda
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kinki University School of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hosoi
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
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48
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Yang W, Wei W, Shi C, Zhu J, Ying W, Shen Y, Ye X, Fang L, Duo S, Che J, Shen H, Ding S, Deng H. Pluripotin combined with leukemia inhibitory factor greatly promotes the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines from refractory strains. Stem Cells 2009; 27:383-9. [PMID: 19056907 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from a 129 or C57BL/6 background, whereas the derivation efficiency of ES cells is extremely low on certain refractory types of background for which ES cells are highly desired. Here we report an optimized, highly efficient protocol by combining pluripotin, a small molecule, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the derivation of mouse ES cells. With this method, we successfully isolated ES cell lines from five strains of mice, with an efficiency of 57% for NOD-scid, 63% for SCID beige, 80% for CD-1, and 100% for two F1 strains from C57BL/6xCD-1. By tracking the Oct4-positive cells in the Oct4-green fluorescent protein embryos in the process of ES cell isolation, we found that pluripotin combined with LIF improved the efficiency of ES cell isolation by selectively maintaining the Oct4-positive cells in the outgrowth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ES cells being efficiently derived from immunodeficient mice on refractory backgrounds (NOD-scid on a NOD background and SCID beige on a BALB/c background).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Yang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Generative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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49
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Fivefold increase in derivation rates of mouse embryonic stem cells after supplementation of the media with multiple factors. Theriogenology 2009; 72:232-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Shang E, Wang X, Wen D, Greenberg DA, Wolgemuth DJ. Double bromodomain-containing gene Brd2 is essential for embryonic development in mouse. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:908-17. [PMID: 19301389 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BET subfamily of bromodomain-containing genes is characterized by the presence of two bromodomains and a unique ET domain at their carboxyl termini. Here, we show that the founding member of this subfamily, Brd2, is an essential gene by generating a mutant mouse line lacking Brd2 function. Homozygous Brd2 mutants are embryonic lethal, with most Brd2(-/-) embryos dying by embryonic day 11.5. Before death, the homozygous embryos were notably smaller and exhibited abnormalities in the neural tube where the gene is highly expressed. Brd2-deficient embryonic fibroblast cells were observed to proliferate more slowly than controls. Experiments to explore whether placental insufficiency could be a cause of the embryonic lethality showed that injecting diploid mutant embryonic stem cells into tetraploid wild-type blastocysts did not rescue the lethality; that is Brd2-deficient embryos could not be rescued by wild-type extraembryonic tissues. Furthermore, there were enhanced levels of cell death in Brd2-deficient embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyuan Shang
- Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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