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Radoszkiewicz K, Hribljan V, Isakovic J, Mitrecic D, Sarnowska A. Critical points for optimizing long-term culture and neural differentiation capacity of rodent and human neural stem cells to facilitate translation into clinical settings. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114353. [PMID: 36841464 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite several decades of research on the nature and functional properties of neural stem cells, which brought great advances in regenerative medicine, there is still a plethora of ambiguous protocols and interpretations linked to their applications. Here, we present a whole spectrum of protocol elements that should be standardized in order to obtain viable cell cultures and facilitate their translation into clinical settings. Additionally, this review also presents outstanding limitations and possible problems to be encountered when dealing with protocol optimization. Most importantly, we also outline the critical points that should be considered before starting any experiments utilizing neural stem cells or interpreting their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Radoszkiewicz
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Hribljan
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Isakovic
- Omnion Research International Ltd, Heinzelova 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrecic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Alsobaie S, Alsobaie T, Mantalaris S. Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor and Hypoxia Synergistically Enhance the Self-Renewal, Survival Rate, and Proliferation of Human Stem Cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 15:43-52. [PMID: 35812359 PMCID: PMC9259205 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s365776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction High-efficacy single-cell cloning of human-induced pluripotent cells (IPSCs) remains a major challenge. The development of a culture method that supports single-cell passaging while maintaining reproducibility, homogeneity, scalability, and cell expansion to clinically relevant numbers is necessary for clinical application. Methods To address this issue, we combined the use of the rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 and hypoxic conditions in culture to produce a novel, efficient single-cell culture method for human IPSCs and embryonic stem cells. Results Through immunocytochemistry, alkaline phosphatase assays, and flow cytometry, we demonstrated that our method enabled high single-cell proliferation while maintaining self-renewal and pluripotency abilities. Discussion We showed the beneficial effect of the interaction between hypoxia and ROCK inhibition in regulating cell proliferation, pluripotency, and single-cell survival of pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alsobaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Sarah Alsobaie, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, King Saud University, Prince Turki Alawal Street, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 507191011, Fax +966 114677580, Email
| | - Tamador Alsobaie
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sakis Mantalaris
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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3
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Riggs MJ, Sheridan SD, Rao RR. ARHGDIA Confers Selective Advantage to Dissociated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:705-713. [PMID: 34036793 PMCID: PMC8309423 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have generated significant interest in the scientific community based on their potential applications in regenerative medicine. However, numerous research groups have reported a propensity for genomic alterations during hPSC culture that poses concerns for basic research and clinical applications. Work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that amplification of chromosomal regions is correlated with increased gene expression. To date, the phenotypic association of common genomic alterations remains unclear and is a cause for concern during clinical use. In this study, we focus on trisomy 17 and a list of candidate genes with increased gene expression to hypothesize that overexpressing 17q25 located ARHGDIA will confer selective advantage to hPSCs. HPSC lines overexpressing ARHGDIA exhibited culture dominance in co-cultures of overexpression lines with nonoverexpression lines. Furthermore, during low-density seeding, we demonstrate increased clonality of our ARHGDIA lines against matched controls. A striking observation is that we could reduce this selective advantage by varying the hPSC culture conditions with the addition of ROCK inhibitor (ROCKi). This work is unique in (1) demonstrating a novel gene that confers selective advantage to hPSCs when overexpressed and may help explain a common trisomy dominance, (2) providing a selection model for studying culture conditions that reduce the appearance of genomically altered hPSCs, and (3) aiding in elucidation of a mechanism that may act as a molecular switch during culture adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Riggs
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raj R Rao
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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4
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Soto DA, Navarro M, Zheng C, Halstead MM, Zhou C, Guiltinan C, Wu J, Ross PJ. Simplification of culture conditions and feeder-free expansion of bovine embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11045. [PMID: 34040070 PMCID: PMC8155104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine embryonic stem cells (bESCs) extend the lifespan of the transient pluripotent bovine inner cell mass in vitro. After years of research, derivation of stable bESCs was only recently reported. Although successful, bESC culture relies on complex culture conditions that require a custom-made base medium and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) feeders, limiting the widespread use of bESCs. We report here simplified bESC culture conditions based on replacing custom base medium with a commercially available alternative and eliminating the need for MEF feeders by using a chemically-defined substrate. bESC lines were cultured and derived using a base medium consisting of N2B27 supplements and 1% BSA (NBFR-bESCs). Newly derived bESC lines were easy to establish, simple to propagate and stable after long-term culture. These cells expressed pluripotency markers and actively proliferated for more than 35 passages while maintaining normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ lineages in embryoid bodies and teratomas. In addition, NBFR-bESCs grew for multiple passages in a feeder-free culture system based on vitronectin and Activin A medium supplementation while maintaining pluripotency. Simplified conditions will facilitate the use of bESCs for gene editing applications and pluripotency and lineage commitment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Alba Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Micaela Navarro
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas 'Dr Rodolfo Ugalde', UNSAM-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carly Guiltinan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Pablo Juan Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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5
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Enhanced single-cell viability using 30Kc6 for efficient expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhang S, Sun H, Li S, Ding H, You Y, Zhang X, Ye SD. The transcription factor TFCP2L1 induces expression of distinct target genes and promotes self-renewal of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6007-6016. [PMID: 30782842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TFCP2L1 (transcription factor CP2-like 1) is a transcriptional regulator critical for maintaining mouse and human embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency. However, the direct TFCP2L1 target genes are uncharacterized. Here, using gene overexpression, immunoblotting, quantitative real-time PCR, ChIP, and reporter gene assays, we show that TFCP2L1 primarily induces estrogen-related receptor β (Esrrb) expression that supports mouse ESC identity and also selectively enhances Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) expression and thereby promotes human ESC self-renewal. Specifically, we found that in mouse ESCs, TFCP2L1 binds directly to the Esrrb gene promoter and regulates its transcription. Esrrb knockdown impaired Tfcp2l1's ability to induce interleukin 6 family cytokine (leukemia inhibitory factor)-independent ESC self-renewal and to reprogram epiblast stem cells to naïve pluripotency. Conversely, Esrrb overexpression blocked differentiation induced by Tfcp2l1 down-regulation. Moreover, we identified Klf4 as a direct TFCP2L1 target in human ESCs, bypassing the requirement for activin A and basic fibroblast growth factor in short-term human ESC self-renewal. Enforced Klf4 expression recapitulated the self-renewal-promoting effect of Tfcp2l1, whereas Klf4 knockdown eliminated these effects and caused loss of colony-forming capability. These findings indicate that TFCP2L1 functions differently in naïve and primed pluripotency, insights that may help elucidate the different states of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Wang
