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Patel S, Storey PP, Barakat MR, Hershberger V, Bridges WZ, Eichenbaum DA, Lally DR, Boyer DS, Bakri SJ, Roy M, Paggiarino DA. Phase I DAVIO Trial: EYP-1901 Bioerodible, Sustained-Delivery Vorolanib Insert in Patients With Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100527. [PMID: 38881599 PMCID: PMC11179418 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate safety and tolerability of EYP-1901, an intravitreal insert containing vorolanib, a pan-VEGF receptor inhibitor packaged in a bioerodible delivery technology (Durasert E™) for sustained delivery, in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) previously treated with anti-VEGF therapy. Design Phase I, multicenter, prospective, open-label, dose-escalation trial. Participants Patients with wAMD and evidence of prior anti-VEGF therapy response. Methods Patients received a single intravitreal injection of EYP-1901. Main Outcome Measures The primary objective was to evaluate safety and tolerability of EYP-1901. Secondary objectives assessed biologic activity of EYP-1901 including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CST). Exploratory analyses included reduction in anti-VEGF treatment burden and supplemental injection-free rates. Results Seventeen patients enrolled in the 440 μg (3 patients), 1030 μg (1 patient), 2060 μg (8 patients), and 3090 μg (5 patients) dose cohorts. No dose-limiting toxicity, ocular serious adverse events (AEs), or systemic AEs related to EYP-1901 were observed. There was no evidence of ocular or systemic toxicity related to vorolanib or the delivery technology. Moderate ocular treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) included reduced visual acuity (2/17) and retinal exudates (3/17). One patient with reduced BCVA had 3 separate reductions of 17, 18, and 16 letters, and another had a single drop of 25 letters. One severe TEAE, neovascular AMD (i.e., worsening/progressive disease activity), was reported in 1 of 17 study eyes but deemed unrelated to treatment. Mean change from baseline in BCVA was -1.8 letters and -5.4 letters at 6 and 12 months. Mean change from baseline in CST was +1.7 μm and +2.4 μm at 6 and 12 months. Reduction in treatment burden was 74% and 71% at 6 and 12 months. Of 16 study eyes, 13, 8, and 5 were injection-free up to 3, 6, and 12 months. Conclusion In the DAVIO trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT04747197), EYP-1901 had a favorable safety profile and was well tolerated in previously treated eyes with wAMD. Measures of biologic activity remained relatively stable following a single EYP-1901 injection. These preliminary data support ongoing phase II and planned phase III trials to assess efficacy and safety. Financial Disclosures The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Patel
- Retina Research Institute of Texas, West Texas Retina Consultants, Abilene, Texas
| | - Philip P Storey
- Austin Retina Associates, University of Texas Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Mark R Barakat
- Retina Macula Institute of Arizona; University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | | | - David R Lally
- New England Retina Consultants, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - David S Boyer
- Retina Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sophie J Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Monica Roy
- EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Watertown, Massachusetts
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Rowe LW, Ciulla TA. Long-acting delivery and therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38953649 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2374869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) represents a leading cause of severe visual impairment in individuals over 50 years of age in developed nations. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections have become the standard of care for treating nAMD; however, monthly or bimonthly dosing represents significant time and cost burden due to the disease's chronic nature and limited medication half-life. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes innovative therapeutics and delivery methods for nAMD. Emerging methods for extended drug delivery include high molar concentration anti-VEGF drugs, intravitreal sustained-release polymers and devices, reservoirs for intravitreal delivery, suprachoroidal delivery of small molecular suspensions and gene therapy biofactories. In addition to VEGF-A, therapies targeting inhibition of VEGF-C and D, the angiopoetin-2 (Ang-2)/Tie-2 pathway, tyrosine kinases, and integrins are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The evolving therapeutic landscape of nAMD is rapidly expanding our toolkit for effective and durable treatment. Recent FDA approvals of faricimab (Vabysmo) and high-dose aflibercept (Eylea HD) for nAMD with potential extension of injection intervals up to four months have been promising developments for patients and providers alike. Further research and innovation, including novel delivery techniques and pharmacologic targets, is necessary to validate the efficacy of developing therapeutics and characterize real-world outcomes, demonstrating promise in expanding treatment durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W Rowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Retina Service, Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bakri SJ, Lynch J, Howard-Sparks M, Saint-Juste S, Saim S. Vorolanib, sunitinib, and axitinib: A comparative study of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors and their anti-angiogenic effects. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304782. [PMID: 38833447 PMCID: PMC11149885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathological angiogenesis and vascular instability are observed in diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic macular edema (DME), and wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Many receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) contribute to angiogenesis, whereas the RTK TIE2 is important for vascular stability. Pan-VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as vorolanib, sunitinib, and axitinib are of therapeutic interest over current antibody treatments that target only one or two ligands. This study compared the anti-angiogenic potential of these TKIs. METHODS A kinase HotSpot™ assay was conducted to identify TKIs inhibiting RTKs associated with angiogenesis and vascular stability. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for VEGFRs and TIE2 was determined for each TKI. In vitro angiogenesis inhibition was investigated using a human umbilical vein endothelial cell sprouting assay, and in vivo angiogenesis was studied using the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Melanin binding was assessed using a melanin-binding assay. Computer modeling was conducted to understand the TIE2-axitinib complex as well as interactions between vorolanib and VEGFRs. RESULTS Vorolanib, sunitinib, and axitinib inhibited RTKs of interest in angiogenesis and exhibited pan-VEGFR inhibition. HotSpot™ assay and TIE2 IC50 values showed that only axitinib potently inhibited TIE2 (up to 89%). All three TKIs effectively inhibited angiogenesis in vitro. In vivo, TKIs were more effective at inhibiting VEGF-induced angiogenesis than the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab. Of the three TKIs, only sunitinib bound melanin. TKIs differ in their classification and binding to VEGFRs, which is important because type II inhibitors have greater selectivity than type I TKIs. CONCLUSIONS Vorolanib, sunitinib, and axitinib exhibited pan-VEGFR inhibition and inhibited RTKs associated with pathological angiogenesis. Of the three TKIs, only axitinib potently inhibited TIE2 which is an undesired trait as TIE2 is essential for vascular stability. The findings support the use of vorolanib for therapeutic inhibition of angiogenesis observed in DR, DME, and wAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J. Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeff Lynch
- EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Stephan Saint-Juste
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Said Saim
- EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Beckermann KE, Bestvina CM, El Osta B, Sanborn RE, Borghaei H, Lammers PE, Selvaggi G, Whisenant JG, Heimann-Nichols E, Berry L, Hsu CY, Shyr Y, Horn L, Wakelee H. A Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Activity of Nivolumab in Combination With Vorolanib, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Refractory Thoracic Tumors. JTO Clin Res Rep 2024; 5:100619. [PMID: 38328473 PMCID: PMC10847019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeting the tumor microenvironment may enhance response to immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors) and improve outcomes for patients. This study tested the safety and efficacy of vorolanib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and c-KIT, in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 blockade using nivolumab for refractory thoracic malignancies. Methods This single-arm multicenter study enrolled patients with extensive-stage SCLC, thymic carcinoma, and NSCLC, either naive or had progressed on previous chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors (either primary or acquired resistance). The primary objective of phase 1 was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, and the primary end point for each dose-expansion cohort was the objective response rate. Results A total of 88 patients were enrolled in phase 1 (n = 11) and dose expansion (n = 77) cohorts. Transaminitis was dose-limiting and expansion proceeded with oral vorolanib 200 mg daily combined with intravenous nivolumab 240 mg every 2 weeks. The objective response rate per cohort were as follows: NSCLC naive 33% (five of 15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13%-60%), NSCLC primary refractory 5.9% (one of 17, 95% CI: 0%-17.6%), NSCLC acquired resistance 11.1% (two of 18, 95% CI: 0%-27.8%); SCLC 0% (zero of 18), and thymic carcinoma 11% (one of nine, 95% CI: 0%-33%). Disease control rate ranged from 11.1% in SCLC (two of 18, 0%-27.8%) to 66.7 % in thymic carcinoma (six of nine, 95% CI: 33.3%-100%). The most common adverse events were fatigue (32%), aspartate transaminase (27%) and alanine transaminase elevation (25%), and diarrhea (19%). Transaminitis was more common in patients with thymic carcinoma than other tumors. Conclusions Vorolanib plus nivolumab had a manageable safety profile and may have clinical benefits in various thoracic malignancies. The disease control rate in thymic malignancies warrants further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Beckermann
