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Qiu Z, Wang C, Huang P, Yuan Y, Shi Y, Lin Z, Huang Z, Zuo D, Qiu J, He W, Shen J, Niu Y, Yuan Y, Li B. RFX6 facilitates aerobic glycolysis-mediated growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through targeting PGAM1. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1511. [PMID: 38093528 PMCID: PMC10719540 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells undergo reprogramming of glucose metabolism to support uncontrolled proliferation, of which the intrinsic mechanism still merits further investigation. Although regulatory factor X6 (RFX6) is aberrantly expressed in different cancers, its precise role in cancer development remains ambiguous. METHODS Microarrays of HCC tissues were employed to investigate the expression of RFX6 in tumour and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues. Functional assays were employed to explore the role of RFX6 in HCC development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, untargeted metabolome profiling and sequencing were performed to identify potential downstream genes and pathways regulated by RFX6. Metabolic assays were employed to investigate the effect of RFX6 on glycolysis in HCC cells. Bioinformatics databases were used to validate the above findings. RESULTS HCC tissues exhibited elevated expression of RFX6. High RFX6 expression represented as an independent hazard factor correlated to poor prognosis in patients with HCC. RFX6 deficiency inhibited HCC development in vitro and in vivo, while its overexpression exerted opposite functions. Mechanistically, RFX6 bound to the promoter area of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) and upregulated its expression. The increased PGAM1 protein levels enhanced glycolysis and further promoted the development of HCC. CONCLUSIONS RFX6 acted as a novel driver for HCC development by promoting aerobic glycolysis, disclosing the potential of the RFX6-PGAM1 axis for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Chenwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Pinzhu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease and Department of Colon and Rectum SurgeryThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yichuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yunxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhenkun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Dinglan Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Jiliang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Jingxian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of RadiologySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yi Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Binkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
- Department of Liver SurgerySun Yat‐Sen University Cancer CenterSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
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Li P, Hu M, Liu M, Ren X, Liu D, Liu J, Yin J, Tan X, Cao G. The efficacy and safety of different systemic combination therapies on advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1197782. [PMID: 37817769 PMCID: PMC10561006 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1197782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Systemic combinations have recently brought significant therapeutic benefits for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). To design the most effective combination regimens, a systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022321949) was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic combinations on aHCC. Methods We retrieved all the studies from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms until December 21, 2022. The effect indicators (hazard ratio [HR], relative risk [RR], and median) were pooled by a fixed- or random-effects model. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to types and specific therapies. Results In total, 88 eligible studies were selected from 7249 potential records. Each kind of combination treatment (chemotherapy plus chemotherapy, targeted plus immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, targeted plus chemotherapy, and targeted plus targeted therapy) had a better objective response rate (ORR) in patients with aHCC, compared to the monotherapy mostly with sorafenib (RR: 1.57 [1.44-1.71]; I 2 = 30%). Of those, targeted plus ICI therapy showed better therapeutic efficiency in overall survival (median: 15.02 [12.67-17.38]), progression-free survival (median: 7.08 [6.42-7.74]), and ORR (RR: 1.81 [1.55-2.13]), compared to the monotherapy. Specifically, Atezo plus Beva showed all those benefits. Our pooled result showed all the combinations had increased ≥3 Grade treatment-related adverse events (TrAEs), with an RR of 1.25 [95% CI: 1.15-1.36], compared to the monotherapy. Conclusion The systemic combinations, especially targeted plus ICI therapy, including Atezo plus Beva, significantly improve clinical outcomes but increase side effects in patients with aHCC. Future trials should concentrate on improvement in therapeutic efficiency and reduction of toxicity of targeted plus ICI therapy. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD42022321949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiluo Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Yavuz M, Sabour Takanlou L, Biray Avcı Ç, Demircan T. A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, S4, Displays Robust Anti-cancer Activity on Hepatocellular Cancer Cells by Negatively Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Gene 2023; 869:147390. [PMID: 36990257 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health problem that often correlates with poor prognosis. Due to the insufficient therapy options with limited benefits, it is crucial to identify new therapeutic approaches to overcome HCC. One of the vital signaling pathways in organ homeostasis and male sexual development is Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling. Its activity affects several genes that contribute to cancer characteristics and have essential roles in cell cycle progression, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. AR signaling has been shown to be misregulated in many cancers, including HCC, suggesting that it might contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeting AR signaling using anti-androgens, AR inhibitors, or AR-degrading molecules is a powerful and promising strategy to defeat HCC. In this study, AR signaling was targeted by a novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), S4, in HCC cells to evaluate its potential anti-cancer effect. To date, S4 activity in cancer has not been demonstrated, and our data unrevealed that S4 significantly impaired HCC growth, migration, proliferation, and induced apoptosis through inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Since PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is frequently activated in HCC and contributes to its aggressiveness and poor prognosis, its negative regulation by the downregulation of critical components via S4 was a prominent finding. Further studies are necessary to investigate the S4 action mechanism and anti-tumorigenic capacity in in-vivo.
