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Zhang Y, Ye J, Chen H, Zhou D, Ji C. Efficacy and Safety of BTKis in Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:860. [PMID: 38473226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) for central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL). METHODS A systematic review was carried out to identify relevant studies from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, WanFang, CNKI, and CBM databases. The studies included patients with CNSL who received BTKis and reported the overall response (OR), complete remission (CR), and partial response (PR). An overall effect analysis was performed using STATA 15.0. A random-effects model was utilized to calculate the pooled rates, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined for all outcomes. RESULTS A total of 21 studies involving 368 patients were included in the meta-analysis. For newly diagnosed CNSL, due to the small simple size, we conducted a quantitative description, and the ORR could reach up to 100%. For relapsed/refractory patients, the pooled ORR was 72% (95% CI: 64-80%, I2 = 54.89%, p = 0.00), with a pooled CR and PR of 43% (95% CI: 33-54%, I2 = 65.40%, p = 0.00) and 23% (95% CI: 13-35%, I2 = 78.05%, p = 0.00), respectively. Most adverse events were hematology-related and generally manageable. CONCLUSION BTKis showed acceptable efficacy and safety in treating patients with CNSL. However, large and well-designed trials are still required to confirm BTKis as a treatment for CNSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Acupuncture and Chinese Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Daobin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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2
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Ma J, Lin Z, Ding T, Li Q, Zhang M, Kang H, Johnston PB, Ma Y, Chen B. Pemetrexed Plus Lenalidomide for Relapsed/Refractory Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Prospective Single-Arm Phase II Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:938421. [PMID: 35898888 PMCID: PMC9309305 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.938421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of relapsed/refractory (R/R) primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is dismal, and there are limited treatment options for these patients. This was a prospective single-arm phase II study of combined pemetrexed and lenalidomide for salvage treatment of R/R PCNSL. Patients with R/R PCNSL (n = 38) who had undergone two or more different therapeutic regimens and experienced disease progression or recurrence were enrolled. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients were followed up for a median of 18 (range, 1–36) months. ORR was 68.4%, with median PFS and OS of 6 and 18 months, respectively. Adverse events (AEs) included myelosuppression, fatigue, nausea, fever, infection, cardiac disease, and thrombogenesis. Commonly observed grade ≥ 3 AEs included neutropenia (5.3%), leukopenia (2.6%), thrombocytopenia (7.9%), and infection (2.6%). Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (χ2 = 13.25; P = 0.0003) and bulky disease (P = 0.032; χ2 = 4.580) were associated with short PFS. Elevated serum LDH level (P = 0.011; χ2 = 6.560), abnormal lymphoma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [P = 0.011; χ2 = 6.445], and multiple lesions (P = 0.036; χ2 = 4.404) were significantly associated with poorer OS. Abnormal lymphoma cells in the CSF were an independent predictor of poor prognosis on multivariate analysis (P = 0.034; hazard ratio (HR) = 2.836; 95% confidence interval, 1.082–7.434). Our results indicate that pemetrexed plus lenalidomide is effective for heavily treated R/R PCNSL, with moderate toxicity. Trial registration: #ChiCTR1900028070.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguang Lin
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianling Ding
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick B Johnston
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Michel M, Lucke-Wold N, Hosseini MR, Panther E, Reddy R, Lucke-Wold B. CNS Lymphoma: Clinical Pearls and Management Considerations. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND CLINICAL REVIEWS 2022; 7:121. [PMID: 35832688 PMCID: PMC9275513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Primary CNS lymphoma presents unique challenges for the clinician. New evidence has emerged regarding the appropriate workup, management considerations, and treatment. In this paper, we highlight the clinical presentations, disease prognosis, and management considerations. We place specific emphasis on the decision tree for immunocompetent and immunocompromised. The key imaging characteristics are discussed. Once biopsy prove lymphoma, important management considerations are addressed. We highlight need for follow up and role for surgery verse radiation. Finally, we present emerging treatment options and pre-clinical work that will be making its way through the pipeline. This up-to-date review will serve as a key learning tool for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelot Michel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | | | | | - Eric Panther
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Ramya Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Khorasanchi A, Benson Z, Hall M, Ebadirad N, Gharavi MH, Willard P, Chimzar M, McKay J, Simmons G, Yazbeck V. Systemic Relapse in a Young Adult Patient with Primary CNS Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Case Rep Hematol 2022; 2022:7139661. [PMID: 35774056 PMCID: PMC9239761 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7139661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNS-DLBCL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characterized by an aggressive disease course. While CNS relapse is common, systemic relapse is rare with no consensus on optimal treatment. This paper presents an unusual case of advanced PCNS-DLBCL with systemic relapse, including adrenal gland involvement. A review of the existing literature and a discussion on the management of systemic relapse in PCNS-DLBCL is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Khorasanchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zachary Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Misty Hall