- Department of Internal Medicine. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Badi El Osta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rachel E. Sanborn
- Providence Cancer Institute, Earle E. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hossein Borghaei
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Jennifer G. Whisenant
- Department of Internal Medicine. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ellen Heimann-Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lynne Berry
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chih-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Leora Horn
- Department of Internal Medicine. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Heather Wakelee
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanford, California
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Shughoury A, Bhatwadekar A, Jusufbegovic D, Hajrasouliha A, Ciulla TA. The evolving therapeutic landscape of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:969-985. [PMID: 37578843 PMCID: PMC10592121 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2247987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Recent decades have seen rapid progress in the management of diabetic eye disease, evolving from pituitary ablation to photocoagulation and intravitreal pharmacotherapy. The advent of effective intravitreal drugs inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) marked a new era in DR therapy. Sustained innovation has since produced several promising biologics targeting angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. AREAS COVERED This review surveys traditional, contemporary, and emerging therapeutics for DR, with an emphasis on anti-VEGF therapies, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway inhibitors, integrin pathway inhibitors, gene therapy 'biofactory' approaches, and novel systemic therapies. Some of these investigational therapies are being delivered intravitreally via sustained release technologies for extended durability. Other investigational agents are being delivered non-invasively via topical and systemic routes. These strategies hold promise for early and long-lasting treatment of DR. EXPERT OPINION The evolving therapeutic landscape of DR is rapidly expanding our toolkit for the effective and durable treatment of blinding eye disease. However, further research is required to validate the efficacy of novel therapeutics and characterize real world outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Denis Jusufbegovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Amir Hajrasouliha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46290
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA 30005
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Jiang D, Xu T, Zhong L, Liang Q, Hu Y, Xiao W, Shi J. Research progress of VEGFR small molecule inhibitors in ocular neovascular diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115535. [PMID: 37285684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the biological process in which existing blood vessels generate new ones and it is essential for body growth and development, wound healing, and granulation tissue formation. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) is a crucial cell membrane receptor that binds to VEGF to regulate angiogenesis and maintenance. Dysregulation of VEGFR signaling can lead to several diseases, such as cancer and ocular neovascular disease, making it a crucial research area for disease treatment. Currently, anti-VEGF drugs commonly used in ophthalmology are mainly four macromolecular drugs, Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Conbercept and Aflibercept. Although these drugs are relatively effective in treating ocular neovascular diseases, their macromolecular properties, strong hydrophilicity, and poor blood-eye barrier penetration limit their efficacy. However, VEGFR small molecule inhibitors possess high cell permeability and selectivity, allowing them to traverse and bind to VEGF-A specifically. Consequently, they have a shorter duration of action on the target, and they offer significant therapeutic benefits to patients in the short term. Consequently, there is a need to develop small molecule inhibitors of VEGFR to target ocular neovascularization diseases. This review summarizes the recent developments in potential VEGFR small molecule inhibitors for the targeted treatment of ocular neovascularization diseases, with the aim of providing insights for future studies on VEGFR small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611756, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China.