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Zhang L, Wu J, Wu Q, Zhang X, Lin S, Ran W, Zhu L, Tang C, Wang X. Sex steroid axes in determining male predominance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 555:216037. [PMID: 36563929 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The mechanisms for male propensity in HCC incidence, prognosis and treatment responses are complicated and remain inconclusive. Sex-biased molecular signatures in carcinogenesis, viral infections and immune responses have been studied predominantly within the context of sex hormones effects. This review integrates current knowledge on the mechanisms through which the hormones regulate HCC development in sexually dimorphic fashion. Firstly, the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) accelerate cell proliferation and virus infection, especially during the initial stage of HCC, while estrogen/estrogen receptor (ER) function in an opposite way to induce cell apoptosis and immune responses. Interestingly, the controversial effects of AR in late stage of HCC metastasis are summarized and the reasons are attributed to inconsistent cancer grading or experimental models between the studies. In addition, the new insights into these intricate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism are fully discussed. A detailed understanding of sex hormones-associated regulation to male predominance in HCC may help to develop personalized therapeutic strategies in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - JinFeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - QiuMei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - XiangJuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - ShuaiCai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - WanLi Ran
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - ChengYan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Androgen receptor variant 7 exacerbates hepatocarcinogenesis in a c-MYC-driven mouse HCC model. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:4. [PMID: 36746917 PMCID: PMC9902460 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7), an AR isoform with a truncated ligand-binding domain, functions as a transcription factor in an androgen-independent manner. AR-V7 is expressed in a subpopulation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, its role(s) in this cancer is undefined. In this study, we investigated the potential roles of AR-V7 in hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo in a c-MYC-driven mouse HCC model generated by the hydrodynamic tail-vein injection system. The impacts of AR-V7 on gene expression in mouse HCC were elucidated by RNA-seq transcriptome and ontology analyses. The results showed that AR-V7 significantly exacerbated the c-MYC-mediated oncogenesis in the livers of both sexes. The transcriptome and bioinformatics analyses revealed that AR-V7 and c-MYC synergistically altered the gene sets involved in various cancer-related biological processes, particularly in lipid and steroid/sterol metabolisms. Importantly, AR-V7 suppressed a tumor suppressor Claudin 7 expression, upregulated by c-MYC overexpression via the p53 signaling pathway. Claudin 7 overexpression significantly suppressed the c-MYC-driven HCC development under p53-deficient conditions. Our results suggest that the AR-V7 exacerbates the c-MYC-driven hepatocarcinogenesis by potentiating the oncogenic roles and minimizing the anti-oncogenic functions of c-MYC. Since AR-V7 is expressed in a subpopulation of HCC cases, it could contribute to the inter- and intra-heterogeneity of HCC.
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Wang J, Wu R, Sun JY, Lei F, Tan H, Lu X. An overview: Management of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Trends 2022; 16:405-425. [PMID: 36476621 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2022.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has constituted a significant health burden worldwide, and patients with advanced HCC, which is stage C as defined by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system, have a poor overall survival of 6-8 months. Studies have indicated the significant survival benefit of treatment based on sorafenib, lenvatinib, or atezolizumab-bevacizumab with reliable safety. In addition, the combination of two or more molecularly targeted therapies (first- plus second-line) has become a hot topic recently and is now being extensively investigated in patients with advanced HCC. In addition, a few biomarkers have been investigated and found to predict drug susceptibility and prognosis, which provides an opportunity to evaluate the clinical benefits of current therapies. In addition, many therapies other than tyrosine kinase inhibitors that might have additional survival benefits when combined with other therapeutic modalities, including immunotherapy, transarterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, hepatectomy, and chemotherapy, have also been examined. This review provides an overview on the current understanding of disease management and summarizes current challenges with and future perspectives on advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rui Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Yu Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Huabing Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liver Disease Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Constitutively Active Androgen Receptor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213768. [PMID: 36430245 PMCID: PMC9699340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant type of liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death globally. It is also a sexually dimorphic disease with a male predominance both in HCC and in its precursors, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The role of the androgen receptor (AR) in HCC has been well documented; however, AR-targeted therapies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in HCC. Building upon understandings of AR in prostate cancer (PCa), this review examines the role of AR in HCC, non-androgen-mediated mechanisms of induced AR expression, the existence of AR splice variants (AR-SV) in HCC and concludes by surveying current AR-targeted therapeutic approaches in PCa that show potential for efficacy in HCC in light of AR-SV expression.