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- the Department of Anesthesiology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
| | - Hongwei Sun
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
| | - Sijia Li
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
| | - Huiwen Ding
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601
| | - Yu You
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601; the Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- the Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- From the Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601; the Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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7
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Hiramatsu K, Abe S, Kazuki K, Osaki M, Kajitani N, Yakura Y, Oshimura M, Kazuki Y. Generation of a novel isogenic trisomy panel in human embryonic stem cells via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 508:603-607. [PMID: 30509488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is the gain or loss of a chromosome. Down syndrome or trisomy (Ts) 21 is the most frequent live-born aneuploidy syndrome in humans and extensively studied using model mice. However, there is no available model mouse for other congenital Ts syndromes, possibly because of the lethality of Ts in vivo, resulting in the lack of studies to identify the responsible gene(s) for aneuploid syndromes. Although induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients are useful to analyse aneuploidy syndromes, there are concerns about differences in the genetic background for comparative studies and clonal variations. Therefore, a model cell line panel with the same genetic background has been strongly desired for sophisticated comparative analyses. In this study, we established isogenic human embryonic stem (hES) cells of Ts8, Ts13, and Ts18 in addition to previously established Ts21 by transferring each single chromosome into parental hES cells via microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Genes on each trisomic chromosome were globally overexpressed in each established cell line, and all Ts cell lines differentiated into all three embryonic germ layers. This cell line panel is expected to be a useful resource to elucidate molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of genetic imbalance and determine how aneuploidy is involved in various abnormal phenotypes including tumourigenesis and impaired neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hiramatsu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan; Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naoyo Kajitani
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yuwna Yakura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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8
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Sun H, You Y, Guo M, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ye S. Tfcp2l1 safeguards the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6944-6951. [PMID: 29323720 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tfcp2l1 is a transcription factor critical for mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) maintenance. However, its role in human ESCs (hESCs) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Tfcp2l1 in controlling hESC activity and showed that Tfcp2l1 is functionally important in the maintenance of hESC identity. Tfcp2l1 expression is highly enriched in hESCs and dramatically decreases upon differentiation. Forced expression of Tfcp2l1 promoted hESC self-renewal. Functional analysis of the mutant forms of Tfcp2l1 revealed that both the CP2- and SAM-like domains are indispensable for Tfcp2l1 to maintain the undifferentiated state of hESCs. Notably, the CP2-like domain is closely related to the suppression of definitive endoderm and mesoderm commitment. Accordingly, knockdown of Tfcp2l1 significantly induced differentiation preferentially into definitive endoderm and mesoderm. Further studies found that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by IWR1 is able to eliminate the differentiation caused by Tfcp2l1 downregulation. Taken together, these findings reveal the unique and crucial role of Tfcp2l1 in the determination of hESC fate and will expand our understanding of the self-renewal and differentiation circuitry in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yu You
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Shoudong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, PR China
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9
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Chemically defined and growth-factor-free culture system for the expansion and derivation of human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:173-182. [PMID: 31015717 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale and cost-effective production of quality-controlled human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for use in cell therapy and drug discovery would ideally require a chemically defined xenobiotic-free culture system. Towards the development of such a system, costs associated with the use of recombinant proteins as supplements in basal culture media need to be reduced. Here, we describe a growth-factor-free culture medium that uses just three chemical compounds and a lower number of recombinant proteins than used in commercially available media. We show that the culture medium supports the long-term propagation of hPSCs, as confirmed by karyotype, the expression of pluripotency markers and the capacity to differentiate into cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers. hPSCs growing in the medium were less dependent on glycolytic pathways than cells grown in medium containing growth factors. Moreover, the medium supported the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from either human dermal fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our findings should facilitate the ongoing development of a completely xeno-free, chemically defined, synthetic culture system for hPSCs.
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10
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Martin U. Genome stability of programmed stem cell products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:108-117. [PMID: 28917518 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inherited and acquired genomic abnormalities are known to cause genetic diseases and contribute to cancer formation. Recent studies demonstrated a substantial mutational load in mouse and human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs). Single nucleotide variants, copy number variations, and larger chromosomal abnormalities may influence the differentiation capacity of pluripotent stem cells and the functionality of their derivatives in disease modeling and drug screening, and are considered a serious risk for cellular therapies based on ESC or iPSC derivatives. This review discusses the types and origins of different genetic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells, methods for their detection, and the mechanisms of development and enrichment during reprogramming and culture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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11
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β-catenin coordinates with Jup and the TCF1/GATA6 axis to regulate human embryonic stem cell fate. Dev Biol 2017; 431:272-281. [PMID: 28943339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
β-catenin-mediated signaling has been extensively studied in regard to its role in the regulation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, the results are controversial and the mechanism by which β-catenin regulates the hESC fate remains unclear. Here, we report that β-catenin and γ-catenin are functionally redundant in mediating hESC adhesion and are required for embryoid body formation, but both genes are dispensable for hESC maintenance, as the undifferentiated state of β-catenin and γ-catenin double deficient hESCs can be maintained. Overexpression of β-catenin induces rapid hESC differentiation. Functional assays revealed that TCF1 plays a crucial role in hESC differentiation mediated by β-catenin. Forced expression of TCF1, but not other LEF1/TCF family members, resulted in hESC differentiation towards the definitive endoderm. Conversely, knockdown of TCF1 or inhibition of the interaction between TCF1 and β-catenin delayed hESC exit from pluripotency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GATA6 plays a predominant role in TCF1-mediated hESC differentiation. Knockdown of GATA6 completely eliminated the effect of TCF1, while forced expression of GATA6 induced hESC differentiation. Our data thus reveal more detailed mechanisms for β-catenin in regulating hESC fate decisions and will expand our understanding of the self-renewal and differentiation circuitry in hESCs.
