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Pines M, Hasdai A, Monsonego-Ornan E. Tibial dyschondroplasia – tools, new insights and future prospects. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pines
- Institute of Animal Science, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - A. Hasdai
- Institute of Animal Science, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - E. Monsonego-Ornan
- Institute of Animal Science, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Siengdee P, Pradit W, Chomdej S, Nganvongpanit K. Determination of two fluoroquinolones and their combinations with hyaluronan effect in in vitro canine cartilage explants. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6553. [PMID: 30881764 PMCID: PMC6419719 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies reported the effect of enrofloxacin (Enro) and marbofloxacin (Mar) on cell death and alteration of the key genes involved in catabolic and anabolic processes and demonstrated the beneficial effects of hyaluronan (HA) combined with fluoroquinolones (FQs) on primary canine chondrocytes. This study further determines the effects of these treatments on canine cartilage explants in both normal and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-stimulated conditions. Methods We examined sulfate glycosaminoglycan (s-GAG) release, uronic acid (UA) content, and safranin-O staining, as well as the expression patterns of inflammatory, extracellular matrix (ECM) component and enzymes. Results Enro treatment alone effectively stimulated proteoglycan anabolism by increasing UA content and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in normal and pre-IL-1β-stimulated explant, whereas Mar showed opposite results. The combination of HA and FQs increased s-GAG release and UA content in normal explants in addition to effective down-regulated expression of MMP3. HA reduced the adverse effects of Mar by enhancing UA and GAG contents in both normal and pre-IL-1β-explants. Moreover, HA effectively induced HAS1and ACANup-regulation and reduced MMP9, TNF, PTGS2,and NFKB1 expression for a long term. Discussion Our results suggest the direct effects of Enro and Mar may selectively stimulate the conditioned explants to express MMP-codinggenes and promote gene expression involved in matrix production, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell degradation in different directions. HA successfully reduced the adverse effects of FQs by enhancing s-GAG and UA contents and down-regulated expression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntita Siengdee
- Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Waranee Pradit
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Korakot Nganvongpanit
- Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Zaccaroni A, Perez-Lopez M, de la Casa Resino I, Medri G, Ceneri F, Bertini S, Mordenti O, Cortinovis L, Sirri R, Mandrioli L. Short communication: Alteration in blood parameters by enrofloxacin in juvenile lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula, Linnaeus, 1758) after intramuscular injection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:1-4. [PMID: 28810132 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin (EF) is a veterinary drug for respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. Parenteral administration at doses higher than the manufacturer recommended dosage has induced cartilage lesions in juvenile mammals and poultry. In elasmobranchs EF is commonly used for the treatment of infectious diseases, however only one study has been performed previously to evaluate pharmacokinetics and the potential chondrotoxicity of a fluoroquinolone in adult skates. In present study juvenile lesser spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula, Linnaeus, 1758) were treated with low (LD, 5mg/kg) and high dose (HD, 10mg/kg) of EF daily via intramuscular injection for 15 consecutive days, as indicated in a recognized treatment. Hematological parameters, oxidative stress and histology of vertebral cartilage were evaluated. No cartilage damage was observed. Hematological parameters evaluation underlined a significant (p=0.035), dose-dependent reduction in red blood cell count and in hematocrit (40% and 6%, respectively). Anyway, the biological significance of this reduction is doubtful, due to limited decrease observed. The evaluation of oxidative stress parameters underlined that glutathione levels, as well as glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities, were significantly increased in HD group animals, with respect to untreated and solvent control groups. Obtained data do not support a toxic effect of EF on dogfish cartilage, while concern arises from hematological and oxidative stress data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Zaccaroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy.