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Xu Y, Qi W, Wang X, Zhang Y, Han L, Shi J, Wang G, Liu J, Duan H, Cong X, Zhao P, Zhou C, Wang J. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 cooperates with androgen receptor/cell cycle-related kinase signalling pathway in the progression of hepatitis B virus infection and gender differences. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:569-578. [PMID: 35567395 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the role of androgen receptor (AR)/cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) signalling pathway in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and gender differences, and the contribution of AR regulatory factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in it. AR, CCRK, and phosphorylated STAT3 expressions in liver tissues of chronic HBV-infected patients and non-HBV controls were determined by western blot and compared between genders. The relationships of expression levels with serum HBV DNA levels, liver inflammation activity, and fibrosis score were analysed in chronic HBV-infected patients. The relationships between expression levels of three proteins were also analysed. HBV-infected patients had significantly higher expression levels of AR, CCRK, and p-STAT3Tyr705 compared with controls (p < .01). The expression levels of AR, CCRK, and p-STAT3Tyr705 in chronic HBV-infected patients with severe inflammation were significantly higher than those with mild inflammation (p < .05). Expression levels in patients with heavier fibrosis (stage F4) were higher than in those with less fibrosis (stages F0-3) (p < .01). No gender differences were observed in AR, CCRK, and p-STAT3Tyr705 levels in non-HBV controls; higher levels were observed in HBV-infected males than in HBV-infected females (p < .05). AR, CCRK, and p-STAT3Tyr705 levels in liver tissues positively correlated with each other (p < .0001) and with serum HBV DNA levels (p < .0001). In conclusion, in this study, we first found concordant over-expression of AR, CCRK, and STAT3 in liver tissues of chronic HBV-infected patients who have not yet developed HCC, significantly correlated with the severity of the disease and showed gender differences. STAT3 may be a potential therapeutic co-target for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xu
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqian Qi
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggui Zhang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyi Shi
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honglei Duan
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiangbin Wang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Brown ZJ, Hewitt DB, Pawlik TM. Experimental drug treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical trial failures 2015 to 2021. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:693-706. [PMID: 35580650 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2079491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide with limited systemic therapy options. Since the approval of sorafenib in 2008, no systemic therapy has provided a sustained/robust/survival benefit for patients with advanced HCC until recently. Many initially promising therapies have been trialed, but survival outcomes remained stagnant. As such, knowledge concerning previous treatment failures may help guide further areas of study, as well inform future therapeutic approaches. AREA COVERED This article reviews recent advances in the treatment of HCC. Despite some recent success, many systemic and locoregional therapies have failed to produce significant improvements in outcome. These treatment failures are examined and insight into pathways for future success are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Combination atezolizumab and bevacizumab has changed the landscape of systemic treatment for patients with HCC when it became the first therapy after demonstrating improve outcomes over sorafenib. Clinical trials in patients with advanced HCC have inherent difficulty with challenges to determine if a patient's declining liver function is secondary to disease progression, worsening cirrhosis, or drug toxicity, which may skew results. As we gain more knowledge of underlying genetic alterations behind the pathophysiology of the development of HCC, molecular markers may be identified to assist in predicting which patients would respond to a specific therapy.