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12
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Wu Y, Li O, He C, Li Y, Li M, Liu XL, Wang Y, He Y. Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells from guinea pig fetal fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3690-3698. [PMID: 28393187 PMCID: PMC5436227 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) represent an important tool to develop disease-modeling assays, drug testing assays and cell-based replacement therapies. The application of iPS in these fields requires the development of suitable animal models. Of the suitable species, guinea pigs are particularly important and offer significant advantages. Successful iPS generation has been accomplished in a number of species; however, it has not been reported in the guinea pig. The present study successfully generated iPS from guinea pigs (giPS) using single polycistronic virus transduction with mouse octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Kruppel-like factor 4 and c-Myc. The giPS cell lines were cultured in media containing leukemia inhibitory factor and guinea pig fibroblast cells were used as feeder cells. These cultures were expanded under feeder-free culture conditions using ESGRO Complete Plus Clonal Grade medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum on gelatin-coated dishes. The resultant cells had a normal karyotype, exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed the pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog. The cells differentiated in vivo to form teratomas that contained all three germ layers of the tissue cells. The generation of giPS may facilitate future studies investigating the mechanisms underlying innate immunity, particularly for tuberculosis. These experiments provide proof of principle that iPS technology may be adapted to use the guinea pig as a model of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Ouyang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Chengwen He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, P.R. China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci‑Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
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13
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Vernardis SI, Terzoudis K, Panoskaltsis N, Mantalaris A. Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells maintain phenotype but alter their metabolism after exposure to ROCK inhibitor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42138. [PMID: 28165055 PMCID: PMC5292706 DOI: 10.1038/srep42138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are adhesion-dependent cells that require cultivation in colonies to maintain growth and pluripotency. Robust differentiation protocols necessitate single cell cultures that are achieved by use of ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitors. ROCK inhibition enables maintenance of stem cell phenotype; its effects on metabolism are unknown. hPSCs were exposed to 10 μM ROCK inhibitor for varying exposure times. Pluripotency (TRA-1-81, SSEA3, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) remained unaffected, until after prolonged exposure (96 hrs). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics analysis identified differences between ROCK-treated and untreated cells as early as 12 hrs. Exposure for 48 hours resulted in reduction in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the citric acid (TCA) cycle as well as the amino acids pools, suggesting the adaptation of the cells to the new culture conditions, which was also reflected by the expression of the metabolic regulators, mTORC1 and tp53 and correlated with cellular proliferation status. While gene expression and protein levels did not reveal any changes in the physiology of the cells, metabolomics revealed the fluctuating state of the metabolism. The above highlight the usefulness of metabolomics in providing accurate and sensitive information on cellular physiological status, which could lead to the development of robust and optimal stem cell bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros I Vernardis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Terzoudis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Mantalaris
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
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14
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Taylor TH, Griffin DK, Katz SL, Crain JL, Johnson L, Gitlin S. Technique to ‘Map' Chromosomal Mosaicism at the Blastocyst Stage. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:262-266. [DOI: 10.1159/000449051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a technique that allows for comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS) of individual cells within human blastocysts along with the approximation of their location in the trophectoderm relative to the inner cell mass (ICM). This proof-of-concept study will allow for a greater understanding of chromosomal mosaicism at the blastocyst stage and the mechanisms by which mosaicism arises. One blastocyst was held by a holding pipette and the ICM was removed. While still being held, the blastocyst was further biopsied into quadrants. To separate the individual cells from the biopsied sections, the sections were placed in calcium/magnesium-free medium with serum for 20 min. A holding pipette was used to aspirate the sections until individual cells were isolated. Individual cells from each section were placed into PCR tubes and prepped for aCGH. A total of 18 cells were used for analysis, of which 15 (83.3%) amplified and provided a result and 3 (16.7%) did not. Fifteen cells were isolated from the trophectoderm; 13 (86.7%) provided an aCGH result, while 2 (13.3%) did not amplify. Twelve cells were euploid (46,XY), while 1 was complex abnormal (44,XY), presenting with monosomy 7, 10, 11, 13, and 19, and trisomy 14, 15, and 21. A total of 3 cells were isolated from the ICM; 2 were euploid (46,XY) and 1 did not amplify. Here, we expand on a previously published technique which disassociates biopsied sections of the blastocyst into individual cells. Since the blastocyst sections were biopsied in regard to the position of the ICM, it was possible to reconstruct a virtual image of the blastocyst while presenting each cell's individual CCS results.
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15
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Non integrative strategy decreases chromosome instability and improves endogenous pluripotency genes reactivation in porcine induced pluripotent-like stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27059. [PMID: 27245508 PMCID: PMC4887982 DOI: 10.1038/srep27059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig is an emerging animal model, complementary to rodents for basic research and for biomedical and agronomical purposes. However despite the progress made on mouse and rat models to produce genuine pluripotent cells, it remains impossible to produce porcine pluripotent cell lines with germline transmission. Reprogramming of pig somatic cells using conventional integrative strategies remains also unsatisfactory. In the present study, we compared the outcome of both integrative and non-integrative reprogramming strategies on pluripotency and chromosome stability during pig somatic cell reprogramming. The porcine cell lines produced with integrative strategies express several pluripotency genes but they do not silence the integrated exogenes and present a high genomic instability upon passaging. In contrast, pig induced pluripotent-like stem cells produced with non-integrative reprogramming system (NI-iPSLCs) exhibit a normal karyotype after more than 12 months in culture and reactivate endogenous pluripotency markers. Despite the persistent expression of exogenous OCT4 and MYC, these cells can differentiate into derivatives expressing markers of the three embryonic germ layers and we propose that these NI-iPSLCs can be used as a model to bring new insights into the molecular factors controlling and maintaining pluripotency in the pig and other non-rodent mammalians.
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16
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Nii T, Kohara H, Marumoto T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Tani K. Single-Cell-State Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Increases Transfection Efficiency. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:127-36. [PMID: 27257519 PMCID: PMC4876534 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient gene transfer into human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great promise for regenerative medicine and pharmaceutical development. In the past decade, various methods were developed for gene transfer into hPSCs; however, hPSCs form tightly packed colonies, making gene transfer difficult. In this study, we established a stable culture method of hPSCs at a single-cell state to reduce cell density and investigated gene transfection efficiency followed by gene editing efficiency. hPSCs cultured in a single-cell state were transfected using nonliposomal transfection reagents with plasmid DNA or mRNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein. We found that most cells (DNA > 90%; mRNA > 99%) were transfected without the loss of undifferentiated PSC marker expression or pluripotency. Moreover, we demonstrated an efficient gene editing method using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) targeting the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Our new method may improve hPSC gene transfer techniques, thus facilitating their use for human regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Nii
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kohara
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotoshi Marumoto
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.; Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.; Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.; Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Jager LD, Canda CMA, Hall CA, Heilingoetter CL, Huynh J, Kwok SS, Kwon JH, Richie JR, Jensen MB. Effect of enzymatic and mechanical methods of dissociation on neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:78-84. [PMID: 26523795 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the most effective method of dissociating neural stem and progenitor cells into a single-cell suspension. MATERIALS/METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated toward the neural fate for 4 weeks before clusters were subjected to enzymatic (Accutase, trypsin, TrypLE, dispase, or DNase I) or mechanical (trituration with pipettes of varying size) or combined dissociation. Images of cells were analyzed for cluster size using ImageJ. RESULTS Cells treated with the enzymes Accutase, TrypLE, or trypsin/EDTA, these enzymes followed by trituration, or a combination one of these enzymes followed by incubation with another enzyme, including DNase I, were more likely to be dissociated into a single-cell suspension. CONCLUSIONS Cells treated with enzymes or combinations of methods were more likely to be dissociated into a single-cell suspension.