| | - Marcos Perez-Lopez
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, Av.da de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | | | - Gianfranco Medri
- Animal Research Offices, LIONS Club Ravenna Host, Via Godo, 125, 48124 San Marco, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceneri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio n° 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Oliviero Mordenti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Luana Cortinovis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Rubina Sirri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Research Group on Large Pelagic Vertebrates, Viale Vespucci 2, 47042 Cesenatico, Forlì Cesena, Italy
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Gallo A, Landi R, Rubino V, Di Cerbo A, Giovazzino A, Palatucci AT, Centenaro S, Guidetti G, Canello S, Cortese L, Ruggiero G, Alessandrini A, Terrazzano G. Oxytetracycline induces DNA damage and epigenetic changes: a possible risk for human and animal health? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3236. [PMID: 28462039 PMCID: PMC5410137 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxytetracycline (OTC), which is largely employed in zootechnical and veterinary practices to ensure wellness of farmed animals, is partially absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract depositing in several tissues. Therefore, the potential OTC toxicity is relevant when considering the putative risk derived by the entry and accumulation of such drug in human and pet food chain supply. Despite scientific literature highlights several OTC-dependent toxic effects on human and animal health, the molecular mechanisms of such toxicity are still poorly understood. Methods Here, we evaluated DNA damages and epigenetic alterations by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immuno-precipitation and Western blot analysis. Results We observed that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expressed DNA damage features (activation of ATM and p53, phosphorylation of H2AX and modifications of histone H3 methylation of lysine K4 in the chromatin) after the in vitro exposure to OTC. These changes are linked to a robust inflammatory response indicated by an increased expression of Interferon (IFN)-γ and type 1 superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Discussion Our data reveal an unexpected biological in vitro activity of OTC able to modify DNA and chromatin in cultured human PBMC. In this regard, OTC presence in foods of animal origin could represent a potential risk for both the human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gallo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Landi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Giovazzino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sara Centenaro
- Division of Research and Development, Sanypet SpA, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Canello
- Division of Research and Development, Sanypet SpA, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Alessandrini
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Nanoscience Istitute, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Terrazzano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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Blanco G, Junza A, Barrón D. Food safety in scavenger conservation: Diet-associated exposure to livestock pharmaceuticals and opportunist mycoses in threatened Cinereous and Egyptian vultures. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:292-301. [PMID: 27750097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals from veterinary treatments may enter terrestrial food webs when medicated livestock are available to wildlife in supplementary feeding stations aimed at the conservation of endangered scavengers. Here, we hypothesized that the exposure risk to livestock fluoroquinolones, as indicators of pharmaceutical burden in food, is related to the variable reliance of scavengers on domestic versus wild animal carcasses. Since the misuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics is a major predisposing factor for opportunistic mycoses, we evaluated disease signs potentially associated with diet-dependent drug exposure in nestlings of two threatened vultures. A greater occurrence (100%, n=14) and concentration of fluoroquinolones (mean±SD=73.0±27.5µgL-1, range=33.2-132.7), mostly enrofloxacin, were found in Cinereous vultures, Aegypius monachus, due to their greater dependence on livestock carcasses than Egyptian vultures, Neophron percnopterus (fluoroquinolones occurrence: 44%, n=16, concentration: 37.9±16.6µgL-1, range=11.5-55.9), which rely much more on carcasses of wild animals (42% of remains vs. 23% in the cinereous vulture). The chaotic, chronic and pulsed ingestion of these drugs throughout nestling development is proposed as one of the most plausible explanations for the high occurrence and intensity of oral Candida-like lesions in nestling vultures. The high occurrence of fluoroquinolone residues and disease hindered the probing of a cause-effect relationship between both factors in individual vultures. This relationship could be evaluated through a population-based approach by sampling vultures not exposed to these drugs. The high dependence of vultures on domestic animals today compared to past decades and the growing intensification of livestock farming, imply an expected increase in the impact of pharmaceuticals on scavenger populations. This requires further evaluation due to potential consequences in biodiversity conservation and environmental health. We encourage the prioritization of efforts to promote the use of less medicated free-ranging livestock carcasses left in the countryside, rather than stabled stocks made available in vulture restaurants. Additionally, attention should be paid to the population recovery of wild species that dominated scavenger diets in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Barrón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
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Blanco G, Junza A, Segarra D, Barbosa J, Barrón D. Wildlife contamination with fluoroquinolones from livestock: Widespread occurrence of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in vultures. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1536-1543. [PMID: 26498102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is much recent interest in the presence and impact of veterinary pharmaceuticals in wildlife. Livestock carcasses are often disposed of in supplementary feeding stations for avian scavengers, as a management and conservation tool for these species worldwide. In feeding stations, vultures and other scavengers can consume carcasses almost immediately after disposal, which implies the potential ingestion of veterinary pharmaceuticals as a non-target consequence of supplementary feeding. Using UPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-TOF, we evaluated the presence and concentration of fluoroquinolone residues in plasma of nestling vultures feeding on domestic livestock carrion. Three different fluoroquinolones (marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin) and a non-targeted β-lactam (nafcillin) were detected in vulture plasma. The high proportion of individuals (92%) with fluoroquinolone residues at variable concentrations (up to ∼20 μg L(-1) of enrofloxacin and ∼150 μg L(-1) of marbofloxacin) sampled in several geographically distant colonies and on different dates suggests that these and other drugs were potentially ingested throughout nestling development. Contamination with veterinary fluoroquinolones and other pharmaceuticals should be considered as an unintended but alarming consequence of food management in threatened wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Segarra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Barbosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Barrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba, 171, 08921 Sta. Coloma de Gramenet, Barcelona, Spain
