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Perotti D, Williams RD, Wegert J, Brzezinski J, Maschietto M, Ciceri S, Gisselsson D, Gadd S, Walz AL, Furtwaengler R, Drost J, Al-Saadi R, Evageliou N, Gooskens SL, Hong AL, Murphy AJ, Ortiz MV, O'Sullivan MJ, Mullen EA, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Fernandez CV, Graf N, Grundy PE, Geller JI, Dome JS, Perlman EJ, Gessler M, Huff V, Pritchard-Jones K. Hallmark discoveries in the biology of Wilms tumour. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:158-180. [PMID: 37848532 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The modern study of Wilms tumour was prompted nearly 50 years ago, when Alfred Knudson proposed the 'two-hit' model of tumour development. Since then, the efforts of researchers worldwide have substantially expanded our knowledge of Wilms tumour biology, including major advances in genetics - from cloning the first Wilms tumour gene to high-throughput studies that have revealed the genetic landscape of this tumour. These discoveries improve understanding of the embryonal origin of Wilms tumour, familial occurrences and associated syndromic conditions. Many efforts have been made to find and clinically apply prognostic biomarkers to Wilms tumour, for which outcomes are generally favourable, but treatment of some affected individuals remains challenging. Challenges are also posed by the intratumoural heterogeneity of biomarkers. Furthermore, preclinical models of Wilms tumour, from cell lines to organoid cultures, have evolved. Despite these many achievements, much still remains to be discovered: further molecular understanding of relapse in Wilms tumour and of the multiple origins of bilateral Wilms tumour are two examples of areas under active investigation. International collaboration, especially when large tumour series are required to obtain robust data, will help to answer some of the remaining unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perotti
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Richard D Williams
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Wegert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jack Brzezinski
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Research Center, Boldrini Children's Hospital, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Ciceri
- Predictive Medicine: Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - David Gisselsson
- Cancer Cell Evolution Unit, Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Office of Medical Services, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Samantha Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amy L Walz
- Division of Hematology,Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhoikos Furtwaengler
- Division of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jarno Drost
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Evageliou
- Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, CHOP Specialty Care Center, Vorhees, NJ, USA
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Princess Máxima Center for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael V Ortiz
- Department of Paediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- Histology Laboratory, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Mullen
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Division of Paediatric Hematology Oncology, IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Hematology, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Paul E Grundy
- Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital and the Department of Paediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Perlman
- Department of Pathology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, Wuerzburg University, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Omer D, Zontag OC, Gnatek Y, Harari-Steinberg O, Pleniceanu O, Namestnikov M, Cohen AH, Nissim-Rafinia M, Tam G, Kalisky T, Meshorer E, Dekel B. OCT4 induces long-lived dedifferentiated kidney progenitors poised to redifferentiate in 3D kidney spheroids. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:329-346. [PMID: 37214315 PMCID: PMC10193171 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Upscaling of kidney epithelial cells is crucial for renal regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, the adult kidney lacks a distinct stem cell hierarchy, limiting the ability to long-term propagate clonal populations of primary cells that retain renal identity. Toward this goal, we tested the paradigm of shifting the balance between differentiation and stemness in the kidney by introducing a single pluripotency factor, OCT4. Here we show that ectopic expression of OCT4 in human adult kidney epithelial cells (hKEpC) induces the cells to dedifferentiate, stably proliferate, and clonally emerge over many generations. Control hKEpC dedifferentiate, assume fibroblastic morphology, and completely lose clonogenic capacity. Analysis of gene expression and histone methylation patterns revealed that OCT4 represses the HNF1B gene module, which is critical for kidney epithelial differentiation, and concomitantly activates stemness-related pathways. OCT4-hKEpC can be long-term expanded in the dedifferentiated state that is primed for renal differentiation. Thus, when expanded OCT4-hKEpC are grown as kidney spheroids (OCT4-kSPH), they reactivate the HNF1B gene signature, redifferentiate, and efficiently generate renal structures in vivo. Hence, changes occurring in the cellular state of hKEpC following OCT4 induction, long-term propagation, and 3D aggregation afford rapid scale-up technology of primary renal tissue-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Omer
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Cohen Zontag
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehudit Gnatek
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Namestnikov
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet-Hashahar Cohen
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Malka Nissim-Rafinia
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Gal Tam
- Faculty of Engineering and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tomer Kalisky
- Faculty of Engineering and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Edmond & Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
- Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Edmond & Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5262000, Israel
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Wojcik HM, Lovvorn HN, Hollingshead M, Pierce J, Stotler H, Murphy AJ, Borgel S, Phelps HM, Correa H, Perantoni AO. Exploiting embryonic niche conditions to grow Wilms tumor blastema in culture. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1091274. [PMID: 37007076 PMCID: PMC10061139 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionWilms Tumor (WT), or nephroblastoma, is the most common pediatric kidney cancer. Most WTs display a “favorable” triphasic histology, in which the tumor is comprised of blastemal, stromal, and epithelial cell types. Blastemal predominance after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or diffuse anaplasia (“unfavorable” histology; 5-8%) portend a worse prognosis. Blastema likely provide the putative cancer stem cells (CSCs), which retain molecular and histologic features characteristic of nephron progenitor cells (NPCs), within WTs. NPCs arise in the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and populate the cap mesenchyme (CM) in the developing kidney. WT blastemal cells, like NPCs, similarly express markers, SIX2 and CITED1. Tumor xenotransplantation is currently the only dependable method to propagate tumor tissue for research or therapeutic screening, since efforts to culture tumors in vitro as monolayers have invariably failed. Therefore, a critical need exists to propagate WT stem cells rapidly and efficiently for high-throughput, real-time drug screening.MethodsPreviously, our lab developed niche conditions that support the propagation of murine NPCs in culture. Applying similar conditions to WTs, we assessed our ability to maintain key NPC "stemness" markers, SIX2, NCAM, and YAP1, and CSC marker ALDHI in cells from five distinct untreated patient tumors.ResultsAccordingly, our culture conditions maintained the expression of these markers in cultured WT cells through multiple passages of rapidly dividing cells.DiscussionThese findings suggest that our culture conditions sustain the WT blastemal population, as previously shown for normal NPCs. As a result, we have developed new WT cell lines and a multi-passage in vitro model for studying the blastemal lineage/CSCs in WTs. Furthermore, this system supports growth of heterogeneous WT cells, upon which potential drug therapies could be tested for efficacy and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wojcik
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Harold N. Lovvorn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Melinda Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch/Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Janene Pierce
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Howard Stotler
- Leidos Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Suzanne Borgel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Hannah M. Phelps
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Hernan Correa
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan O. Perantoni,
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Zhang Q, Zhong C, Shen J, Chen S, Jia Y, Duan S. Emerging role of LINC00461 in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113239. [PMID: 35679722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LINC00461 is located in the intergenic region between the protein-coding genes MEF2C and TMEM161B. LINC00461 upregulation was associated with the risk of 13 tumors and was strongly associated with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in 11 tumors. LINC00461 is involved in resistance to four anticancer drugs, including sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma, cisplatin for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and rectal cancer, temozolomide for glioma, and docetaxel for breast cancer. LINC00461 can sponge 18 miRNAs to form a complex ceRNA network that regulates the expression of a large number of downstream genes. LINC00461 is involved in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. Notably, knockdown of LINC00461 in exosomes antagonizes tumor cell proliferation in multiple myeloma. This article summarizes the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of LINC00461 in various tumors, and systematically describes the ceRNA network and signaling pathways associated with LINC00461, providing potential directions for future LINC00461 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiudan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China; Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenming Zhong
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jinze Shen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Sang Chen
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yunhua Jia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
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Harari-Steinberg O, Omer D, Gnatek Y, Pleniceanu O, Goldberg S, Cohen-Zontag O, Pri-Chen S, Kanter I, Ben Haim N, Becker E, Ankawa R, Fuchs Y, Kalisky T, Dotan Z, Dekel B. Ex Vivo Expanded 3D Human Kidney Spheres Engraft Long Term and Repair Chronic Renal Injury in Mice. Cell Rep 2021; 30:852-869.e4. [PMID: 31968258 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease is a worldwide epidemic requiring renal replacement therapy. Harvesting tissue from failing kidneys and autotransplantation of tissue progenitors could theoretically delay the need for dialysis. Here we use healthy and end-stage human adult kidneys to robustly expand proliferative kidney epithelial cells and establish 3D kidney epithelial cultures termed "nephrospheres." Formation of nephrospheres reestablishes renal identity and function in primary cultures. Transplantation into NOD/SCID mice shows that nephrospheres restore self-organogenetic properties lost in monolayer cultures, allowing long-term engraftment as tubular structures, potentially adding nephron segments and demonstrating self-organization as critical to survival. Furthermore, long-term tubular engraftment of nephrospheres is functionally beneficial in murine models of chronic kidney disease. Remarkably, nephrospheres inhibit pro-fibrotic collagen production in cultured fibroblasts via paracrine modulation, while transplanted nephrospheres induce transcriptional signatures of proliferation and release from quiescence, suggesting re-activation of endogenous repair. These data support the use of human nephrospheres for renal cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Harari-Steinberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Omer
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehudit Gnatek
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sanja Goldberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Cohen-Zontag
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Pri-Chen
- The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Kanter
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nissim Ben Haim
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eli Becker
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Roi Ankawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Kalisky
- Faculty of Engineering and Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Zohar Dotan
- Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and Lily Sara Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Pediatric Research Center for Genetics, Development and Environment, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Progenitor Regulation: How Many Pieces in the Puzzle? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010059. [PMID: 33401654 PMCID: PMC7823786 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys of mice, rats and humans possess progenitors that maintain daily homeostasis and take part in endogenous regenerative processes following injury, owing to their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. In the glomerular and tubular compartments of the nephron, consistent studies demonstrated that well-characterized, distinct populations of progenitor cells, localized in the parietal epithelium of Bowman capsule and scattered in the proximal and distal tubules, could generate segment-specific cells in physiological conditions and following tissue injury. However, defective or abnormal regenerative responses of these progenitors can contribute to pathologic conditions. The molecular characteristics of renal progenitors have been extensively studied, revealing that numerous classical and evolutionarily conserved pathways, such as Notch or Wnt/β-catenin, play a major role in cell regulation. Others, such as retinoic acid, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and leptin, are also important in this process. In this review, we summarize the plethora of molecular mechanisms directing renal progenitor responses during homeostasis and following kidney injury. Finally, we will explore how single-cell RNA sequencing could bring the characterization of renal progenitors to the next level, while knowing their molecular signature is gaining relevance in the clinic.