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nelya Ebadirad
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohammad H. Gharavi
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patrick Willard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Miranda Chimzar
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John McKay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gary Simmons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Victor Yazbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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5
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Xiao J, Wang S, Xu B, Yu L, Han Y. Pemetrexed for Recurrent Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in the Elderly: Results of a Retrospective Study. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:8963547. [PMID: 35392141 PMCID: PMC8983235 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8963547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive, destructive, and rapidly progressive malignant brain tumor. Although aggressive therapies were studied trying to increase the median survival of PCNSL, the high relapse rate of PCNSL is still a big problem for the oncology medicine. A retrospective study was made to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed in the treatment of patients with recurrent PCNSL. Methods Twenty-three confirmed recurrent PCNSL patients were selected during April 2012 and August 2016. Dexamethasone, B12, and folic acid were used to produce the toxicity related to pemetrexed. The patients were intravenously given pemetrexed (900 mg/m2) every three weeks for 6 weeks. Results After the treatment, 7 patients were in complete remission, 6 patients in partial remission, 4 patients in stable condition, and 6 patients in progression. There were 56.5% and 73.9% in the overall response rate and the disease control rate, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 6.6 months (95% CI, 4.6-8.6). Conclusion This study has been the first time to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of pemetrexed on elderly recurrent PCNSL patients. Results demonstrate that using high-dose pemetrexed might be a feasible and effective treatment for recurrent PCNSL in the elderly, and clinical trials should be conducted to further confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Shishu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Neurology (I), The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lisha Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250001, China
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Chen Z, Yang A, Zhang J, Chen A, Zhang Y, Huang C, Chen S, Yao S, Miao W. CXCR4-Directed PET/CT with [ 68Ga]Pentixafor in Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Comparison with [ 18F]FDG PET/CT. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:416-424. [PMID: 34651291 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the value of [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT for the detection of lesions in central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) patients before chemotherapy, during treatment and suspected CSNL recurrence, compared with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). PROCEDURES Twenty-six patients with newly or previously diagnosed CNSL who underwent [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT were included retrospectively. Histopathological results, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and follow-up were used as the standard reference. The accuracy of lesion detection, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of tumors, and ratio of tumor-to-normal brain (T/N) with [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT were calculated and compared to those obtained with [18F]FDG PET/CT. CXCR4 expression was analyzed through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Of 26 patients, 18 were newly diagnosed with a total of 23 lesions, 4 had recurrent with 4 lesions, and 4 underwent a mid-term treatment assessment after 4 cycles of chemotherapy (3 achieved complete response (CR), 1 experienced progressive disease (PD) with a total of 8 lesions). Thirty-five lesions were all clearly detected with favorable contrast by [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT (accuracy, 100%), consistent with the results of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI). The SUVmax of positive lesions in [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT was correlated with tumor size (r = 0.555, P = 0.001). In 21 patients, compared with [18F]FDG PET/CT, [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT showed a remarkably higher T/N ratio (21.93 ± 10.77 vs 4.29 ± 2.16, P = 0.000) and detected 5 more lesions in the mid-term treatment assessment of patients (P = 0.026). The CXCR4 expression of CNSL lesions was correlated with SUVmax of [68 Ga]Pentixafor PET/CT (r = 0.772, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS CXCR4-directed PET/CT using [68 Ga]Pentixafor, with excellent tumor-to-background contrast, might be a more promising agent for the detection of lesions in CNSL patients than [18F]FDG PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Apeng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoming Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibing Miao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Ambady P, Doolittle ND, Fox CP. Relapsed and refractory primary CNS lymphoma: treatment approaches in routine practice. ANNALS OF LYMPHOMA 2021; 5:23. [PMID: 35253010 PMCID: PMC7612457 DOI: 10.21037/aol-21-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic progress and improved survival for many patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), up to 50% of patients will experience refractory or relapsed disease following first-line treatment with high dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) based regimens. The majority of such events occur within 2 years of diagnosis although, unlike their systemic counterpart, the risk of PCNSL relapse remains, even for patients in radiologic complete