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Zhou HC, Liu CX, Pan WD, Shang LR, Zheng JL, Huang BY, Chen JY, Zheng L, Fang JH, Zhuang SM. Dual and opposing roles of the androgen receptor in VETC-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 75:900-911. [PMID: 34004215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Contradictory roles of the androgen receptor (AR) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis have been reported. We have shown that VETC (vessels encapsulating tumor clusters) mediates invasion-independent metastasis, whereas VETC- HCCs metastasize in an invasion-dependent manner. Herein, we aimed to reveal the roles of AR in HCC metastasis. METHODS Mouse xenograft models, clinical samples, and cell models were used. RESULTS AR expression was significantly lower in HCCs with a VETC pattern, portal vein tumor thrombus, endothelium-coated microemboli or high recurrence rates. Overexpressing AR in VETC+ hepatoma cells suppressed VETC formation and intrahepatic metastasis but promoted pulmonary metastasis of mouse xenografts. AR decreased the transcription of Angiopoietin-2 (Angpt2), a factor essential for VETC formation, by binding to the Angpt2 promoter. The roles of AR in inhibiting VETC formation and intrahepatic metastasis were attenuated by restoring Angpt2 expression, suggesting that AR may repress VETC-dependent intrahepatic metastasis by inhibiting Angpt2 expression and VETC formation. On the other hand, AR upregulated Rac1 expression, promoted lamellipodia formation and increased cell migration/invasion. A Rac1 inhibitor abrogated the AR-mediated promotion of migration/invasion and pulmonary metastasis of VETC+ hepatoma cells, but did not affect the AR-mediated inhibition of intrahepatic metastasis. Furthermore, an AR inhibitor decreased Rac1 expression and attenuated both intrahepatic and pulmonary metastasis of VETC- xenografts, an effect which was abrogated by restoring Rac1 expression. These data indicate that AR may facilitate the lung metastasis of VETC+ HCCs and both the liver/lung metastases of VETC- HCCs by upregulating Rac1 expression and then promoting migration/invasion. CONCLUSION AR plays dual and opposing roles in VETC-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis, which highlights the complex functions of AR and the importance of individualized cancer therapy. LAY SUMMARY In this study, we uncovered the dual and opposing roles of the androgen receptor in VETC (vessels encapsulating tumor clusters)-dependent and invasion-dependent metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We elucidated the underlying mechanisms of these processes, which provided novel insights into the complex regulatory network of the androgen receptor in HCC metastasis and may have important implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chu-Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Ru Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bi-Yu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie-Ying Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-Hong Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Shi-Mei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Liver Disease of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Feng MW, Hanley KL, Feng GS. Androgen receptor, neovascularization and liver cancer metastasis. J Hepatol 2021; 75:768-769. [PMID: 34233845 PMCID: PMC9948677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0864, USA.
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12
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He X, Sun H, Jiang Q, Chai Y, Li X, Wang Z, Zhu B, You S, Li B, Hao J, Xin S. Hsa-miR-4277 Decelerates the Metabolism or Clearance of Sorafenib in HCC Cells and Enhances the Sensitivity of HCC Cells to Sorafenib by Targeting cyp3a4. Front Oncol 2021; 11:735447. [PMID: 34381736 PMCID: PMC8350395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.735447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the metabolism and clearance of molecular targeted agents, such as sorafenib, plays an important role in mediating the resistance of HCC cells to these agents. Metabolism of sorafenib is performed by oxidative metabolism, which is initially mediated by CYP3A4. Thus, targeting CYP3A4 is a promising approach to enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In the present work, we examined the association between CYP3A4 and the prognosis of HCC patients receiving sorafenib. Using the online tool miRDB, we predicted that has-microRNA-4277 (miR-4277), an online miRNA targets the 3’UTR of the transcript of cyp3a4. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-4277 in HCC cells repressed the expression of CYP3A4 and reduced the elimination of sorafenib in HCC cells. Moreover, miR-4277 enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our results not only expand our understanding of CYP3A4 regulation in HCC, but also provide evidence for the use of miR-4277 as a potential therapeutic in advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwei Sun
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Chai
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli You
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boan Li
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Jin Qiu Hospital of Liaoning Province/Geriatric Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Zhang H, Spencer K, Burley SK, Zheng XFS. Toward improving androgen receptor-targeted therapies in male-dominant hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1539-1546. [PMID: 33561464 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. HCC is a male-dominant cancer with a male:female ratio of up to 7:1. The androgen receptor (AR) is the male hormone receptor known as a major oncogenic driver of prostate cancer. Although AR has been linked to the sexual dimorphism of HCC, clinical trials with AR-targeted agents failed to generate survival benefits. Recent studies provide new insights into the role of AR in liver tumorigenesis and therapeutic responses. Herein, we review current understanding of AR signaling in HCC and feedback mechanisms that limit response to AR blockade. New AR-targeting strategies that might improve outcomes in HCC therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kristen Spencer
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephen K Burley
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; RCSB Protein Data Bank, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and San Diego Supercomputing Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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