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Brzezinski J, Choufani S, Romao R, Shuman C, Chen H, Cunanan J, Bagli D, Grant R, Lorenzo A, Weksberg R. Clinically and biologically relevant subgroups of Wilms tumour defined by genomic and epigenomic analyses. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:437-446. [PMID: 33012783 PMCID: PMC7853092 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although cure rates for Wilms tumours (WT) are high, many patients receive therapy with attendant long-term complications. Our goal was to stratify WT using genome-wide analyses to identify candidate molecular features for patients who would benefit from a reduction in therapy. Methods We generated DNA methylation and exome sequencing data on WT–kidney pairs (n = 57) and unpaired tumours (n = 27) collected either at our centre or by the Children’s Oncology Group. Samples were divided into a discovery set (n = 32) and validation set (n = 52). Results Analysis of DNA methylation revealed two subgroups of WT with distinct features. Subgroup A has a similar DNA methylation profile to mature kidney, while Subgroup B has genome-wide dysregulation of DNA methylation. The rate of non-synonymous missense mutations and segmental chromosomal aberrations was higher in Subgroup B tumours, suggesting that this group has genome instability related to its epigenetic state. Subgroup A had a higher proportion of cases of bilateral disease. Tumours with high-risk histology or from patients who relapsed were only found in Subgroup B. Conclusion We have identified subgroup-specific molecular events that could inform future work supporting more targeted therapeutic approaches and patient stratification. We propose a novel developmental tumour model based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Brzezinski
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sanaa Choufani
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Romao
- Department of Surgery, IWK Hospital, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cheryl Shuman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanna Cunanan
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald Grant
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armando Lorenzo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, IWK Hospital, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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8
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Zhou J, Chen A, Wang Z, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhang H, Wang R, Miao D, Jin J. Bmi-1 determines the stemness of renal stem or progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1165-1172. [PMID: 32819581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal stem or progenitor cells (RSCs), labeled with CD24 and CD133, play an important role during the repair of renal injury. Bmi-1 is a critical factor in regulating stemness of adult stem cells or progenitor cells. To investigate whether Bmi-1 determines the stemness of RSCs by inhibiting p16 and p53, and/or maintaining redox balance, RSCs were isolated, cultured and analyzed for stemness characterizations. In RSCs from Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice and wild type (WT) littermates, self-renewal, stemness, and expressions of molecules for regulating redox balance and cell cycle progression were compared. Self-renewal of RSCs from Bmi-1 and p16 double-knockout (Bmi-1-/-p16-/-), Bmi-1 and p53 double-knockout (Bmi-1-/-p53-/-) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated Bmi-1-/- mice were further analyzed for amelioration. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) were also used for signaling analysis. Our results showed that third-passage RSCs from WT mice had good stemness; Bmi-1 deficiency led to the decreased stemness, and the increased apoptosis for RSCs; NAC treatment or p16/p53 deletion ameliorated the decreased self-renewal of RSCs in Bmi-1 deficiency mice by maintaining redox balance or inhibiting cell cycle arrest respectively; Oxidative stress (OS) could negatively feedback regulate the mRNA expressions of Bmi-1, p16 and p53. In conclusion, Bmi-1 determined the stemness of RSCs through maintaining redox balance and preventing cell cycle arrest. Thus, Bmi-1 signaling molecules would be novel therapeutic targets for maintaining RSCs and hampering the progression of kidney diseases to prevent renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Zhou
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ao Chen
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jin'ge Zhang
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hengzhi Zhang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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9
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Murphy AJ, Chen X, Pinto EM, Williams JS, Clay MR, Pounds SB, Cao X, Shi L, Lin T, Neale G, Morton CL, Woolard MA, Mulder HL, Gil HJ, Rehg JE, Billups CA, Harlow ML, Dome JS, Houghton PJ, Easton J, Zhang J, George RE, Zambetti GP, Davidoff AM. Forty-five patient-derived xenografts capture the clinical and biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5806. [PMID: 31862972 PMCID: PMC6925259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of model systems has limited the preclinical discovery and testing of therapies for Wilms tumor (WT) patients who have poor outcomes. Herein, we establish 45 heterotopic WT patient-derived xenografts (WTPDX) in CB17 scid-/- mice that capture the biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor (WT). Among these 45 total WTPDX, 6 from patients with diffuse anaplastic tumors, 9 from patients who experienced disease relapse, and 13 from patients with bilateral disease are included. Early passage WTPDX show evidence of clonal selection, clonal evolution and enrichment of blastemal gene expression. Favorable histology WTPDX are sensitive, whereas unfavorable histology WTPDX are resistant to conventional chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin-D, and doxorubicin given singly or in combination. This WTPDX library is a unique scientific resource that retains the spectrum of biological heterogeneity present in WT and provides an essential tool to test targeted therapies for WT patient groups with poor outcomes. The progress in pre-clinical drug discovery for Wilms tumor (WT) is limited by a lack of disease models. Here, the authors develop 45 heterotopic WT patient-derived xenografts including several anaplastic models that recapitulate the biological heterogeneity of WT, and propose this as a resource for evaluating future therapeutics for WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave. 2nd floor, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Emilia M Pinto
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Justin S Williams
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christopher L Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mary A Woolard
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather L Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hyea Jin Gil
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Catherine A Billups
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew L Harlow
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Room D640E, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Division of Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rani E George
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Room D640E, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Ave. 2nd floor, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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10
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Chen Y, He J, Su C, Wang H, Chen Y, Guo W, Li Y, Ding G. LINC00461 affects the survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma by acting as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA‑942. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1924-1934. [PMID: 31545458 PMCID: PMC6775798 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of human miR‑942 in the sunitinib‑resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A sunitinib‑resistant OS‑RC‑2 cell line was established by continuous exposure to increasing concentrations of sunitinib for ~12 weeks. The expression levels of four miRNAs were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q)PCR. miR‑942 mimics were transfected into OS‑RC‑2 cells and RNA sequencing was performed on the miR‑942‑ and negative control‑transfected cells. Downregulated genes, including those of long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs, were identified. The target genes of miR‑942 were predicted, followed by protein‑protein interaction network construction and functional enrichment analyses of miR‑942 target genes. In addition, RCC RNA‑seq and miRNA‑seq data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The contributions of lncRNA and/or mRNAs to survival prediction were assessed and a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network consisting of miR‑942, lncRNA and mRNAs was constructed. The expression levels of LINC00461, miR‑942, spalt‑like transcription factor 1 (SALL1), methionyl aminopeptidase 1 (METAP1) and DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 1 (DCAF11) were verified using RT‑qPCR. The role of LINC00461 in cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The expression level of miR‑942 was significantly increased in sunitinib‑resistant cells. A total of seven lncRNAs and 155 mRNAs were predicted as target genes of miR‑942 in the miR‑942 mimic‑treated samples, compared with the mimic control‑treated group. These potential target genes were significantly associated with 'protein binding', 'TNF‑β signaling pathway', 'negative transcriptional regulation' and 'RNA binding'. Through the integrated analysis of RNA‑sequencing and TCGA data, an miR‑942‑related ceRNA network, which was predicted to significantly affect the survival of patients with RCC, was constructed. The expression levels of lncRNA LINC00461 and the genes SALL1, METAP1, and DCAF11 were further verified. The viability of OS‑RC‑2 cells was decreased following co‑transfection with miR‑942 mimics and LINC00641 siRNA, and was comparable to that of wild type OS‑RC‑2 cells (P>0.05). Therefore, lncRNA LINC00461 may act as an miR‑942 ceRNA, and affect the survival of patients with RCC by regulating the expression of SALL1, METAP1 and DCAF11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jinkui He
- Department of Urology, Yiwu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yiwu 322000, P.R. China
| | - Changju Su
- Department of Urology, Yiwu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yiwu 322000, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlei Chen