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18
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Abstract
In the mouse, naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are thought to represent the cell culture equivalent of the late epiblast in the pre-implantation embryo, with which they share a unique defining set of features. Recent studies have focused on the identification and propagation of a similar cell state in human. Although the capture of an exact human equivalent of the mouse naïve PSC remains an elusive goal, comparative studies spurred on by this quest are lighting the path to a deeper understanding of pluripotent state regulation in early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Davidson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Walter Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Sikorski DJ, Caron NJ, VanInsberghe M, Zahn H, Eaves CJ, Piret JM, Hansen CL. Clonal analysis of individual human embryonic stem cell differentiation patterns in microfluidic cultures. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1546-54. [PMID: 26059045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the clonal outputs of individual human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) confounds analysis of their properties in studies of bulk populations and how to manipulate them for clinical applications. To circumvent this problem we developed a microfluidic device that supports the robust generation of colonies derived from single ESCs. This microfluidic system contains 160 individually addressable chambers equipped for perfusion culture of individual hESCs that could be shown to match the growth rates, marker expression and colony morphologies obtained in conventional cultures. Use of this microfluidic device to analyze the clonal growth kinetics of multiple individual hESCs induced to differentiation revealed variable shifts in the growth rate, area per cell and expression of OCT4 in the progeny of individual hESCs. Interestingly, low OCT4 expression, a slower growth rate and low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios were found to be correlated responses. This study demonstrates how microfluidic systems can be used to enable large scale live-cell imaging of isolated hESCs exposed to changing culture conditions, to examine how different aspects of their variable responses are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek J Sikorski
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Caron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael VanInsberghe
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Zahn
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carl L Hansen
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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20
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Kim YE, Park JA, Ha YW, Park SK, Kim HS, Oh SK, Lee Y. Chromosomal Modification in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cultured in a Feeder-Free Condition after Single Cell Dissociation using Accutase. Dev Reprod 2015; 16:353-61. [PMID: 25949110 PMCID: PMC4282239 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2012.16.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are a potential source of cells for developmental studies and for a variety of applications in transplantation therapies and drug discovery. However, human ES cells are difficult to culture and maintain at a large scale, which is one of the most serious obstacles in human ES cell research. Culture of human ES cells on MEF cells after disassociation with accutase has previously been demonstrated by other research groups. Here, we confirmed that human ES cells (H9) can maintain stem cell properties when the cells are passaged as single cells under a feeder-free culture condition. Accutase-dissociated human ES cells showed normal karyotype, stem cell marker expression, and morphology. We prepared frozen stocks during the culture period, thawed two of the human ES cell stocks, and analyzed the cells after culture with the same method. Although the cells revealed normal expression of stem cell marker genes, they had abnormal karyotypes. Therefore, we suggest that accutase-dissociated single cells can be usefully expanded in a feeder-free condition but chromosomal modification should be considered in the culture after freeze-thawing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Kim
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea ; Biotechnology Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Park
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Yang-Wha Ha
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Hee Sun Kim
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; IVF Laboratory, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Oh
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea ; IVF Laboratory, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Dept. of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea ; Biotechnology Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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21
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Silva Filho OFD, Argôlo Neto NM, Carvalho MAMD, Carvalho YKD, Diniz ADN, Moura LDS, Ambrósio CE, Monteiro JM, Almeida HMD, Miglino MA, Alves JDJRP, Macedo KV, Rocha ARD, Feitosa MLT, Alves FR. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal progenitors derived from the bone marrow of goats native from northeastern Brazil. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 29:478-84. [PMID: 25140588 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014000800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize bone marrow progenitors cells grown in vitro, using native goats from northeastern Brazil as animal model. METHODS Ten northeastern Brazil native goats of both genders were used from the Piauí Federal University Agricultural Science Center's (UFPI) - Goat Farming Sector. Bone marrow aspirates where taken from the tibial ridge and seeded on culture plates for isolation, expansion and Flow Cytometry (expression markers - Oct-3/4, PCNA, Ck-Pan, Vimentina, Nanog). RESULTS Progenitor cells showed colonies characterized by the presence of cell pellets with fibroblastoid morphology. Cell confluence was taken after 14 days culture and the non-adherent mononuclear cell progressive reduction. After the first passage, 94.36% cell viability was observed, starting from 4.6 x 106 cell/mL initially seeded. Cells that went through flow cytometry showed positive expression for Oct-3/4, PCNA, Ck-Pan, Vimentina, and Nanog. CONCLUSIONS Bone marrow progenitor isolated of native goats from northeastern Brazil showed expression markers also seen in embryonic stem cells (Oct-3/4, Nanog), markers of cell proliferation (PCNA) and markers for mesenchymal cells (Vimentina and Ck-pan), which associated to morphological and culture growth features, suggest the existence of a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) population in the goat bone marrow stromal cells studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, Sao Paulo University, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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22
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Alamein MA, Wolvetang EJ, Ovchinnikov DA, Stephens S, Sanders K, Warnke PH. Polymeric nanofibrous substrates stimulate pluripotent stem cells to form three-dimensional multilayered patty-like spheroids in feeder-free culture and maintain their pluripotency. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1078-83. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Alamein
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Stem Cells and Tissue Regenerative Therapies; Bond University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
- Faciomaxillary and Regenerative Surgery; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Dmitry A. Ovchinnikov
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sebastien Stephens
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Stem Cells and Tissue Regenerative Therapies; Bond University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
- Faciomaxillary and Regenerative Surgery; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Katherine Sanders
- Faciomaxillary and Regenerative Surgery; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Patrick H. Warnke
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Stem Cells and Tissue Regenerative Therapies; Bond University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
- Faciomaxillary and Regenerative Surgery; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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23
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Down syndrome-associated haematopoiesis abnormalities created by chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6136. [PMID: 25159877 PMCID: PMC4145315 DOI: 10.1038/srep06136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants with Down syndrome (DS) are at a high risk of developing transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM). A GATA1 mutation leading to the production of N-terminally truncated GATA1 (GATA1s) in early megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors is linked to the onset of TAM and cooperated with the effect of trisomy 21 (Ts21). To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the progression to TAM in DS patients, we generated human pluripotent stem cells harbouring Ts21 and/or GATA1s by combining microcell-mediated chromosome transfer and genome editing technologies. In vitro haematopoietic differentiation assays showed that the GATA1s mutation blocked erythropoiesis irrespective of an extra chromosome 21, while Ts21 and the GATA1s mutation independently perturbed megakaryopoiesis and the combination of Ts21 and the GATA1s mutation synergistically contributed to an aberrant accumulation of skewed megakaryocytes. Thus, the DS model cells generated by these two technologies are useful in assessing how GATA1s mutation is involved in the onset of TAM in patients with DS.