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Hu J, Prabhakaran MP, Tian L, Ding X, Ramakrishna S. Drug-loaded emulsion electrospun nanofibers: characterization, drug release and in vitro biocompatibility. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsion electrospun drug–PCL nanofibrous mats were demonstrated as better drug delivery substrates and tissue engineering scaffold compared to PHBV nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hu
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
- START-Thrust 3
| | | | - Lingling Tian
- START-Thrust 3
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 138602
| | - Xin Ding
- College of Textiles
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- China
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Docheva D, Popov C, Alberton P, Aszodi A. Integrin signaling in skeletal development and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:13-36. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Cvetan Popov
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Paolo Alberton
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; 80336 Munich Germany
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Charuta A, Dzierzecka M, Majchrzak T, Czerwinski E, Cooper RG. Computer-generated radiological imagery of the structure of the spongious substance in the postnatal development of the tibiotarsal bones of the Peking domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica). Poult Sci 2011; 90:830-5. [PMID: 21406369 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the structure of the spongious substance of the tibiotarsal (TT) bones of the domestic duck aged 4 to 8 wk was performed using radiological analysis. The Trabecula program (Czerwiński, 1994) used in the study identified a map of radiological trabeculae and calculated the number, average volume, density, and width of trabeculae. It was stated that the number of trabeculae differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) variant on age, sex, and a unique fragment of the studied bone. Six-week-old hens whose TT bones were most often exposed to deformities and fractures possessed attenuated bone mass. The number of trabeculae per 1 mm(2) during breeding was the lowest (10.34 and 9.54 mm(2) in the proximal and distal epiphyses, respectively). The tibial bones of the 6-wk-old hens also possessed the lowest volume of trabeculae (44.62 and 39.84% for the proximal and distal epiphyses, respectively). Dependant variances between the BW, the number of recognized radiological trabeculae, and the volume, density, and width of trabeculae were calculated using a selected correlation and regression coefficient (r = 0.41; P ≤ 0.05). Results expounded a unique linear relationship between BW and the volume of trabeculae. Indeed, the larger the BW, the more numerous the trabeculae observed. No significant correlation was determined between the BW and the number of recognized trabeculae nor their density and width. A small number of trabeculae and the lowered density may be the cause of fractures and deformities of the TT bones of the domestic duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Charuta
- Vertebrates Morphology Department, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
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Dan H, Simsa-Maziel S, Hisdai A, Sela-Donenfeld D, Monsonego Ornan E. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases during impairment and recovery of the avian growth plate1. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:3544-55. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
During metastasis, migrating breast cancer stem cells undergo a loss of polarity leading to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Gupta et al. (2009) use this attribute of cancer stem cells to develop a high-throughput screen, which successfully identifies small molecules that specifically inhibit cancer stem cell proliferation through the induction of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Beug
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Li J, Bi D, Pan S, Zhang Y. Effect of diet with thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2008; 48:724-8. [PMID: 18085455 DOI: 10.1080/00071660701665858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of thiram on liver antioxidant capacity and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. 2. One hundred and twenty Avian commercial broilers were allotted at random to three treatments: control group, low thiram group (50 mg/kg) and high thiram group (100 mg/kg). 3. Blood samples were collected to determine the activity of AST (aspartate aminotransferase). At the end of the trial, broilers were killed and liver samples were collected to determine the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) and MDA (malondialdehyde) content, while the right proximal tibiotarsi were dissected in longitudinal section for assessment of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence and TD score. 4. The results showed that thiram increased the incidence of TD and TD scores, increased serum AST activity and MDA content of liver, and decreased the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver. 5. They suggest that thiram causes TD in broilers by reducing liver antioxidation capability and damaging liver function; this may be one of the mechanisms by which thiram causes TD in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Waldenstedt L. Nutritional factors of importance for optimal leg health in broilers: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Woodward KN. Veterinary pharmacovigilance. Part 6. Predictability of adverse reactions in animals from laboratory toxicology studies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 28:213-31. [PMID: 15842309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2005.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxicological studies are conducted on constituents of veterinary medicinal products for a number of reasons. Aside from being a requirement of legislation, they are carried out for predictive purposes in the assessment of user safety or for the determination of consumer safety, for example, in the elaboration of maximum residue limits or tolerances. Alternatively, the results of toxicology studies may be available as they have been generated for registration of the drug for human medicinal purposes. This paper examines if the results of such studies have any predictive value for adverse reactions, which might occur during clinical use in animals. A number of adverse reactions, notably the Type A (toxicology or pharmacology dependent) should be predictable from these laboratory studies. However, as with human pharmaceutical products, they have less utility in predicting Type-B reactions (idiosyncratic in nature).
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