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yining Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Ding
- Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, P.R. China
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11
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Shukrun R, Golan H, Caspi R, Pode-Shakked N, Pleniceanu O, Vax E, Bar-Lev DD, Pri-Chen S, Jacob-Hirsch J, Schiby G, Harari-Steinberg O, Mark-Danieli M, Dekel B, Toren A. NCAM1/FGF module serves as a putative pleuropulmonary blastoma therapeutic target. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:48. [PMID: 31477684 PMCID: PMC6718423 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric lung neoplasm that recapitulates developmental pathways of early embryonic lungs. As lung development proceeds with highly regulated mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, a DICER1 mutation in PPB generates a faulty lung differentiation program with resultant biphasic tumors composed of a primitive epithelial and mesenchymal stroma with early progenitor blastomatous cells. Deciphering of PPB progression has been hampered by the difficulty of culturing PPB cells, and specifically progenitor blastomatous cells. Here, we show that in contrast with in-vitro culture, establishment of PPB patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in NOD-SCID mice selects for highly proliferating progenitor blastoma overexpressing critical regulators of lung development and multiple imprinted genes. These stem-like tumors were sequentially interrogated by gene profiling to show a FGF module that is activated alongside Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1). Targeting the progenitor blastoma and these transitions with an anti-NCAM1 immunoconjugate (Lorvotuzumab mertansine) inhibited tumor growth and progression providing new paradigms for PPB therapeutics. Altogether, our novel in-vivo PPB xenograft model allowed us to enrich for highly proliferating stem-like cells and to identify FGFR and NCAM1 as two key players that can serve as therapeutic targets in this poorly understood and aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shukrun
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hana Golan
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Hematology Oncology Research Laboratory, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Revital Caspi
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program 2013, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Einav Vax
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dekel D Bar-Lev
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sara Pri-Chen
- The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jasmine Jacob-Hirsch
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ginette Schiby
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Harari-Steinberg
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mark-Danieli
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Amos Toren
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Hematology Oncology Research Laboratory, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, 5262000, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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12
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Hamatani H, Sakairi T, Ikeuchi H, Kaneko Y, Maeshima A, Nojima Y, Hiromura K. TGF‐β1 alters DNA methylation levels in promoter and enhancer regions of the
WT1
gene in human podocytes. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:575-584. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hamatani
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Toru Sakairi
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ikeuchi
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Yoriaki Kaneko
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Akito Maeshima
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nojima
- Department of Rheumatology and NephrologyJapan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital Maebashi Japan
| | - Keiju Hiromura
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyGunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Japan
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13
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Abstract
Wilms tumour is the most common renal malignancy of childhood. The disease is curable in the majority of cases, albeit at considerable cost in terms of late treatment-related effects in some children. However, one in ten children with Wilms tumour will die of their disease despite modern treatment approaches. The genetic changes that underpin Wilms tumour have been defined by studies of familial cases and by unbiased DNA sequencing of tumour genomes. Together, these approaches have defined the landscape of cancer genes that are operative in Wilms tumour, many of which are intricately linked to the control of fetal nephrogenesis. Advances in our understanding of the germline and somatic genetic changes that underlie Wilms tumour may translate into better patient outcomes. Improvements in risk stratification have already been seen through the introduction of molecular biomarkers into clinical practice. A host of additional biomarkers are due to undergo clinical validation. Identifying actionable mutations has led to potential new targets, with some novel compounds undergoing testing in early phase trials. Avenues that warrant further exploration include targeting Wilms tumour cancer genes with a non-redundant role in nephrogenesis and targeting the fetal renal transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Dora Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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14
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Kehl T, Schneider L, Kattler K, Stöckel D, Wegert J, Gerstner N, Ludwig N, Distler U, Tenzer S, Gessler M, Walter J, Keller A, Graf N, Meese E, Lenhof HP. The role of TCF3 as potential master regulator in blastemal Wilms tumors. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1432-1443. [PMID: 30155889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wilms tumors are the most common type of pediatric kidney tumors. While the overall prognosis for patients is favorable, especially tumors that exhibit a blastemal subtype after preoperative chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. For an improved risk assessment and therapy stratification, it is essential to identify the driving factors that are distinctive for this aggressive subtype. In our study, we compared gene expression profiles of 33 tumor biopsies (17 blastemal and 16 other tumors) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The analysis of this dataset using the Regulator Gene Association Enrichment algorithm successfully identified several biomarkers and associated molecular mechanisms that distinguish between blastemal and nonblastemal Wilms tumors. Specifically, regulators involved in embryonic development and epigenetic processes like chromatin remodeling and histone modification play an essential role in blastemal tumors. In this context, we especially identified TCF3 as the central regulatory element. Furthermore, the comparison of ChIP-Seq data of Wilms tumor cell cultures from a blastemal mouse xenograft and a stromal tumor provided further evidence that the chromatin states of blastemal cells share characteristics with embryonic stem cells that are not present in the stromal tumor cell line. These stem-cell like characteristics could potentially add to the increased malignancy and chemoresistance of the blastemal subtype. Along with TCF3, we detected several additional biomarkers that are distinctive for blastemal Wilms tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and that may provide leads for new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kehl
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lara Schneider
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Stöckel
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jenny Wegert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nico Gerstner
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Gessler
- Theodor-Boveri-Institute/Biocenter, Developmental Biochemistry, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Norbert Graf
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Medical School, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Hardy LR, Salvi A, Burdette JE. UnPAXing the Divergent Roles of PAX2 and PAX8 in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080262. [PMID: 30096791 PMCID: PMC6115736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer is a deadly disease that can originate from the fallopian tube or the ovarian surface epithelium. The PAX (paired box) genes PAX2 and PAX8 are lineage-specific transcription factors required during development of the fallopian tube but not in the development of the ovary. PAX2 expression is lost early in serous cancer progression, while PAX8 is expressed ubiquitously. These proteins are implicated in migration, invasion, proliferation, cell survival, stem cell maintenance, and tumor growth. Hence, targeting PAX2 and PAX8 represents a promising drug strategy that could inhibit these pro-tumorigenic effects. In this review, we examine the implications of PAX2 and PAX8 expression in the cell of origin of serous cancer and their potential efficacy as drug targets by summarizing their role in the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Hardy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Amrita Salvi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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16
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Geometry of Gene Expression Space of Wilms' Tumors From Human Patients. Neoplasia 2018; 20:871-881. [PMID: 30029183 PMCID: PMC6076422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor is a pediatric malignancy that is thought to originate from faulty kidney development during the embryonic stage. However, there is a large variation between tumors from different patients in both histology and gene expression that is not well characterized. Here we use a meta-analysis of published microarray datasets to show that Favorable Histology Wilms' Tumors (FHWT's) fill a triangle-shaped continuum in gene expression space of which the vertices represent three idealized “archetypes”. We show that these archetypes have predominantly renal blastemal, stromal, and epithelial characteristics and that they correlate well with the three major lineages of the developing embryonic kidney. Moreover, we show that advanced stage tumors shift towards the renal blastemal archetype. These results illustrate the potential of this methodology for characterizing the cellular composition of Wilms' tumors and for assessing disease progression.