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, 610083, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Raith F, O’Donovan DH, Lemos C, Politz O, Haendler B. Addressing the Reciprocal Crosstalk between the AR and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032289. [PMID: 36768610 PMCID: PMC9917236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction in androgen synthesis and the blockade of the androgen receptor (AR) function by chemical castration and AR signaling inhibitors represent the main treatment lines for the initial stages of prostate cancer. Unfortunately, resistance mechanisms ultimately develop due to alterations in the AR pathway, such as gene amplification or mutations, and also the emergence of alternative pathways that render the tumor less or, more rarely, completely independent of androgen activation. An essential oncogenic axis activated in prostate cancer is the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, as evidenced by the frequent alterations of the negative regulator phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and by the activating mutations in PI3K subunits. Additionally, crosstalk and reciprocal feedback loops between androgen signaling and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade that activate pro-survival signals and play an essential role in disease recurrence and progression have been evidenced. Inhibitors addressing different players of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have been evaluated in the clinic. Only a limited benefit has been reported in prostate cancer up to now due to the associated side effects, so novel combination approaches and biomarkers predictive of patient response are urgently needed. Here, we reviewed recent data on the crosstalk between AR signaling and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the selective inhibitors identified, and the most advanced clinical studies, with a focus on combination treatments. A deeper understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in disease progression and treatment resistance is essential to further guide therapeutic approaches with improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Raith
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel H. O’Donovan
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Lemos
- Bayer Research and Innovation Center, Bayer US LLC, 238 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Oliver Politz
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-2215-41198
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Wen J, Wang S, Guo R, Liu D. CSF1R inhibitors are emerging immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bagegni NA, Park H, Kraft K, O-Toole M, Gao F, Waqar SN, Ratner L, Morgensztern D, Devarakonda S, Amin M, Baggstrom MQ, Liang C, Selvaggi G, Wang-Gillam A. Phase 1b trial of anti-VEGF/PDGFR vorolanib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:487-497. [PMID: 35247086 PMCID: PMC8956523 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Vorolanib is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-angiogenic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerability, safety and efficacy of vorolanib when added to checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods We conducted a phase 1b study of vorolanib (300 or 400 mg orally once daily) plus pembrolizumab or nivolumab using a standard 3 + 3 design to determine the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). The endpoints included safety, toxicity and objective response rate, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (RECIST 1.1). Results Sixteen patients (9 in pembrolizumab arm, 7 in nivolumab arm) with gastrointestinal or lung cancers were enrolled. All patients had at least 1 treatment-related adverse event (TRAE). The most common TRAEs across all cohorts were lymphopenia (n = 7), leukopenia (n = 5), fatigue (n = 5), and alanine aminotransferase elevation (n = 5); most toxicities were grade (G) 1–2. DLTs were reported in 3 patients at vorolanib 400 mg dose level, with G3 aspartate aminotransferase elevation, G3 rectal hemorrhage, and G3 rash. Of 13 total response-evaluable patients, 2 patients had confirmed partial responses (1 rectal squamous cell cancer and 1 small cell lung cancer). Two patients achieved prolonged stable disease. Vorolanib 300 mg daily was determined to be the RP2D for either pembrolizumab or nivolumab. Conclusion Combination vorolanib 300 mg orally once daily plus CPI appears to be a feasible regimen with manageable toxicity and promising efficacy in select tumor types. NCT03511222. Date of Registration: April 18, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusayba A Bagegni
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haeseong Park
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katlyn Kraft
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maura O-Toole
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saiama N Waqar
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Morgensztern
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siddhartha Devarakonda
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manik Amin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Maria Q Baggstrom
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chris Liang
- Xcovery Holdings, Inc., North Palm Beach, USA
| | | | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Division of Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Vorolanib, a novel tyrosine receptor kinase receptor inhibitor with potent preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:577-584. [PMID: 35252556 PMCID: PMC8861424 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vorolanib (CM082) is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with a short half-life and limited tissue accumulation that has been shown to reduce choroidal neovascularization in rats. In this preclinical study, vorolanib demonstrated competitive binding and inhibitory activities with KDR, PDGFRβ, FLT3, and C-Kit, and inhibited RET and AMPKα1 more weakly than sunitinib, indicating more stringent kinase selectivity. Vorolanib inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HUVEC tube formation in vitro. In mouse xenograft models, vorolanib inhibited tumor growth of MV-4-11, A549, 786-O, HT-29, BxPC-3, and A375 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Complete tumor regression was achieved in the MV-4-11 xenograft model. No significant toxicities were observed in vorolanib groups, whereas a significant negative impact on body weights was observed in the sunitinib group at a dose of 40 mg/kg qd. Overall, vorolanib is a novel multi-kinase receptor inhibitor with potent preclinical anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity that is potentially less toxic than other similar kinase inhibitors.