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24
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Hough SR, Thornton M, Mason E, Mar JC, Wells CA, Pera MF. Single-cell gene expression profiles define self-renewing, pluripotent, and lineage primed states of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:881-95. [PMID: 24936473 PMCID: PMC4050352 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells display significant heterogeneity in gene expression, but whether this diversity is an inherent feature of the pluripotent state remains unknown. Single-cell gene expression analysis in cell subsets defined by surface antigen expression revealed that human embryonic stem cell cultures exist as a continuum of cell states, even under defined conditions that drive self-renewal. The majority of the population expressed canonical pluripotency transcription factors and could differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. A minority subpopulation of cells displayed high self-renewal capacity, consistently high transcripts for all pluripotency-related genes studied, and no lineage priming. This subpopulation was characterized by its expression of a particular set of intercellular signaling molecules whose genes shared common regulatory features. Our data support a model of an inherently metastable self-renewing population that gives rise to a continuum of intermediate pluripotent states, which ultimately become primed for lineage specification. Single-cell transcript profiles characteristic of distinct substates of pluripotency Prospective isolation of substate with high self-renewal, no lineage priming Self-renewing subpopulation marked by expression of specific ligands and receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Hough
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA ; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Thornton
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mason
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA ; University of Melbourne, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
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25
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Modulation of β-catenin function maintains mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2403. [PMID: 23985566 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling has a variety of roles in regulating stem cell fates. Its specific role in mouse epiblast stem cell self-renewal, however, remains poorly understood. Here we show that Wnt/β-catenin functions in both self-renewal and differentiation in mouse epiblast stem cells. Stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin and its subsequent binding to T-cell factors induces differentiation. Conversely, retention of stabilized β-catenin in the cytoplasm maintains self-renewal. Cytoplasmic retention of β-catenin is effected by stabilization of Axin2, a downstream target of β-catenin, or by genetic modifications to β-catenin that prevent its nuclear translocation. We also find that human embryonic stem cell and mouse epiblast stem cell fates are regulated by β-catenin through similar mechanisms. Our results elucidate a new role for β-catenin in stem cell self-renewal that is independent of its transcriptional activity and will have broad implications in understanding the molecular regulation of stem cell fate.
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26
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Cheng Q, Harris GM, Blais MO, Rutledge K, Jabbarzadeh E. Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes: An Approach to Modulate Cell Orientation and Asymmetry. NANO LIFE 2014; 4:1450002. [PMID: 27170837 PMCID: PMC4861238 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells offer a promising tool in tissue engineering strategies, as their differentiated derivatives can be used to reconstruct most biological tissues. These approaches rely on controlling the biophysical cues that tune the ultimate fate of cells. In this context, significant effort has gone to parse out the role of conflicting matrix-elicited signals (e.g., topography and elasticity) in regulation of macroscopic characteristics of cells (e.g., shape and polarity). A critical hurdle, however, lies in our inability to recapitulate the nanoscale spatiotemporal pattern of these signals. The study presented in this manuscript took an initial step to overcome this challenge by developing a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based substrate for nanoresolution control of focal adhesion formation and cell alignment. The utility of this system was studied using human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at a single cell level. Our results demonstrated the ability to control cell orientation by merely controlling the alignment of focal adhesions at a nanoscale size. Our long-term vision is to use these nanoengineered substrates to mimic cell orientation in earlier development and explore the role of polarity in asymmetric division and lineage specification of dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Cheng
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Greg M. Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Marc-Olivier Blais
- Department of Chemical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Katy Rutledge
- Department of Chemical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ehsan Jabbarzadeh
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
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27
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Imaizumi K, Nishishita N, Muramatsu M, Yamamoto T, Takenaka C, Kawamata S, Kobayashi K, Nishikawa SI, Akuta T. A simple and highly effective method for slow-freezing human pluripotent stem cells using dimethyl sulfoxide, hydroxyethyl starch and ethylene glycol. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88696. [PMID: 24533137 PMCID: PMC3922972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification and slow-freezing methods have been used for the cryopreservation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Vitrification requires considerable skill and post-thaw recovery is low. Furthermore, it is not suitable for cryopreservation of large numbers of hPSCs. While slow-freezing methods for hPSCs are easy to perform, they are usually preceded by a complicated cell dissociation process that yields poor post-thaw survival. To develop a robust and easy slow-freezing method for hPSCs, several different cryopreservation cocktails were prepared by modifying a commercially available freezing medium (CP-1™) containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in saline. The new freezing media were examined for their cryopreservation efficacy in combination with several different cell detachment methods. hPSCs in cryopreservation medium were slowly cooled in a conventional −80°C freezer and thawed rapidly. hPSC colonies were dissociated with several proteases. Ten percent of the colonies were passaged without cryopreservation and another 10% were cryopreserved, and then the recovery ratio was determined by comparing the number of Alkaline Phosphatase-positive colonies after thawing at day 5 with those passaged without cryopreservation at day 5. We found that cell detachment with Pronase/EDTA followed by cryopreservation using 6% HES, 5% DMSO, and 5% ethylene glycol (EG) in saline (termed CP-5E) achieved post-thaw recoveries over 80%. In summary, we have developed a new cryopreservation medium free of animal products for slow-freezing. This easy and robust cryopreservation method could be used widely for basic research and for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Imaizumi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Kobe office, RIKEN Cell Tech Co. Ltd., Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishishita
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Marie Muramatsu
- Division of Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takako Yamamoto
- Division of Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chiemi Takenaka
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shin Kawamata
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Cell Therapy, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (TA)
| | - Kenichiro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nishikawa
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Kobe office, RIKEN Cell Tech Co. Ltd., Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SK); (TA)
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Bhise NS, Wahlin KJ, Zack DJ, Green JJ. Evaluating the potential of poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticles for reprogramming human fibroblasts to become induced pluripotent stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:4641-58. [PMID: 24348039 PMCID: PMC3857166 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s53830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene delivery can potentially be used as a therapeutic for treating genetic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, as well as an enabling technology for regenerative medicine. A central challenge in many gene delivery applications is having a safe and effective delivery method. We evaluated the use of a biodegradable poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticle-based nonviral protocol and compared this with an electroporation-based approach to deliver episomal plasmids encoding reprogramming factors for generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from human fibroblasts. Methods A polymer library was screened to identify the polymers most promising for gene delivery to human fibroblasts. Feeder-independent culturing protocols were developed for nanoparticle-based and electroporation-based reprogramming. The cells reprogrammed by both polymeric nanoparticle-based and electroporation-based nonviral methods were characterized by analysis of pluripotency markers and karyotypic stability. The hiPSC-like cells were further differentiated toward the neural lineage to test their potential for neurodegenerative retinal disease modeling. Results 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methylpiperazine end-terminated poly(1,4-butanediol diacry-late-co-4-amino-1-butanol) polymer (B4S4E7) self-assembled with plasmid DNA to form nanoparticles that were more effective than leading commercially available reagents, including Lipofectamine® 2000, FuGENE® HD, and 25 kDa branched polyethylenimine, for nonviral gene transfer. B4S4E7 nanoparticles showed effective gene delivery to IMR-90 human primary fibroblasts and to dermal fibroblasts derived from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa, and enabled coexpression of exogenously delivered genes, as is needed for reprogramming. The karyotypically normal hiPSC-like cells generated by conventional electroporation, but not by poly(beta-amino ester) reprogramming, could be differentiated toward the neuronal lineage, specifically pseudostratified optic cups. Conclusion This study shows that certain nonviral reprogramming methods may not necessarily be safer than viral approaches and that maximizing exogenous gene expression of reprogramming factors is not sufficient to ensure successful reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupura S Bhise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karl J Wahlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lawton BR, Sosa JA, Roman S, Krause DS. Effect of a Matrigel Sandwich on Endodermal Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2013; 9:578-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Caron NJ, Gage BK, O'Connor MD, Eaves CJ, Kieffer TJ, Piret JM. A human embryonic stem cell line adapted for high throughput screening. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2706-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Caron