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17
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Zhang MN, Tang QY, Li RM, Song MG. MicroRNA-141-3p/200a-3p target and may be involved in post-transcriptional repression of RNA decapping enzyme Dcp2 during renal development. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1724-1732. [PMID: 29912646 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1486176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The RNA decapping enzyme Dcp2 is a crucial enzyme involved in the process of RNA turnover, which can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Dcp2 has been found to be highly expressed in embryonic, but not adult, kidneys. Here we showed that Dcp2 mRNA was expressed, but Dcp2 proteins were absent, in mouse kidneys after postnatal day 10 (P10). In kidneys of adult Dcp2-IRES-EGFP knock-in mice, Dcp2 was undetectable but EGFP was expressed, indicating that Dcp2 mRNA was not completely silenced in adult kidneys. Using luciferase reporter assays, we found that miR-141-3p/200a-3p directly targeted the 3' UTR of Dcp2 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p downregulated endogenous Dcp2 protein expression. Furthermore, miR-141-3p and miR-200a-3p expression was low in embryonic kidneys but increased dramatically after P10 and was negatively correlated with Dcp2 protein expression during renal development. These results suggest miR-141-3p/200a-3p may be involved in post-transcriptional repression of Dcp2 expression during renal development. ABBREVIATIONS IRES: internal ribosome entry site; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; UTR: untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Nan Zhang
- a Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation , Shanghai , China
| | - Qun-Ye Tang
- b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation , Shanghai , China.,c Department of Urology , Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Rui-Min Li
- a Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation , Shanghai , China
| | - Man-Gen Song
- a Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation , Shanghai , China
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18
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Jia N, Wang J, Li Q, Tao X, Chang K, Hua K, Yu Y, Wong KK, Feng W. DNA methylation promotes paired box 2 expression via myeloid zinc finger 1 in endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84785-84797. [PMID: 27764784 PMCID: PMC5356698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the role of paired box 2 (PAX2) in endometrial cancer and its epigenetic regulation mechanism. Endometrial cancer tissues and cell lines exhibited increased PAX2 expression compared with hyperplasia, normal endometrium and endometrial epithelial cells. Knock-down of PAX2 resulted in reduced cell viability, invasion and migration, and PAX2 overexpression caused the opposite effects. Increased methylation of the PAX2 promoter was observed in both cancer tissues and cell lines and was positively correlated with PAX2 expression. After 5-Aza-CdR treatment, PAX2 mRNA and protein were down-regulated, and PAX2 methylation was decreased. Deletion analysis confirmed that a repressive transcriptional regulatory region of the PAX2 promoter coincided with the hypermethylated region identified in MassARRAY analysis. Binding sites of myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) are predicted in the defined region. Knock-down of MZF1 up-regulated the transcriptional activity and protein level of PAX2 after 5-Aza-CdR treatment, which indicated that MZF1 may act as a repressive transcription factor when the PAX2 promoter is unmethylated. In conclusion, PAX2 is involved in the carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer by stimulating cell growth and promoting cell motility. The overexpression of PAX2 in endometrial cancer is regulated by promoter hypermethylation and the transcription factor MZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaikai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqin Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhua Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kwong-Kwok Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Renal lineage cells as a source for renal regeneration. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:267-274. [PMID: 28985199 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is a highly complex organ, composed of various cell types within a unique structural framework. Nonetheless, in recent years, giant leaps in our understanding of nephrogenesis and the origin of new cells in the adult kidney have resulted in novel routes to regenerate damaged nephrons. While several strategies can be envisioned to achieve this aim, one common theme is the reliance on renal lineage cells, as extrarenal cells, such as bone marrow-derived cells, have been shown to be devoid of renal differentiation capacity. Herein, we will present the main motivation for the pursuit for cell-based therapies, which is the ever growing problem of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and discuss different strategies toward replenishing the damaged renal parenchyma. These include transplantation of fetal kidney grafts or fetal kidney stem cells, directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into kidney epithelia, establishment of renal progenitors from the adult kidney, and genetic reprogramming of mature kidney cells into a progenitor state. Taken together with novel techniques recapitulating the three-dimensional developmental environment, these advances are expected to take the field into a new era, bringing us closer than ever to the day when kidney stem cell-based therapy becomes a viable therapeutic option.
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20
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Karlsson J, Valind A, Jansson C, O'Sullivan MJ, Holmquist Mengelbier L, Gisselsson D. Aberrant epigenetic regulation in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney featuring distinct DNA hypermethylation and EZH2 overexpression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11127-36. [PMID: 26848979 PMCID: PMC4905462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The global methylation profile and the mutational status of 633 specific epigenetic regulators were analyzed in the pediatric tumor clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK). Methylation array analyses of 30 CCSKs revealed CCSK tumor DNA to be globally hypermethylated compared to Wilms tumor, normal fetal kidney, and adult kidney. The aberrant methylation pattern of CCSKs was associated with activation of genes involved in embryonic processes and with silencing of genes linked to normal kidney function. No epigenetic regulator was recurrently mutated in our cohort, but a mutation in the key epigenetic regulator EZH2 was discovered in one case. EZH2 mRNA was significantly higher in CCSK compared to Wilms tumor and normal kidney, and the EZH2 protein was strongly expressed in more than 90 % of CCSK tumor cells in 9/9 tumors analyzed. This was in striking contrast to the lack of EZH2 protein expression in Wilms tumor stromal elements, indicating that EZH2 could be explored further as a diagnostic marker and a potential drug target for CCSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Valind
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - David Gisselsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, University and Regional Laboratories, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Skåne Regional and University Laboratories, Lund, Sweden
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21
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reduce Progression of Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease but Develop Wilms' Tumors. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7428316. [PMID: 28845162 PMCID: PMC5560097 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7428316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSs) on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we sought to assess whether treatment with iPSs retards progression of CKD when compared with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Untreated 5/6 nephrectomized rats were compared with CKD animals receiving BMSCs or iPSs. Renal function, histology, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression were studied. Implanted iPSs were tracked by the SRY gene expression analysis. Both treatments minimized elevation in serum creatinine, significantly improved clearance, and slowed down progression of disease. The proteinuria was reduced only in the iPS group. Both treatments reduced glomerulosclerosis, iPSs decreased macrophage infiltration, and TGF-β was reduced in kidneys from the BMSC group. Both types of treatments increased VEGF gene expression, TGF-β was upregulated only in the iPS group, and IL-10 had low expression in both groups. The SRY gene was found in 5/8 rats treated with iPSs. These 5 animals presented tumors with histology and cells highly staining positive for PCNA and Wilms' tumor protein antibody characteristics of Wilms' tumor. These results suggest that iPSs may be efficient to retard progression of CKD but carry the risk of Wilms' tumor development.
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22
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Bahrami A, Joodi M, Maftooh M, Ferns GA, M. Ahmadi M, Hassanian SM, Avan A. The genetic factors contributing to the development of Wilm's tumor and their clinical utility in its diagnosis and prognosis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2882-2888. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Student Research Committee; Faculty of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Marjan Joodi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center; Sarvar Children's Hospital; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton; Brighton and Sussex Medical School; Sussex UK
| | - Mehrdad M. Ahmadi
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed M. Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Cancer Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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23
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Lv X, Yu Z, Xie C, Dai X, Li Q, Miao D, Jin J. Bmi-1 plays a critical role in the protection from acute tubular necrosis by mobilizing renal stem/progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:742-749. [PMID: 27871857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of injured tubular cell occurs primarily from intrinsic renal stem/progenitor cells (RSCs) labeled with CD24 and CD133 after acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Bmi-1 plays a crucial role in regulating self-renewal, differentiation and aging of multiple adult stem cells and progenitor cells. Bmi-1 was rapidly elevated in the induction of adult kidney regeneration by renal injury. To determine whether Bmi-1 maintained mobilization of RSCs in the protection from ATN, glycerol-rhabdomyolysis-induced ATN were performed in wild type (WT) and Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice. Their ATN phenotypes were analyzed; CD24 and CD133 double positive (CD24+CD133+) cells were measured; and the levels of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected. We found that CD24+CD133+ RSCs were mobilized in WT ATN mice with the increased expression of Bmi-1; Bmi-1 deficiency led to increased tubular cast formation and necrosis, elevated levels of SUN and SCr, decreased tubular proliferation, and immobilized ratio of RSCs in ATN. These findings indicated that Bmi-1 played a critical role in the protection from ATN by maintaining mobilization of RSCs and would be a novel therapeutic target for preventing the progression of ATN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Lv
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yu
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiuliang Dai
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Centre for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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24
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Brok J, Treger TD, Gooskens SL, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Pritchard-Jones K. Biology and treatment of renal tumours in childhood. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:179-195. [PMID: 27969569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, almost 1000 children are diagnosed with a malignant renal tumour each year. The vast majority of cases are nephroblastoma, also known as Wilms' tumour (WT). Most children are treated according to Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) protocols with pre-operative chemotherapy, surgery, and post-operative treatment dependent on stage and histology. Overall survival approaches 90%, but a subgroup of WT, with high-risk histology and/or relapsed disease, still have a much poorer prognosis. Outcome is similarly poor for the rare non-WT, particularly for malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney, metastatic clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK), and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Improving outcome and long-term quality of life requires more accurate risk stratification through biological insights. Biomarkers are also needed to signpost potential targeted therapies for high-risk subgroups. Our understanding of Wilms' tumourigenesis is evolving and several signalling pathways, microRNA processing and epigenetics are now known to play pivotal roles. Most rhabdoid tumours display somatic and/or germline mutations in the SMARCB1 gene, whereas CCSK and paediatric RCC reveal a more varied genetic basis, including characteristic translocations. Conducting early-phase trials of targeted therapies is challenging due to the scarcity of patients with refractory or relapsed disease, the rapid progression of relapse and the genetic heterogeneity of the tumours with a low prevalence of individual somatic mutations. A further consideration in improving population survival rates is the geographical variation in outcomes across Europe. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current biological knowledge of childhood renal tumours alongside the progress achieved through international collaboration. Ongoing collaboration is needed to ensure consistency of outcomes through standardised diagnostics and treatment and incorporation of biomarker research. Together, these objectives constitute the rationale for the forthcoming SIOP-RTSG 'UMBRELLA' study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Brok
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Taryn D Treger
- Cancer Section, University College London, Institute of Child Health, UK
| | - Saskia L Gooskens
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Dissecting Stages of Human Kidney Development and Tumorigenesis with Surface Markers Affords Simple Prospective Purification of Nephron Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23562. [PMID: 27020553 PMCID: PMC4810363 DOI: 10.1038/srep23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
When assembling a nephron during development a multipotent stem cell pool becomes
restricted as differentiation ensues. A faulty differentiation arrest in this
process leads to transformation and initiation of a Wilms’ tumor.