response at 10 years following diagnosis. Currently, there are no approved therapies, and no widely accepted 'standard-of-care' approaches for the treatment of refractory or recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma (rrPCNSL). Re-treatment with HD-MTX based regimens, use of non-cross resistant chemotherapy regimens, high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-ASCT), and brain irradiation all remain important therapeutic approaches for rrPCNSL. However, the survival outcomes for patients with rrPCNSL remain extremely poor and the vast majority of patients will die of their disease. Increasingly, novel treatment approaches are being investigated in early phase clinical studies. Importantly, such therapies need to be evaluated in the context of both refractory and relapsed disease; in older patients and those with co-morbid conditions; and those with neurocognitive dysfunction. A deeper understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms underpinning rrPCNSL and its unique tumor microenvironment is urgently needed to inform biologically rational and effective therapies. rrPCNSL remains a clear unmet clinical need and a high priority area for clinical research that will require national and international collaborative studies with embedded translational science in order to improve outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Ambady
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology and Blood Brain Barrier Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nancy D. Doolittle
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology and Blood Brain Barrier Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christopher P. Fox
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Martinez-Calle N, Isbell LK, Cwynarski K, Schorb E. Advances in treatment of elderly primary central nervous system lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:473-487. [PMID: 34448202 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The management of older individuals (≥60 years) with primary central nervous system lymphoma remains a clinical challenge. Identification of optimal therapy and delivering adequate dose intensity are two of the major issues in treating elderly patients. Premorbid performance status and comorbidities influence individualised treatment approaches and geriatric assessment tools are increasingly utilised. Optimal induction treatment remains high-dose methotrexate-based immunochemotherapy, delivery is feasible in the majority of patients and the goal of treatment remains achieving complete remission. Consolidation strategies are also relevant in the elderly, aiming to maximise duration of response and quality of life (QoL). Potential options include high-dose therapy with haematopoietic stem cell consolidation, non-myeloablative chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy. Efficacy of novel agents, such as Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and lenalidomide, have been reported; these represent an alternative for elderly patients unfit for chemotherapy. Prognosis remains poor, improvement of outcomes in this age group is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martinez-Calle
- Clinical Haematology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa K Isbell
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kate Cwynarski
- Department of Haematology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elisabeth Schorb
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Holdhoff M, Mrugala MM, Grommes C, Kaley TJ, Swinnen LJ, Perez-Heydrich C, Nayak L. Challenges in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 18:1571-1578. [PMID: 33152700 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.7667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) are rare cancers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are predominantly diffuse large B-cell lymphomas of the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype. They typically present in the sixth and seventh decade of life, with the highest incidence among patients aged >75 years. Although many different regimens have demonstrated efficacy in newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory PCNSL, there have been few randomized prospective trials, and most recommendations and treatment decisions are based on single-arm phase II trials or even retrospective studies. High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX; 3-8 g/m2) is the backbone of preferred standard induction regimens. Various effective regimens with different toxicity profiles can be considered that combine other chemotherapies and/or rituximab with HD-MTX, but there is currently no consensus for a single preferred regimen. There is controversy about the role of various consolidation therapies for patients who respond to HD-MTX-based induction therapy. For patients with relapsed or refractory PCNSL who previously experienced response to HD-MTX, repeat treatment with HD-MTX-based therapy can be considered depending on the timing of recurrence. Other more novel and less toxic regimens have been developed that show efficacy in recurrent disease, including ibrutinib, or lenalidomide ± rituximab. There is uniform agreement to delay or avoid whole-brain radiation therapy due to concerns for significant neurotoxicity if a reasonable systemic treatment option exists. This article aims to provide a clinically practical approach to PCNSL, including special considerations for older patients and those with impaired renal function. The benefits and risks of HD-MTX or high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation versus other, better tolerated strategies are also discussed. In all settings, the preferred treatment is always enrollment in a clinical trial if one is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Holdhoff
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Christian Grommes
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Thomas J Kaley
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Lode J Swinnen
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lakshmi Nayak
- Center for CNS Lymphoma, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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