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Chemical & Biological Engineering; University of British Columbia; 2185 East Mall; Vancouver; British Columbia, Canada; V6T 1Z4
| | - Blair K. Gage
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael D. O'Connor
- School of Medicine and Molecular Medicine Research Group; University of Western Sydney; Penrith South DC; New South Wales; Australia
| | - Connie J. Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory; British Columbia Cancer Agency; Vancouver; British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver; British Columbia, Canada
| | - James M. Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Chemical & Biological Engineering; University of British Columbia; 2185 East Mall; Vancouver; British Columbia, Canada; V6T 1Z4
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Kunova M, Matulka K, Eiselleova L, Salykin A, Kubikova I, Kyrylenko S, Hampl A, Dvorak P. Adaptation to robust monolayer expansion produces human pluripotent stem cells with improved viability. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:246-54. [PMID: 23486835 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) of sufficient quantity and quality remains a major challenge for biomedical application. Here we present an efficient feeder-free, high-density monolayer system in which hPSCs become SSEA-3-high and gradually more viable than their feeder-dependent counterparts without changes attributed to culture adaptation. As a consequence, monolayer hPSCs possess advantages over their counterparts in embryoid body development, teratoma formation, freezing as a single-cell suspension, and colony-forming efficiency. Importantly, this monolayer culture system is reversible, preserving the competence of hPSCs to gradually reacquire features of colony growth, if necessary. Therefore, the monolayer culture system is highly suitable for long-term, large-scale propagation of hPSCs, which is necessary in drug development and pluripotent stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kunova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ratcliffe E, Hourd P, Guijarro-Leach J, Rayment E, Williams DJ, Thomas RJ. Application of response surface methodology to maximize the productivity of scalable automated human embryonic stem cell manufacture. Regen Med 2013; 8:39-48. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Commercial regenerative medicine will require large quantities of clinical-specification human cells. The cost and quality of manufacture is notoriously difficult to control due to highly complex processes with poorly defined tolerances. As a step to overcome this, we aimed to demonstrate the use of ‘quality-by-design’ tools to define the operating space for economic passage of a scalable human embryonic stem cell production method with minimal cell loss. Materials & methods: Design of experiments response surface methodology was applied to generate empirical models to predict optimal operating conditions for a unit of manufacture of a previously developed automatable and scalable human embryonic stem cell production method. Results & conclusion: Two models were defined to predict cell yield and cell recovery rate postpassage, in terms of the predictor variables of media volume, cell seeding density, media exchange and length of passage. Predicted operating conditions for maximized productivity were successfully validated. Such ‘quality-by-design’ type approaches to process design and optimization will be essential to reduce the risk of product failure and patient harm, and to build regulatory confidence in cell therapy manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ratcliffe
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Paul Hourd
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Juan Guijarro-Leach
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Erin Rayment
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David J Williams
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Robert J Thomas
- Healthcare Engineering Research Group & EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Biological Engineering (CBE), Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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Desbordes SC, Studer L. Adapting human pluripotent stem cells to high-throughput and high-content screening. Nat Protoc 2012; 8:111-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Niakan KK, Han J, Pedersen RA, Simon C, Pera RAR. Human pre-implantation embryo development. Development 2012; 139:829-41. [PMID: 22318624 DOI: 10.1242/dev.060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding human pre-implantation development has important implications for assisted reproductive technology (ART) and for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapies. Owing to limited resources, the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing this early stage of human development are poorly understood. Nonetheless, recent advances in non-invasive imaging techniques and molecular and genomic technologies have helped to increase our understanding of this fascinating stage of human development. Here, we summarize what is currently known about human pre-implantation embryo development and highlight how further studies of human pre-implantation embryos can be used to improve ART and to fully harness the potential of hESCs for therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Niakan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Modeling human hematopoietic cell development from pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:601-11. [PMID: 22510344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the steps and cues that allow hematopoietic cells to be generated during development holds great clinical as well as biological interest. Analysis of these events in mice has provided many important insights into the processes involved, but features that might be unique to humans remain challenging to elucidate because they cannot be studied directly in vivo. Human embryonic stem or induced pluripotent stem cells offer attractive in vitro alternatives to analyze the process. Here we review recent efforts to develop defined and quantitative systems to address outstanding developmental questions against a background of what we know about the development of hematopoietic cells in the fetus and derived from mouse embryonic stem cells.
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36
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Davidson KC, Adams AM, Goodson JM, McDonald CE, Potter JC, Berndt JD, Biechele TL, Taylor RJ, Moon RT. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes differentiation, not self-renewal, of human embryonic stem cells and is repressed by Oct4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 22392999 DOI: 1073/pnas.1118777109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play diverse, context-dependent roles in vertebrate development. In studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), conflicting reports claim Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes either self-renewal or differentiation. We use a sensitive reporter to establish that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not active during hESC self-renewal. Inhibiting this pathway over multiple passages has no detrimental effect on hESC maintenance, whereas activating signaling results in loss of self-renewal and induction of mesoderm lineage genes. Following exposure to pathway agonists, hESCs exhibit a delay in activation of β-catenin signaling, which led us to postulate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is actively repressed during self-renewal. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that OCT4 represses β-catenin signaling during self-renewal and that targeted knockdown of OCT4 activates β-catenin signaling in hESCs. Using a fluorescent reporter of β-catenin signaling in live hESCs, we observe that the reporter is activated in a very heterogeneous manner in response to stimulation with Wnt ligand. Sorting cells on the basis of their fluorescence reveals that hESCs with elevated β-catenin signaling express higher levels of differentiation markers. Together these data support a dominant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the differentiation rather than self-renewal of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes differentiation, not self-renewal, of human embryonic stem cells and is repressed by Oct4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4485-90. [PMID: 22392999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118777109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play diverse, context-dependent roles in vertebrate development. In studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), conflicting reports claim Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes either self-renewal or differentiation. We use a sensitive reporter to establish that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not active during hESC self-renewal. Inhibiting this pathway over multiple passages has no detrimental effect on hESC maintenance, whereas activating signaling results in loss of self-renewal and induction of mesoderm lineage genes. Following exposure to pathway agonists, hESCs exhibit a delay in activation of β-catenin signaling, which led us to postulate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is actively repressed during self-renewal. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that OCT4 represses β-catenin signaling during self-renewal and that targeted knockdown of OCT4 activates β-catenin signaling in hESCs. Using a fluorescent reporter of β-catenin signaling in live hESCs, we observe that the reporter is activated in a very heterogeneous manner in response to stimulation with Wnt ligand. Sorting cells on the basis of their fluorescence reveals that hESCs with elevated β-catenin signaling express higher levels of differentiation markers. Together these data support a dominant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the differentiation rather than self-renewal of hESCs.