Mapping these transitions with respective surface markers affords accessibility to
specific cell subpopulations. NCAM1 and CD133 have been previously suggested to mark
human renal progenitor populations. Herein, using cell sorting, RNA sequencing,
in vitro studies with serum-free media and in vivo
xenotransplantation we demonstrate a sequential map that links human kidney
development and tumorigenesis; In nephrogenesis,
NCAM1+CD133− marks
SIX2+ multipotent renal stem cells transiting to
NCAM1+CD133+ differentiating segment-specific
SIX2− epithelial progenitors and
NCAM1−CD133+ differentiated nephron
cells. In tumorigenesis, NCAM1+CD133−
marks SIX2+ blastema that includes the ALDH1+ WT
cancer stem/initiating cells, while NCAM1+CD133+ and
NCAM1−CD133+ specifying early and late
epithelial differentiation, are severely restricted in tumor initiation capacity and
tumor self-renewal. Thus, negative selection for CD133 is required for defining
NCAM1+ nephron stem cells in normal and malignant
nephrogenesis.
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26
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De Chiara L, Crean J. Emerging Transcriptional Mechanisms in the Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Cellular Plasticity in the Kidney. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5010006. [PMID: 26771648 PMCID: PMC4730131 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding controversies over the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of renal disease, the last decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of the regulation of renal cell plasticity. Significant parallels undoubtedly exist between ontogenic processes and the initiation and propagation of damage in the diseased kidney as evidenced by the reactivation of developmental programmes of gene expression, in particular with respect to TGFβ superfamily signaling. Indeed, multiple signaling pathways converge on a complex transcriptional regulatory nexus that additionally involves epigenetic activator and repressor mechanisms and microRNA regulatory networks that control renal cell plasticity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that differentiated cells can acquire an undifferentiated state akin to “stemness” which is leading us towards new models of complex cell behaviors and interactions. Here we discuss the latest findings that delineate new and novel interactions between this transcriptional regulatory network and highlight a hitherto poorly recognized role for the Polycomb Repressive Complex (PRC2) in the regulation of renal cell plasticity. A comprehensive understanding of how external stimuli interact with the epigenetic control of gene expression, in normal and diseased contexts, establishes a new therapeutic paradigm to promote the resolution of renal injury and regression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia De Chiara
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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27
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Siddiqi FS, Majumder S, Thai K, Abdalla M, Hu P, Advani SL, White KE, Bowskill BB, Guarna G, Dos Santos CC, Connelly KA, Advani A. The Histone Methyltransferase Enzyme Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protects against Podocyte Oxidative Stress and Renal Injury in Diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:2021-34. [PMID: 26534922 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of oxidative stress is emerging as a critical mediator of diabetic nephropathy. In diabetes, oxidative damage occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and enzymatic antioxidant repair. Here, we investigated the function of the histone methyltransferase enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in attenuating oxidative injury in podocytes, focusing on its regulation of the endogenous antioxidant inhibitor thioredoxin interacting protein (TxnIP). Pharmacologic or genetic depletion of EZH2 augmented TxnIP expression and oxidative stress in podocytes cultured under high-glucose conditions. Conversely, EZH2 upregulation through inhibition of its regulatory microRNA, microRNA-101, downregulated TxnIP and attenuated oxidative stress. In diabetic rats, depletion of EZH2 decreased histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), increased glomerular TxnIP expression, induced podocyte injury, and augmented oxidative stress and proteinuria. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed H3K27me3 enrichment at the promoter of the transcription factor Pax6, which was upregulated on EZH2 depletion and bound to the TxnIP promoter, controlling expression of its gene product. In high glucose-exposed podocytes and the kidneys of diabetic rats, the lower EZH2 expression detected coincided with upregulation of Pax6 and TxnIP. Finally, in a gene expression array, TxnIP was among seven of 30,854 genes upregulated by high glucose, EZH2 depletion, and the combination thereof. Thus, EZH2 represses the transcription factor Pax6, which controls expression of the antioxidant inhibitor TxnIP, and in diabetes, downregulation of EZH2 promotes oxidative stress. These findings expand the extent to which epigenetic processes affect the diabetic kidney to include antioxidant repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhan S Siddiqi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerri Thai
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moustafa Abdalla
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn E White
- Electron Microscopy Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bridgit B Bowskill
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuliana Guarna
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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28
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Bussolati B, Camussi G. Therapeutic use of human renal progenitor cells for kidney regeneration. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:695-706. [PMID: 26241019 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human kidney to repair itself is limited. Consequently, repeated injury can trigger a maladaptive response that is characterized by fibrosis and loss of renal function. The transcription patterns that characterize nephrogenesis in fetal renal progenitor cells (RPCs) are only partially activated during renal repair in adults. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that segment-restricted progenitor resident cells support renal healing in adults. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for the existence of functional human RPCs in adults and their role in renal repair, and consider the controversial issue of whether RPCs are a fixed population or arise through phenotypical plasticity of tubular cells that is mediated by the microenvironment. We also discuss the strategies for generating renal progenitor cells from pluripotent stem cells or differentiated cells and their use in therapy. Finally, we examine preclinical data on the therapeutic use of human fetal cells, adult progenitor cells and adult renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
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29
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Song D, Yue L, Wu G, Ma S, Guo L, Yang H, Liu Q, Zhang D, Xia Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhao W, Guo F, Wang J. Assessment of promoter methylation and expression of SIX2 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in Wilms' tumor. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7591-8. [PMID: 25921281 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the utility of expression and DNA methylation patterns of the sine oculis homeobox homolog 2 (SIX2) gene in early diagnosis and prognosis of Wilms' tumor (WT). Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and survival curve analyses were utilized to measure the expression and DNA methylation patterns of SIX2 in a cohort of WT tissues, with a view to assessing their diagnostic and prognostic value. Relative expression of SIX2 mRNA was higher, while the promoter methylation level was lower in the WT than control group (P < 0.05) and closely associated with poor survival prognosis of WT children (P < 0.05). Increased expression and decreased methylation of SIX2 were correlated with increasing tumor size, clinical stage, vascular invasion, and unfavorable histological differentiation (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.579 for methylation and 0.917 for expression in WT venous blood, indicating higher diagnostic yield of preoperative SIX2 expression. The preoperative venous blood SIX2 expression level serves as an underlying biomarker for early diagnosis of WT. SIX2 overexpression and concomitantly decreased promoter methylation are significantly associated with poor survival of WT children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjian Song
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Yue
- Department of Ultrasonography, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Heying Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuliang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Construction East Road 1, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Wilms' tumor, or nephroblastoma, is the most common pediatric renal cancer. The tumors morphologically resemble embryonic kidneys with a disrupted architecture and are associated with undifferentiated metanephric precursors. Here, we discuss genetic and epigenetic findings in Wilms' tumor in the context of renal development. Many of the genes implicated in Wilms' tumorigenesis are involved in the control of nephron progenitors or the microRNA (miRNA) processing pathway. Whereas the first group of genes has been extensively studied in normal development, the second finding suggests important roles for miRNAs in general-and specific miRNAs in particular-in normal kidney development that still await further analysis. The recent identification of Wilms' tumor cancer stem cells could provide a framework to integrate these pathways and translate them into new or improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hohenstein
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom;
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Charlton
- UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Charlton J, Williams RD, Sebire NJ, Popov S, Vujanic G, Chagtai T, Alcaide-German M, Morris T, Butcher LM, Guilhamon P, Beck S, Pritchard-Jones K. Comparative methylome analysis identifies new tumour subtypes and biomarkers for transformation of nephrogenic rests into Wilms tumour. Genome Med 2015; 7:11. [PMID: 25763109 PMCID: PMC4354990 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wilms tumours (WTs) are characterised by several hallmarks that suggest epimutations such as aberrant DNA methylation are involved in tumour progression: loss of imprinting at 11p15, lack of recurrent mutations and formation of nephrogenic rests (NRs), which are lesions of retained undifferentiated embryonic tissue that can give rise to WTs. METHODS To identify such epimutations, we performed a comprehensive methylome analysis on 20 matched trios of micro-dissected WTs, NRs and surrounding normal kidneys (NKs) using Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Bead Chips and functionally validated findings using RNA sequencing. RESULTS Comparison of NRs with NK revealed prominent tissue biomarkers: 629 differentially methylated regions, of which 55% were hypermethylated and enriched for domains that are bivalent in embryonic stem cells and for genes expressed during development (P = 2.49 × 10(-5)). Comparison of WTs with NRs revealed two WT subgroups; group-2 WTs and NRs were epigenetically indistinguishable whereas group-1 WTs showed an increase in methylation variability, hypomethylation of renal development genes, hypermethylation and relative loss of expression of cell adhesion genes and known and potential new WT tumour suppressor genes (CASP8, H19, MIR195, RB1 and TSPAN32) and was strongly associated with bilateral disease (P = 0.032). Comparison of WTs and NRs to embryonic kidney highlighted the significance of polycomb target methylation in Wilms tumourigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Methylation levels vary during cancer evolution. We have described biomarkers related to WT evolution from its precursor NRs which may be useful to differentiate between these tissues for patients with bilateral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Charlton