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Zheng X, Gao H, Zhang Y, Cui X, Jia R, Xue J, Tang W, Wang Y, Li H, Chen X, Wang H. Development of a rapid and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous quantitation of Vorolanib and its metabolite in human plasma and application to a pharmacokinetics study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 199:114034. [PMID: 33774456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vorolanib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS assay was developed and fully validated for simultaneous quantification of vorolanib and its main metabolite X297 in human plasma. The two analytes were extracted from K2-EDTA plasma samples by protein precipitation (PP) with acetonitrile, and chromatographically separated on a C18 reverse-phase column using a gradient elution. A SCIEX 5500 QTRAP® mass spectrometer system was operated in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (MRM) and all components were detected using positive electrospray ionization (ESI). The results successfully demonstrated that the method had satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, and selectivity in the concentration ranges of vorolanib (1.00-1000 ng/mL) and X297 (0.500-500 ng/mL). In this study, two concentration related peaks in the vorolanib and X297 detection channels were observed, which were speculated to be isomers of vorolanib and X297. In order to standardize the sample pretreatment process, the effect of lamp light and pH on the isomer reconversion was evaluated. The results indicated, that the exposure of samples to lamp light during the handling procedures, did not cause the conversion of the isomers. For the first time a robust and specific ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the high-throughput quantification of vorolanib and X297 in human plasma was established and validated following bioanalytical validation guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied to clinical trials evaluating the pharmacokinetics of vorolanib tablets in Chinese advanced solid tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huitao Gao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanbao Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinge Cui
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ranran Jia
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junli Xue
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Wenbo Tang
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, China
| | - Hua Li
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, China
| | | | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Vorolanib (X-82), an oral anti-VEGFR/PDGFR/CSF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with everolimus in solid tumors: results of a phase I study. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1298-1305. [PMID: 33738668 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combined with mTOR inhibitors, like everolimus, result in significant responses and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) among patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [1]. However, everolimus doses >5 mg are often not tolerated when combined with other TKIs2,3. Vorolanib (X-82), an oral anti-VEGFR/platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)/colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) multitarget TKI, has a short half-life and limited tissue accumulation. We conducted a Phase 1 study of vorolanib with everolimus (10 mg daily) in patients with solid tumors. Methods A 3 + 3 dose escalation design was utilized to determine dose limiting toxicities (DLT) and recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) of vorolanib/everolimus. Oral vorolanib at 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 mg was combined with 10 mg oral everolimus daily. The phase 2 portion was terminated after enrolling two patients due to funding. Results Eighteen patients were evaluable for DLT among 22 treated subjects. Observed DLTs were grade 3 fatigue, hypophosphatemia, and mucositis. The RP2D is vorolanib 300 mg with everolimus 10 mg daily. In 15 patients evaluable for response, three had partial response (PR; 2 RCC, 1 neuroendocrine tumor [NET]) and eight had stable disease (SD; 2 RCC, 6 NET). Conclusions Vorolanib can safely be combined with everolimus. Encouraging activity is seen in RCC and NET. Further studies are warranted. Trial Registration Number: NCT01784861.