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38
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Valamehr B, Tsutsui H, Ho CM, Wu H. Developing defined culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells. Regen Med 2012; 6:623-34. [PMID: 21916597 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells hold promising potential in many therapeutics applications including regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Over the past three decades, embryonic stem cell research has illustrated that embryonic stem cells possess two important and distinct properties: the ability to continuously self-renew and the ability to differentiate into all specialized cell types. In this article, we will discuss the continuing evolution of human pluripotent stem cell culture by examining requirements needed for the maintenance of self-renewal in vitro. We will also elaborate on the future direction of the field toward generating a robust and completely defined culture system, which has brought forth collaborations amongst biologists and engineers. As human pluripotent stem cell research progresses towards identifying solutions for debilitating diseases, it will be critical to establish a defined, reproducible and scalable culture system to meet the requirements of these clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Valamehr
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hasegawa K, Yasuda SY, Teo JL, Nguyen C, McMillan M, Hsieh CL, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Yamamoto M, Miyabayashi T, Lutzko C, Pera MF, Kahn M. Wnt signaling orchestration with a small molecule DYRK inhibitor provides long-term xeno-free human pluripotent cell expansion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:18-28. [PMID: 23197636 PMCID: PMC3727690 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal culture system for human pluripotent stem cells should be fully defined and free of animal components. To date, most xeno-free culture systems require human feeder cells and/or highly complicated culture media that contain activators of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathways, and none provide for replacement of FGF/TGFβ ligands with chemical compounds. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in mouse embryonic stem cells in leukemia inhibitory factor-independent culture; however, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human pluripotent stem cell is still poorly understood and controversial because of the dual role of Wnts in proliferation and differentiation. Building on our previous investigations of small molecules modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified a compound, ID-8, that could support Wnt-induced human embryonic stem cell proliferation and survival without differentiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) is the target of the small molecule ID-8. Its role in human pluripotent cell renewal was confirmed by DYRK knockdown in human embryonic stem cells. Using Wnt and the DYRK inhibitor ID-8, we have developed a novel and simple chemically defined xeno-free culture system that allows for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells without FGF or TGFβ activation. These culture conditions do not include xenobiotic supplements, serum, serum replacement, or albumin. Using this culture system, we have shown that several human pluripotent cell lines maintained pluripotency (>20 passages) and a normal karyotype and still retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. This Wnt-dependent culture system should provide a platform for complete replacement of growth factors with chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
| | - Shin-ya Yasuda
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Michael McMillan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Center
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- Functional Additives Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Carolyn Lutzko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
| | - Michael Kahn
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, and
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Efficient and accurate homologous recombination in hESCs and hiPSCs using helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. Mol Ther 2011; 20:424-31. [PMID: 22146343 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low efficiencies of gene targeting via homologous recombination (HR) have limited basic research and applications using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Here, we show highly and equally efficient gene knockout and knock-in at both transcriptionally active (HPRT1, KU80, LIG1, LIG3) and inactive (HB9) loci in these cells using high-capacity helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAdVs). Without the necessity of introducing artificial DNA double-strand breaks, 7-81% of drug-resistant colonies were gene-targeted by accurate HR, which were not accompanied with additional ectopic integrations. Even at the motor neuron-specific HB9 locus, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene was accurately knocked in in 23-57% of drug-resistant colonies. In these clones, induced differentiation into the HB9-positive motor neuron correlated with EGFP expression. Furthermore, HDAdV infection had no detectable adverse effects on the undifferentiated state and pluripotency of hESCs and hiPSCs. These results suggest that HDAdV is one of the best methods for efficient and accurate gene targeting in hESCs and hiPSCs and might be especially useful for therapeutic applications.
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T'joen V, Declercq H, Cornelissen M. Expansion of human embryonic stem cells: a comparative study. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:462-76. [PMID: 21951289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are promising for tissue engineering (TE) purposes due to their unique properties. However, current standard mechanical passaging techniques limit rates of possible TE experiments, as it is difficult to obtain high enough numbers of the cells for experimentation. In this study, several dissociative solutions and application methods are tested for their applicability to, and influence on, hESC culture and expansion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expansion of two hESC lines, H1 and VUB01, subjected to different passaging techniques, was evaluated. Four dissociative solutions - TrypLE™ Express, Trypsin-EDTA, Cell Dissociation Solution and Accutase™- were combined with two application protocols. As reference conditions, manual and bead-based passaging techniques were used. RESULTS Results showed that use of Cell Dissociation Solution in combination with a slow adaptation protocol, generated the best expansion profile for both cell lines. The hESC single cell lines remained pluripotent, had good expansion profiles and were capable of differentiation into representatives of all three germ layers. Reproducibility of the results was confirmed by adaptation for three other hESC lines. CONCLUSION Use of Cell Dissociation Solution, combined with slow adaptation protocol, allows a fast switch from the mechanical passaging technique to a single-cell split technique, generating stable and robust hESC cell lines, which allow for large scale expansion of hESC for TE purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T'joen
- Department of Basic Medical Science - Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University - UGent, Gent, Belgium.