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Richard D Williams
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Neil J Sebire
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Sergey Popov
- />The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG UK
| | - Gordan Vujanic
- />Department of Pathology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Tasnim Chagtai
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Marisa Alcaide-German
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Tiffany Morris
- />UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Lee M Butcher
- />UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Paul Guilhamon
- />UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- />UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- />UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
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32
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Akpa MM, Iglesias DM, Chu LL, Cybulsky M, Bravi C, Goodyer PR. Wilms tumor suppressor, WT1, suppresses epigenetic silencing of the β-catenin gene. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2279-88. [PMID: 25331950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is derived from progenitor cells in intermediate mesoderm. During embryogenesis, progenitor cells expressing the Wilms tumor suppressor gene, WT1, are induced to differentiate in response to WNT signals from the ureteric bud. In hereditary Wilms tumors, clonal loss of WT1 precludes the β-catenin pathway response and leads to precancerous nephrogenic rests. We hypothesized that WT1 normally primes progenitor cells for differentiation by suppressing the enhancer of zeste2 gene (EZH2), involved in epigenetic silencing of differentiation genes. In human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells, we show that exogenous WT1B represses EZH2 transcription. This leads to a dramatic decrease in the repressive lysine 27 trimethylation mark on histone H3 that silences β-catenin gene expression. As a result, amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells acquire responsiveness to WNT9b and increase expression of genes that mark the onset of nephron differentiation. Our observations suggest that biallelic loss of WT1 sustains the inhibitory histone methylation state that characterizes Wilms tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle M Akpa
- From the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1 and
| | - Diana M Iglesias
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Lee Lee Chu
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Marta Cybulsky
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Cristina Bravi
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- From the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1 and the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
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33
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Dziedzic K, Pleniceanu O, Dekel B. Kidney stem cells in development, regeneration and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:57-65. [PMID: 25128731 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The generation of nephrons during development depends on differentiation via a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) of self-renewing, tissue-specific stem cells confined to a specific anatomic niche of the nephrogenic cortex. These cells may transform to generate oncogenic stem cells and drive pediatric renal cancer. Once nephron epithelia are formed the view of post-MET tissue renal growth and maintenance by adult tissue-specific epithelial stem cells becomes controversial. Recently, genetic lineage tracing that followed clonal evolution of single kidney cells showed that the need for new cells is constantly driven by fate-restricted unipotent clonal expansions in varying kidney segments arguing against a multipotent adult stem cell model. Lineage-restriction was similarly maintained in kidney organoids grown in culture. Importantly, kidney cells in which Wnt was activated were traced to give significant clonal progeny indicating a clonogenic hierarchy. In vivo nephron epithelia may be endowed with the capacity akin to that of unipotent epithelial stem/progenitor such that under specific stimuli can clonally expand/self renew by local proliferation of mature differentiated cells. Finding ways to ex vivo preserve and expand the observed in vivo kidney-forming capacity inherent to both the fetal and adult kidneys is crucial for taking renal regenerative medicine forward. Some of the strategies used to achieve this are sorting human fetal nephron stem/progenitor cells, growing adult nephrospheres or reprogramming differentiated kidney cells toward expandable renal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Dziedzic
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Oren Pleniceanu
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Tian F, Yourek G, Shi X, Yang Y. The development of Wilms tumor: from WT1 and microRNA to animal models. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:180-7. [PMID: 25018051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wilms tumor recapitulates the development of the kidney and represents a unique opportunity to understand the relationship between normal and tumor development. This has been illustrated by the findings that mutations of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related WT1, β-catenin, and WTX together account for about one-third of Wilms tumor cases. While intense efforts are being made to explore the genetic basis of the other two-thirds of tumor cases, it is worth noting that, epigenetic changes, particularly the loss of imprinting of the DNA region encoding the major fetal growth factor IGF2, which results in its biallelic over-expression, are closely associated with the development of many Wilms tumors. Recent investigations also revealed that mutations of Drosha and Dicer, the RNases required for miRNA generation, and Dis3L2, the 3'-5' exonuclease that normally degrades miRNAs and mRNAs, could cause predisposition to Wilms tumors, demonstrating that miRNA can play a pivotal role in Wilms tumor development. Interestingly, Lin28, a direct target of miRNA let-7 and potent regulator of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, is significantly elevated in some Wilms tumors, and enforced expression of Lin28 during kidney development could induce Wilms tumor. With the success in establishing mice nephroblastoma models through over-expressing IGF2 and deleting WT1, and advances in understanding the ENU-induced rat model, we are now able to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms induced by these genetic, epigenetic, and miRNA alterations in animal models to understand the development of Wilms tumor. These animal models may also serve as valuable systems to assess new treatment targets and strategies for Wilms tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | | | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yili Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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35
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Targeted therapy aimed at cancer stem cells: Wilms' tumor as an example. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:815-23; quiz 821. [PMID: 23760992 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor (WT), a common renal pediatric solid tumor, serves as a model for a malignancy formed by renal precursor cells that have failed to differentiate properly. Here we review recent evidence showing that the tumors' heterogeneous cell population contains a small fraction of cancer stem cells (CSC) identified by two markers: Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (NCAM1) expression and Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) enzymatic activity. In vivo studies show these CSCs to both self-renew and differentiate to give rise to all tumor components. Similar to other malignancies, the identification of a specific CSC fraction has allowed the examination of a novel targeted therapy, aimed at eradicating the CSC population. The loss of CSCs abolishes the tumor's ability to sustain and propagate, hence, causing tumor degradation with minimal damage to normal tissue.
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36
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Iglesias DM, Akpa MM, Goodyer P. Priming the renal progenitor cell. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:705-10. [PMID: 24414605 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney arises from OSR1(+) progenitor cells in the intermediate mesoderm. However, these cells must acquire unique properties before they can respond to inductive signals that launch the differentiation program. Recent data indicate that the transcription factor, WT1, plays a master role in this transition. Interestingly, some of these embryonic nephron progenitor cells are retained in the adult organ where they may participate in tissue regeneration after acute kidney injury. A better understanding of the biology of these cells may one day allow progenitor cell-based therapeutic strategies to help regenerate damaged adult nephrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Iglesias
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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37
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Hascher A, Haase AK, Hebestreit K, Rohde C, Klein HU, Rius M, Jungen D, Witten A, Stoll M, Schulze I, Ogawa S, Wiewrodt R, Tickenbrock L, Berdel WE, Dugas M, Thoennissen NH, Müller-Tidow C. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibition Reverses Epigenetically Embedded Phenotypes in Lung Cancer Preferentially Affecting Polycomb Target Genes. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:814-26. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Xu B, Abourbih S, Sircar K, Kassouf W, Mansure JJ, Aprikian A, Tanguay S, Brimo F. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression is associated with metastasis and adverse clinical outcome in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a comparative study and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:1326-36. [PMID: 24079759 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0525-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone methyltransferase mediating chromatin condensation and epigenetic modulation, is overexpressed in various human carcinomas and is associated with adverse clinicopathologic characteristics and biologic behavior. The expression of EZH2 in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has not been fully characterized yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic role of EZH2 in RCC by analyzing the immunohistochemical staining pattern of the marker in relation to pathologic features and clinical outcome. DESIGN We correlated the immunolabeling of EZH2 with multiple clinicopathologic features, including Fuhrman nuclear grade, pathologic stage, metastatic status, and clinical outcome in 223 clear cell RCCs (CRCCs) and 21 papillary RCCs, by using tissue microarrays of primary and metastatic cases. RESULTS Most CRCCs (75%) showed positive EZH2 staining, with most primary tumors showing focal staining in comparison to nonfocal staining in metastatic cases. In primary tumors, EZH2 expression was associated with higher nuclear grade and lower pathologic stage. Metastatic tumors showed a higher number of positive cases (81% versus 67%) and a more diffuse and more intense pattern of staining than primary CRCCs. For the 22 locally advanced primary tumors (T3/4) and 43 metastatic RCCs, patients who experienced RCC-related deaths significantly overexpressed the marker in comparison to patients who did not experience RCC-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS By showing that EZH2 expression is associated with increased metastatic potential and a worse clinical outcome, this study suggests that EZH2 can serve as a prognostic biomarker for RCC, thus confirming it as a key molecule driving oncogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Xu and Brimo) and Urology (Drs Abourbih, Kassouf, Mansure, Aprikian, and Tanguay), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and the Department of Pathology (Dr Sircar), The University of Texas Maryland Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Patrício P, Ramalho-Carvalho J, Costa-Pinheiro P, Almeida M, Barros-Silva JD, Vieira J, Dias PC, Lobo F, Oliveira J, Teixeira MR, Henrique R, Jeronimo C. Deregulation of PAX2 expression in renal cell tumours: mechanisms and potential use in differential diagnosis. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1048-58. [PMID: 23890189 PMCID: PMC3780547 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of PAX2 (Paired-box 2) is suppressed through promoter methylation at the later stages of embryonic development, but eventually reactivated during carcinogenesis. Pax-2 is commonly expressed in the most prevalent renal cell tumour (RCT) subtypes—clear cell RCC (ccRCC), papillary RCC (pRCC) and oncocytoma—but not in chromophobe RCC (chrRCC), which frequently displays chromosome 10 loss (to which PAX2 is mapped). Herein, we assessed the epigenetic and/or genetic alterations affecting PAX2 expression in RCTs and evaluated its potential as biomarker. We tested 120 RCTs (30 of each main subtype) and four normal kidney tissues. Pax-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and PAX2 mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. PAX2 promoter methylation status was assessed by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Chromosome 10 and PAX2 copy number alterations were determined by FISH. Pax-2 immunoexpression was significantly lower in chrRCC compared to other RCT subtypes. Using a 10% immunoexpression cut-off, Pax-2 immunoreactivity discriminated chrRCC from oncocytoma with 67% sensitivity and 90% specificity. PAX2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in chrRCC, compared to ccRCC, pRCC and oncocytoma, and transcript levels correlated with immunoexpression. Whereas no promoter methylation was found in RCTs or normal kidney, 69% of chrRCC displayed chromosome 10 monosomy, correlating with Pax-2 immunoexpression. We concluded that Pax-2 expression might be used as an ancillary tool to discriminate chrRCC from oncocytomas with overlapping morphological features. The biological rationale lies on the causal relation between Pax-2 expression and chromosome 10 monosomy, but not PAX2 promoter methylation, in chrRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Patrício
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto, Porto, Portugal
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McLaughlin N, Yao X, Li Y, Saifudeen Z, El-Dahr SS. Histone signature of metanephric mesenchyme cell lines. Epigenetics 2013; 8:970-8. [PMID: 23867747 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The metanephric mesenchyme (MM) gives rise to nephrons, the filtering units of the mature kidney. The MM is composed of uninduced (Six2(high)/Lhx1(low)) and induced (Wnt-stimulated, Six2(low)/Lhx1(high)) cells. The global epigenetic state of MM cells is unknown, partly due to technical difficulty in isolating sufficient numbers of homogenous cell populations. We therefore took advantage of two mouse clonal cell lines representing the uninduced (mK3) and induced (mK4) metanephric mesenchyme (based on gene expression profiles and ability to induce branching of ureteric bud). ChIP-Seq revealed that whereas H3K4me3 active region "peaks" are enriched in metabolic genes, H3K27me3 peaks decorate mesenchyme and epithelial cell fate commitment genes. In uninduced mK3 cells, promoters of "stemness" genes (e.g., Six2, Osr1) are enriched with H3K4me3 peaks; these are lost in induced mK4 cells. ChIP-qPCR confirmed this finding and further demonstrated that G9a/H3K9me2 occupy the promoter region of Six2 in induced cells, consistent with the inactive state of transcription. Conversely, genes that mark the induced epithelialized state (e.g., Lhx1, Pax8), transition from a non-permissive to an active chromatin signature in mK3 vs. mK4 cells, respectively. Importantly, stimulation of Wnt signaling in uninduced mK3 cells provokes an active chromatin state (high H3K4me3, low H3K27me3), recruitment of β-catenin, and loss of pre-bound histone methyltransferase Ezh2 in silent induced genes followed by activation of transcription. We conclude that the chromatin signature of uninduced and induced cells correlates strongly with their gene expression states, suggesting a role of chromatin-based mechanisms in MM cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan McLaughlin
- Department of Pediatrics; The Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans, LA USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences Program; The Renal and Hypertension Center of Excellence; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans, LA USA
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Omer D, Harari-Steinberg O, Buzhor E, Metsuyanim S, Pleniceanu O, Zundelevich A, Gal-Yam EN, Dekel B. Chromatin-modifying agents reactivate embryonic renal stem/progenitor genes in human adult kidney epithelial cells but abrogate dedifferentiation and stemness. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:281-92. [PMID: 23841748 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that epigenetic modulation with chromatin-modifying agents can induce stemness and dedifferentiation and increase developmental plasticity. For instance, valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has been shown to promote self-renewal/expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and facilitate the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Previously, we observed that downregulation of embryonic renal stem/progenitor genes in the adult kidney was associated, at least in part, with epigenetic silencing. Therefore, we hypothesized that VPA may alter the expression of these genes and reprogram mature human adult kidney epithelial cells (hKEpCs) to a stem/progenitor-like state. Here, using quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry [fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)] analysis, we show in VPA-treated primary cultures of human adult and fetal kidney significant reinduction of the renal stem/progenitor markers SIX2, OSR1, SALL1, NCAM, and PSA-NCAM. Robust SIX2 mRNA re-expression was confirmed at the protein level by western blot and was associated with epigenetic changes of the histones at multiple sites of the SIX2 promoter leading to gene activation, significantly increased acetylation of histones H4, and methylation of lysine 4 on H3. Furthermore, we could demonstrate synergistic effects of VPA and Wnt antagonists on SIX2 and also OSR1 reinduction. Nevertheless, VPA resulted in upregulation of E-CADHERIN and reduction in VIMENTIN, preventing the skewing of hKEpCs towards a more replicative mesenchymal state required for clonogenic expansion and acquisition of stem cell characters, altogether inducing cell senescence at early passages. These results demonstrating that chromatin-modifying agents prevent dedifferentiation of hKEpCs have important clinical implications as they may limit ex-vivo self-renewal/expansion and possibly the in vivo renal regenerative capacity initiated by dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Omer
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Abstract
The concept of cancer as a stem cell disease has slowly gained ground over the last decade. A 'stem-like' state essentially necessitates that some cells in the developing tumor express the properties of remaining quiescent, self-renewing and regenerating tumors through establishment of aberrant cellular hierarchies. Alternatively, such capacities may also be reacquired through a de-differentiation process. The abnormal cellular differentiation patterns involved during either process during carcinogenesis are likely to be driven through a combination of genetic events and epigenetic regulation. The role(s) of the latter is increasingly being appreciated in acquiring the requisite genomic specificity and flexibility required for phenotypic plasticity, specifically in a context wherein genome sequences are not altered for differentiation to ensue. In this chapter, the recent advances in elucidating epigenetic mechanisms that govern the self-renewal, differentiation and regenerative potentials of cancer stem cells will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila A Bapat
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 007, India,
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43
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Pode-Shakked N, Shukrun R, Mark-Danieli M, Tsvetkov P, Bahar S, Pri-Chen S, Goldstein RS, Rom-Gross E, Mor Y, Fridman E, Meir K, Simon A, Magister M, Kaminski N, Goldmacher VS, Harari-Steinberg O, Dekel B. The isolation and characterization of renal cancer initiating cells from human Wilms' tumour xenografts unveils new therapeutic targets. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 5:18-37. [PMID: 23239665 PMCID: PMC3569651 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are considerable differences in tumour biology between adult and paediatric cancers. The existence of cancer initiating cells/cancer stem cells (CIC/CSC) in paediatric solid tumours is currently unclear. Here, we show the successful propagation of primary human Wilms' tumour (WT), a common paediatric renal malignancy, in immunodeficient mice, demonstrating the presence of a population of highly proliferative CIC/CSCs capable of serial xenograft initiation. Cell sorting and limiting dilution transplantation analysis of xenograft cells identified WT CSCs that harbour a primitive undifferentiated – NCAM1 expressing – “blastema” phenotype, including a capacity to expand and differentiate into the mature renal-like cell types observed in the primary tumour. WT CSCs, which can be further enriched by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, overexpressed renal stemness and genes linked to poor patient prognosis, showed preferential protein expression of phosphorylated PKB/Akt and strong reduction of the miR-200 family. Complete eradication of WT in multiple xenograft models was achieved with a human NCAM antibody drug conjugate. The existence of CIC/CSCs in WT provides new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond and LiliSafra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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The pluripotent renal stem cell regulator SIX2 is activated in renal neoplasms and influences cellular proliferation and migration. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:336-45. [PMID: 22995329 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal renal mesenchyme contains pluripotent progenitor cells characterized by expression of SIX2, which suppresses cellular differentiation. Additionally hypomethylation of the promotor region in renal neoplasms indicates a role of SIX2 in tumorigenesis. This study focuses therefore on the investigation of SIX2 in different renal neoplasms and the mode and consequences of SIX2 activation. Expression of SIX2 was determined in renal cell carcinomas, nephroblastomas, and dysplastic kidneys using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Its potential mode of activation was assessed by measuring upstream activators by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and the level of methylation of the promoter region by quantitative DNA methylation analysis. Consequences of SIX2 activation were investigated by overexpressing SIX2 in a cell line. Forty-seven of 49 renal clear cell carcinomas showed nuclear staining of SIX2, whereas all papillary carcinomas were negative. In nephroblastomas of various subtypes blastema showed a significant up-regulation (P < .01) and a strong nuclear protein expression of SIX2 in contrast to negative epithelial and mesenchymal areas. 11 cases of dysplastic kidneys were entirely negative. Upstream activators of SIX2 indicated an activation of the signal transduction pathway in most samples. No difference of promoter methylation status was observed between blastema and epithelial structures. A significantly higher percentage of cells in the S-phase and an increased migration were detected in the cell-line overexpressing SIX2. Our study suggests that activation of SIX2 might contribute to the pathogenesis of renal clear cell carcinomas and nephroblastomas. SIX2 also appears to be a valuable marker for minimal residual blastema contributing to the prognosis of nephroblastomas.