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Song Y, Wang J, Ren X, Jin J, Mao L, Liang C, Ding L, Yang L. Vorolanib, an oral VEGFR/PDGFR dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors: An open-label, phase I dose escalation and dose expansion trial. Chin J Cancer Res 2021; 33:103-114. [PMID: 33707933 PMCID: PMC7941683 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the safety and preliminary efficacy of vorolanib, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods During dose escalation, patients received increasing doses of oral vorolanib (50−250 mg once daily) in cycles of four weeks for up to one year. During dose expansion, patients received recommended doses (100 and 200 mg) in 4-week cycles. The primary endpoint was to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose and/or the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). The severity and type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The second endpoint was preliminary efficacy in terms of objective response and progression-free survival (PFS). Results No dose-limiting toxicity occurred during dose escalation (50−250 mg). Five (26.3%) patients in the escalation cohort (n=19) and 12 (48.0%) in the expansion cohort (n=25) experienced grade 3 ADRs. The most common ADRs were hair color changes, fatigue, portal hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and proteinuria. During dose expansion, the patients treated with 200 mg and 100 mg (once daily) showed an objective response rate of 22.2% and 5.9%, respectively; the disease control rate was 88.9% and 73.3%, respectively; the median PFS was 9.9 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 7.4−not reached] months and 3.8 (95% CI: 1.9−not reached) months, respectively. Conclusions Oral vorolanib at a dose of 200 mg (once daily) exhibited an acceptable safety profile and favorable clinical benefit for patients with advanced solid tumors. The RP2D for vorolanib was determined to be 200 mg as a daily regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jinwan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Li Mao
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Chris Liang
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Lieming Ding
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Cohen MN, O'Shaughnessy D, Fisher K, Cerami J, Awh CC, Salazar DE, Rosenfeld P, Heier JS. APEX: a phase II randomised clinical trial evaluating the safety and preliminary efficacy of oral X-82 to treat exudative age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:716-722. [PMID: 32586932 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The safety and efficacy of X-82, an orally administered inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor, was investigated for treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a phase II clinical trial. METHODS This phase II, randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial enrolled subjects with a prior diagnosis of exudative AMD having received at least two intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF therapy. Subjects were randomised equally into four groups that received either daily 50mg, 100mg or 200mg dosages of X-82 or a placebo tablet. At each 4-week interval visit for 52 weeks, subjects were to be assessed to determine if rescue treatment was needed with anti-VEGF therapy. RESULTS 157 patients were enrolled. Due to gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary adverse events and the fulfilment of the primary endpoint, the trial was stopped prematurely after a second interim analysis. The primary endpoint of non-inferiority of visual acuity compared with placebo was demonstrated in all groups receiving X-82 (p<0.001). There was a dose-dependent trend in the number of injections over a 52-week period, with the 50 mg (n=40), 100 mg (n=39), 200 mg (n=39) and placebo (n=39) group requiring 6.7, 6.0, 4.7 and 8.1 injections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS X-82 oral therapy in combination with pro re nata anti-VEGF injections showed non-inferiority in visual acuity outcomes while achieving a dose-dependent decrease in the number of anti-VEGF injections compared with placebo. Given the limited tolerability and safety issues observed, X-82 does not have a sufficient benefit to risk profile in treatment of patients with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Cohen
- The Retina Service, Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,New England Eye Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carl C Awh
- Tennessee Retina, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Philip Rosenfeld
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Heier
- The Retina Service, Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang K, Wang L, Wei A, Jia X, Liu X. CM082, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, enhances the antitumor activity of gefitinib on epidermal growth factor receptor mutant non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1566-1577. [PMID: 32368855 PMCID: PMC7262931 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CM082 is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antitumor activity of CM082 combined with gefitinib on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. Methods The effect of CM082 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was assessed. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of CM082 combined with gefitinib on EGFR NSCLC cell lines (HCC827 harboring E746_A750 deletion and H3255 harboring L858R) and a xenograft model was evaluated. Results CM082 inhibited VEGF‐induced cell growth, phosphorylation of VEGFR and downstream signaling molecules, tube formation, and cell migration of HUVECs. Furthermore, CM082 combined with gefitinib was more effective in inhibiting growth and colony formation and inducing apoptosis of H3255 and HCC827 cells in vitro than monotherapy. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition by the combination in a H3255 xenograft model was 107.7% more than that by gefitinib (93.6%) (P < 0.0001) and CM082 (51.4%) (P < 0.0001) alone. In addition, coadministration had a better effect on inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting the expression of CD31 and VEGF‐A. The combination therapy had a stronger inhibition effect on STAT3 phosphorylation than monotherapy. Conclusions CM082, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, enhances the antitumor activity of gefitinib on EGFR mutant NSCLC by inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis and promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. Key points Significant findings of the study CM082, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, enhances the antitumor activity of gefitinib on EGFR mutant NSCLC by inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis and promoting apoptosis of tumor cells. What this study adds These findings justify evaluation of the efficacy of CM082 combined with gefitinib in patients with EGFR mutant advanced NSCLC in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Department of Lung Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfei Jia
- Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Lung Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Sheng X, Yan X, Chi Z, Cui C, Si L, Tang B, Li S, Mao L, Lian B, Wang X, Bai X, Zhou L, Kong Y, Dai J, Ding L, Mao L, Guo J. Phase 1 trial of vorolanib (CM082) in combination with everolimus in patients with advanced clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102755. [PMID: 32335374 PMCID: PMC7184160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vorolanib (X-82, CM082) is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activities of vorolanib plus everolimus (an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin). Methods Patients had histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced RCC and failed with standard therapy were eligible for this study. Dose-escalated combinations of vorolanib (100, 150 or 200 mg once daily) with everolimus (5 mg once daily) were administered on 28-day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity using a conventional 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. Findings 22 patients (100 mg n = 4, 150 mg n = 3, 200 mg n = 15) were enrolled. Only one patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT, grade 4 thrombocytopenia) in the vorolanib 200 mg combination cohort, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. The most common treatment-related adverse events were proteinuria (100%), leukopenia (77%), hypercholesterolaemia (77%), increased low-density lipoprotein (68%), hypertriglyceridaemia (64%), hyperglycaemia (59%), and fatigue (55%). Most treatment-related adverse events were grade 1 to 2, with grade 3 or higher toxicities mostly seen in the 200 mg cohort. Single dosing of vorolanib demonstrated dose-proportional increases in the Cmax and AUC, and observed short t1/2z ranging from 4.74±1.44 to 12.89±7.49 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters for everolimus were similar among all cohorts. Of 19 evaluable patients, the ORR and DCR was 32% (n = 6, 95% CI, 13–57%) and 100% (95% CI, 82–100%), respectively. Interpretation Combination therapy of vorolanib 200 mg plus everolimus 5 mg once daily is potentially effective with potential activity. Further evaluation of the combination in advanced RCC patients is ongoing (NCT03095040). Funding Betta Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xieqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bixia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Siming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lili Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lieming Ding
- Betta Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 301106, China
| | - Li Mao
- Betta Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 301106, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
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Mollica V, Di Nunno V, Gatto L, Santoni M, Cimadamore A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Pisconti S, Battelli N, Massari F. Novel Therapeutic Approaches and Targets Currently Under Evaluation for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Waiting for the Revolution. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:503-519. [PMID: 30937824 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has drastically changed in the last few years, witnessing the advent of more and more target therapies and, recently, of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. On the other hand, the adjuvant setting still lacks a clear beneficial treatment. Medical treatment still remains a compelling challenge. A large number of clinical trials is ongoing with the aim to identify new therapeutic approaches to expand the options in our repertoire. Several strategies are under investigation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These include new targeted agents and combinations of target therapy and immunotherapy. Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) are just part of the intricate network that regulates our immune response to cancer cells. Co-stimulators, such as glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (OX40), and co-repressors, example.g. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), also take part. As knowledge of the functioning of the immune system grows, so do these pathways to target with new drugs. This review is an overview of the current state of the clinical research, providing a report of ongoing Phase I, II and III clinical trials for localized and metastatic RCC, including novel target therapies, novel immunotherapy agents and new combinations strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lidia Gatto
- Oncology Unit, SG Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
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