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Critical microcarrier properties affecting the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:97-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Bai H, Chen K, Gao YX, Arzigian M, Xie YL, Malcosky C, Yang YG, Wu WS, Wang ZZ. Bcl-xL enhances single-cell survival and expansion of human embryonic stem cells without affecting self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:26-37. [PMID: 22099018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust expansion and genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are limited by poor cell survival after enzymatic dissociation into single cells. Although inhibition of apoptosis is implicated for the single-cell survival of hESCs, the protective role of attenuation of apoptosis in hESC survival has not been elucidated. Bcl-xL is one of several anti-apoptotic proteins, which are members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Using an inducible system, we ectopically expressed Bcl-xL gene in hESCs, and found a significant increase of hESC colonies in the single-cell suspension cultures. Overexpression of Bcl-xL in hESCs decreased apoptotic caspase-3(+) cells, suggesting attenuation of apoptosis in hESCs. Without altering the kinetics of pluripotent gene expression, the efficiency to generate embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro and the formation of teratoma in vivo were significantly increased in Bcl-xL-overexpressing hESCs after single-cell dissociation. Interestingly, the number and size of hESC colonies from cluster cultures were not affected by Bcl-xL overexpression. Several genes of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules were upregulated by Bcl-xL in hESCs without single-cell dissociation, suggesting that Bcl-xL regulates adhesion molecular expression independent of cell dissociation. In addition, the gene expressions of FAS and several TNF signaling mediators were downregulated by Bcl-xL. These data support a model in which Bcl-xL promotes cell survival and increases cloning efficiency of dissociated hESCs without altering hESC self-renewal by i) attenuation of apoptosis, and ii) upregulation of adhesion molecules to facilitate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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Abstract
Routine commercial and clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their progenies will require increasing cell quantities that cannot be provided by conventional adherent culture technologies. Here we describe a straightforward culture protocol for the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in suspension culture. This culture technique was successfully tested on two hiPSC clones, three hESC lines and on a nonhuman primate ESC line. It is based on a defined medium and single-cell inoculation, but it does not require culture preadaptation, use of microcarriers or any other matrices. Over a time course of 4-7 d, hPSCs can be expanded up to sixfold. Preparation of a high-density culture and its subsequent translation to scalable stirred suspension in Erlenmeyer flasks and stirred spinner flasks are also feasible. Importantly, hPSCs maintain pluripotency and karyotype stability for more than ten passages.
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45
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Ohgushi M, Sasai Y. Lonely death dance of human pluripotent stem cells: ROCKing between metastable cell states. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:274-82. [PMID: 21444207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two kinds of human pluripotent cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), promise new avenues for medical innovation. These human cells share many similarities with mouse counterparts, including pluripotency, and they exhibit several unique properties. This review examines the diversity of mammalian pluripotent cells from a perspective of metastable pluripotency states. An intriguing phenomenon unique to human pluripotent stem cells is dissociation-induced apoptosis, which has been a technical problem for various cellular manipulations. The discovery that this apoptosis is suppressed by ROCK inhibitors brought revolutionary change to this troublesome situation. We discuss possible links of the metastable pluripotent state to ROCK-dependent human embryonic stem cell apoptosis and summarize recent progress in molecular understandings of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ohgushi
- Unit for Human Stem Cell Technology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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Chen AK, Chen X, Choo ABH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Expansion of human embryonic stem cells on cellulose microcarriers. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2011; Chapter 1:Unit 1C.11. [PMID: 20814936 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c11s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes the routine maintenance and expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) on cellulose microcarriers. Conventionally, hESCs have been maintained on feeder cells or extracellular matrix-coated two-dimensional tissue culture plates. The expansion of hESC on a tissue culture platform is limited by the available surface area and the requirement of repetitive subculturing to reach the required cell yield. Here, we show that expansion of hESC can be carried out in a three-dimensional suspension culture using Matrigel-coated cellulose microcarriers. hESCs from a tissue culture plate can be seeded directly onto the microcarriers; hESC microcarrier culture is passaged and expanded by mechanical dissociation of the cells without enzyme. Expansion of the culture in a 100-ml spinner flask is also described. Long-term culture of hESC on the microcarriers maintains typical pluripotent markers (OCT-4, Tra-1-60, and SSEA-4) and stable karyotype. Spontaneous differentiations of microcarrier-maintained hESCs in vitro (embryoid body formation) and in vivo (teratoma formation in SCID mouse) have demonstrated formation of the three germ layers. These protocols can also be applied equally well to human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Centros, Singapore
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Overexpression of BCL2 enhances survival of human embryonic stem cells during stress and obviates the requirement for serum factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3282-7. [PMID: 21300885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019047108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of pluripotent stem cells as a research and therapeutic tool is partly undermined by the technical challenges of generating and maintaining these cells in culture. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are exquisitely sensitive to culture conditions, and require constant signaling by growth factors and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions to prevent apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that overexpression of the prosurvival gene BCL2 in mouse embryonic stem cells overrode the requirement of serum factors and feeder cells to maintain mESCs in culture. To determine whether this prosurvival gene could similarly protect hESCs, we generated hESC lines that constitutively or inducibly express BCL2. We find that BCL2 overexpression significantly decreases dissociation-induced apoptosis, resulting in enhanced colony formation from sorted single cells, and enhanced embryoid body formation. In addition, BCL2-hESCs exhibit normal growth in the absence of serum, but require basic fibroblast growth factor to remain undifferentiated. Furthermore, they maintain their pluripotency markers, form teratomas in vivo, and differentiate into all three germ layers. Our data suggest that the BCL2 signaling pathway plays an important role in inhibiting hESC apoptosis, such that its overexpression in hESCs offers both a survival benefit in conditions of stress by resisting apoptosis and obviates the requirement for serum or a feeder layer for maintenance.
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Rizzino A. Stimulating progress in regenerative medicine: improving the cloning and recovery of cryopreserved human pluripotent stem cells with ROCK inhibitors. Regen Med 2011; 5:799-807. [PMID: 20868334 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, culturing human pluripotent stem cells was hampered by three prominent technical problems: a high degree of unwanted cellular stress when the cells are passaged, unacceptably low cloning efficiency and poor recovery of cryopreserved stocks. This review discusses recent developments that address these problems. A major focus of the review is the use of p160 Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitors for improving both the cloning efficiency and the recovery of cryopreserved human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells. An underlying theme of this review is that the three problems have a common cause: separation of human pluripotent stem cells from one another increases cellular stress, which greatly decreases their viability unless special steps are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Rizzino
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer & Allied Diseases & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA.
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Kobayashi NR, Hawes SM, Crook JM, Pébay A. G-protein coupled receptors in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:351-66. [PMID: 20625855 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have great potential for understanding early development, treating human disease, tissue trauma and early phase drug discovery. The factors that control the regulation of stem cell survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation are still emerging. Some evidence now exists demonstrating the potent effects of various G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands on the biology of stem cells. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of the regulation of embryonic and somatic stem cell maintenance and differentiation by GPCR ligands.
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Hasegawa K, Pomeroy JE, Pera MF. Current technology for the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines from human embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:521-31. [PMID: 20569689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technology for the derivation, propagation, and characterization of pluripotent stem cell lines from the human embryo has undergone considerable refinement and improvement since the first published description of human embryonic stem cells in 1998. In particular, there has been extensive effort to optimize protocols and develop defined culture systems with a view toward future clinical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived products. Here, we review the current status of methodology for human embryonic stem cell derivation and culture, and we highlight the challenges that remain for workers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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