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Murphy AJ, Pierce J, de Caestecker C, Taylor C, Anderson JR, Perantoni AO, de Caestecker MP, Lovvorn HN. SIX2 and CITED1, markers of nephronic progenitor self-renewal, remain active in primitive elements of Wilms' tumor. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:1239-49. [PMID: 22703800 PMCID: PMC3377935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SIX2 and CITED1 are transcriptional regulators that specify self-renewing nephronic progenitor cells of the embryonic kidney. We hypothesized that SIX2, which promotes and maintains this stem cell population, and CITED1 remain active in Wilms' tumor (WT). METHODS To evaluate expression domains and the pathogenic significance of SIX2 and CITED1 across WT, the Children's Oncology Group provided 40 WT specimens of stages I to IV (n = 10 per stage), which were enriched for unfavorable histology (n = 20) and treatment failure (relapse or death, n = 20). SIX2 and CITED1 protein expression was evaluated qualitatively (immunohistochemistry) and quantitatively (Western blot, or WB). Gene transcription was estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS SIX2 was visualized by immunohistochemistry in 36 (94.7%) of 38 specimens. Protein and messenger RNA expression of SIX2 were quantitatively similar across all stages of disease (P = .48 WB; P = 0.38 qPCR), in favorable or unfavorable histology (P = 0.51 WB; P = 0.58 qPCR), and in treatment failure or success (P = 0.86 WB; P = 0.49 qPCR). Although CITED1 expression paralleled SIX2 qualitatively, no quantitative correlation between SIX2 and CITED1 expression was observed (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.28; P = 0.08). As in the fetal kidney, overlapping, but also distinct, WT cellular expression domains were observed between SIX2 and CITED1. CONCLUSION SIX2 and CITED1 remain active across all disease characteristics of WT. Activity of these genes in WT potentially identifies a population of self-renewing cancer cells that exhibit an embryonic, stemlike phenotype. Taken together, these transcriptional regulators may be fundamental to WT cellular self-renewal and may represent targets for novel therapies that promote terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Murphy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Janene Pierce
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Christian de Caestecker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - Chase Taylor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
| | - James R. Anderson
- Department of Biostatistics, Children’s Oncology Group and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Mark P. de Caestecker
- Departments of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Harold N. Lovvorn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN
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Bussolati B, Dekel B, Azzarone B, Camussi G. Human renal cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:141-6. [PMID: 22587951 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), isolated in renal carcinomas, exhibit tumor-initiating capabilities and pluripotency. No specific CSC markers have been identified so far; therefore, their characterization is mainly based on functional studies. As they are resistant to chemo and radio therapy, renal CSCs may have a relevant role in tumor establishment, progression, and recurrence. CSCs were also shown to contribute to intra-tumor vasculogenesis through an endothelial differentiation and to favor the generation of the pre-metastatic niche through the release of exosomes/microvesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Experimental Medicine and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Italy
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Hernandez-Vargas H, Sincic N, Ouzounova M, Herceg Z. Epigenetic signatures in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Epigenomics 2012; 1:261-80. [PMID: 22122702 DOI: 10.2217/epi.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological properties of pluripotency in stem cells and the processes of cell specialization are governed by epigenetic mechanisms, as they are inheritable but not dependent on the cell genotype. There is cumulating evidence demonstrating the presence of cells with stem cell properties within tumors, suggesting that these cells are responsible for tumor growth and heterogeneity. As epigenetic control of self-renewal and pluripotency is a hallmark of stem cells, there is increased interest in studying similar epigenetic mechanisms governing these stemness properties in cancer stem cells. Here we will review the evidence supporting a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the induction of cancer stem cells, with an emphasis on the epigenetic regulatory networks involved in the establishment of normal self-renewal and pluripotency, and their potential deregulation in cancer. We will also discuss the data supporting the plasticity of these mechanisms and its potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, Lyon cedex 08, France
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Pode-Shakked N, Dekel B. Wilms tumor--a renal stem cell malignancy? Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1535-43. [PMID: 21499773 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor (WT; nephroblastoma) is the most common pediatric renal malignancy and rated fourth in overall incidence among childhood cancers. It is viewed as a prototype of differentiation failure in human neoplasia as it recapitulates the histology of the nephrogenic zone of the growing fetal kidney. The cellular origin of WT is unclear. However, recent genomic, genetic and epigenetic studies point to an early renal stem/progenitor cell that undergoes malignant transformation as the source for WT. In this context, classical WT shares genes and pathways activated in progenitors committed to the renal lineage. However, direct proof and characterization of the WT initiating cell have remained elusive. Novel methodologies recently adopted from the cancer stem cell scientific field, including the analysis of sorted single human tumor cells, have been applied to WT. These have enabled the identification of cell sub-populations that show similarities-in terms of molecular marker expression-to human fetal kidney progenitors and are, therefore, likely to be derivatives of the same lineage. Further elucidation of the WT cancer stem cell or the cell of origin in human tumors and in transgenic mouse models that generate murine tumors may not only provide novel therapeutic targets but also shed light on the normal kidney stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Pode-Shakked
- Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Edmond & Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Ningxia Z, Shuyan L, Zhongjing S, Ling C, Tianzhong M, Lifeng W, Yan Y, Leili L, Xiancai C, Haibin C. The expression pattern of polycomb group protein Ezh2 during mouse embryogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1150-7. [PMID: 21630475 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) family proteins are required for the stability of homeotic selector genes and other genes related to the regulation of mammalian development through their roles in the modulation of chromatin domains. Among them, the mammalian enhancer zeste homologue 2 (Ezh2) contributes to the transcriptional repression of these genes. Previous studies tracked the Ezh2 expression at cDNA and mRNA levels during mouse development. However, little information is known about the expression patterns of Ezh2 at the protein levels. In this study, the embryos (E6.5-E18.5) obtained through timed matings of strain Kunming mice were inserted into paraffin blocks. Tissue microarrays were constructed and followed by subsequent immunohistochemical staining. The positive cells were identified and scored based on both the percentage of stained cells and their staining intensities. Ezh2 protein expression was found throughout the embryonic tissues including the nerves, intestine epithelial, liver, pancreas, renal tubule, and lungs. Its expression level was higher at early embryonic developmental stages. However, the nerve fibers and myocardium showed weak or no immunostaining reactivities. Ezh2 protein was moderately expressed in the nuclei of renal tubule epithelial cells at E14.5. In contrast, it was weakly expressed in the fetal kidneys at E18.5 and the protein was localized in the cytoplasm of the renal tubule epithelial cells. Our data confirmed that Ezh2 protein was expressed in mouse embryos and its expression exhibited tissue specificity and dependence on the stages of embryo development. thus providing new information helpful for understanding the possible roles of Ezh2 in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ningxia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Shantou University, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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50
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Harari-Steinberg O, Pleniceanu O, Dekel B. Selecting the optimal cell for kidney regeneration: fetal, adult or reprogrammed stem cells. Organogenesis 2011; 7:123-34. [PMID: 21519195 DOI: 10.4161/org.7.2.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) or stage 5 CKD ensues when renal function deteriorates to under 15% of the normal range. ESRD requires either dialysis or, preferentially, a kidney organ allograft, which is severely limited due to organ shortage for transplantation. To combat this situation, one needs to either increase supply of organs or decrease their demand. Two strategies therefore exist: for those that have completely lost their kidney function (ESRD), we will need to supply new kidneys. Taking into account the kidneys' extremely complex structure, this may prove to be impossible in the near future. In contrast, for those patients that are in the slow progression route from CKD to ESRD but still have functional kidneys, we might be able to halt progression by introducing stem cell therapy to diseased kidneys to rejuvenate or regenerate individual cell types. Multiple cell compartments that fall into three categories are likely to be worthy targets for cell repair: vessels, stroma (interstitium) and nephron epithelia. Different stem/progenitor cells can be linked to regeneration of specific cell types; hematopoietic progenitors and hemangioblastic cell types have specific effects on the vascular niche (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis). Multipotent stromal cells (MSC), whether derived from the bone marrow or isolated from the kidney's non-tubular compartment, may, in turn, heal nephron epithelia via paracrine mechanisms. Nevertheless, as we now know that all of the above lack nephrogenic potential, we should continue our quest to derive genuine nephron (epithelial) progenitors from differentiated pluripotent stem cells, from fetal and adult kidneys and from directly reprogrammed somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Harari-Steinberg
- The Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University, Israel
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