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The first occurrence of an avian-style respiratory infection in a non-avian dinosaur. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1954. [PMID: 35145134 PMCID: PMC8831536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Other than repaired fractures, osteoarthritis, and periosteal reaction, the vertebrate fossil record has limited evidence of non-osseous diseases. This difficulty in paleontological diagnoses stems from (1) the inability to conduct medical testing, (2) soft-tissue pathologic structures are less likely to be preserved, and (3) many osseous lesions are not diagnostically specific. However, here reported for the first time is an avian-style respiratory disorder in a non-avian dinosaur. This sauropod presents irregular bony pathologic structures stemming from the pneumatic features in the cervical vertebrae. As sauropods show well-understood osteological correlates indicating that respiratory tissues were incorporated into the post-cranial skeleton, and thus likely had an ‘avian-style’ form of respiration, it is most parsimonious to identify these pathologic structures as stemming from a respiratory infection. Although several extant avian infections produce comparable symptoms, the most parsimonious is airsacculitis with associated osteomyelitis. From actinobacterial to fungal in origin, airsacculitis is an extremely prevalent respiratory disorder in birds today. While we cannot pinpoint the specific infectious agent that caused the airsacculitis, this diagnosis establishes the first fossil record of this disease. Additionally, it allows us increased insight into the medical disorders of dinosaurs from a phylogenetic perspective and understanding what maladies plagued the “fearfully great lizards”.
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Salamatian I, Ghaniei A, Mosavari N, Nourani H, Keshavarz R, Eslampanah M. Outbreak of avian mycobacteriosis in a commercial turkey breeder flock. Avian Pathol 2021; 49:296-304. [PMID: 32148082 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1740167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian mycobacteriosis (AM) is a chronic and contagious disease of pet birds, captive exotic, wild and domestic fowl, and mammals. Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium is the most common cause of AM in poultry. For the first time, we report a chronic outbreak of AM in an Iranian breeder flock of 250 45-week-old turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) with a morbidity and mortality rate of 91.6% and 80%, respectively. A well-defined clinical feature of the outbreak included a progressive weight loss, decreased egg production, listlessness, and lameness. Tuberculous nodules were seen on liver, spleen, ovary, and ribs. Granulomatous inflammation and acid-fast bacilli were confirmed by using Ziehl-Neelsen method on hepatic lesions. M. avium subsp. avium was identified by polymerase chain reaction techniques based on the presence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene and insertion elements IS1245 and IS901. In this report, we not only describe the epidemiological, pathological, and molecular characteristics of the outbreak in detail, but we also discuss multiple factors influencing the introduction and development of AM critically. In this case, wild feral pigeons might have been the source of infection, but further molecular-epidemiology studies are needed to understand the role of wild birds in the persistence and transmission of Mycobacterium.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First report of avian mycobacteriosis in an Iranian commercial turkey flock is described in detail.Risk factors intrinsic to the bird and mycobacteria, as well as extrinsic factors influencing the introduction and development of avian mycobacteriosis in birds, are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Salamatian
- Department of Veterinary Research and Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran.,MAAD Professional Poultry Health Center, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ghaniei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nourani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rouholah Keshavarz
- Department of Pathology and Epidemiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslampanah
- Department of Pathology and Epidemiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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Hodge PJ, Sandy JR, Noormohammadi AH. Avian mycobacteriosis in captive brolgas (Antigone rubicunda). Aust Vet J 2019; 97:81-86. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PJ Hodge
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
| | - JR Sandy
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
- City University of Hong Kong College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - AH Noormohammadi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway, Werribee Victoria 3030 Australia
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Ikuta CY, Reisfeld L, Silvatti B, Salvagni FA, de Paula CD, Pessier AP, Catão-Dias JL, Ferreira Neto JS. Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection in a captive-bred American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana). BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:289. [PMID: 30241522 PMCID: PMC6151068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is widely known as a progressive disease that affects endothermic animals, leading to death and/or economical losses, while mycobacterial infections in amphibians are commonly due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. To the authors' knowledge, this report describes the first case of bovine tuberculosis in a poikilothermic animal. CASE PRESENTATION An adult female captive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus Shaw, 1802) died in a Brazilian aquarium. Multiple granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were observed in several organs. Identification of Mycobacterium bovis was accomplished by culture and PCR methods. The other animals from the same enclosure were euthanized, but no evidence of mycobacterial infection was observed. CONCLUSIONS The American bullfrog was introduced in several countries around the world as an alternative husbandry, and its production is purposed for zoological and aquarium collections, biomedical research, education, human consumption and pet market. The present report warns about an episode of bovine tuberculosis in an amphibian, therefore further studies are necessary to define this frog species' role in the epidemiology of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Yumi Ikuta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Laura Reisfeld
- Aquário de São Paulo, Rua Huet Bacelar 407, São Paulo, SP, 04275-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Silvatti
- Aquário de São Paulo, Rua Huet Bacelar 407, São Paulo, SP, 04275-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Auciello Salvagni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Catia Dejuste de Paula
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Allan Patrick Pessier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José Soares Ferreira Neto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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Spontaneous diseases in captive ratites (Struthioniformes) in northwestern Germany: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173873. [PMID: 28403205 PMCID: PMC5389639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study was carried out to define the spectrum of spontaneous diseases in ostriches and few other captive ratites, order Struthioniformes, in northwestern Germany. The investigation included 71 ratites necropsied between 1968 and 2014. They consisted of 54 ostriches, 5 emus, and 12 rheas with 37 adults, 23 juveniles and 11 neonates and embryonated eggs. Necropsy reports were reviewed, histologic preparations were re-examined and additional histochemical and immunohistochemical stains were carried out in selected cases. In many animals more than one morphologic diagnosis attributable to different disease processes was found. In adult animals (n = 37), the most commonly altered organ systems were the musculoskeletal system (49%), the digestive system (46%), and the cardiovascular system (46%) affected by traumatic lesions, inflammatory and degenerative changes, respectively. A spongy degeneration was found in the brain (35%); however, immunohistochemistry and western blotting failed to detect pathological prion protein. In juvenile animals (n = 23), the musculoskeletal (44%) and the digestive system (43%) were mainly affected by traumatic and inflammatory lesions, respectively. In embryonated eggs and neonates (n = 11) the major cause of death was circulatory failure associated with generalized subcutaneous edema as described for improper incubation conditions (64%). Summarized, most of the findings observed in adult and juvenile ratites in northwestern Germany are related to trauma, inflammatory and degenerative disorders, whereas death in embryonated eggs and neonates was most likely related to breeding conditions. A spongy encephalopathy awaits further studies to elucidate cause and pathogenesis.
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Sánchez FD, Yela IJ, Alfonseca E, Campuzano J, Morales E, Aguilar C. Respiratory tract infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a black swan (Cygnus atratus). Avian Pathol 2016; 45:126-31. [PMID: 26743683 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old male black swan (Cygnus atratus), belonging to a private collection, died suddenly and was subjected to post mortem examination. At necropsy, caseous exudate was observed in the lungs and air sacs; granulomatous lesions characterized by epithelioid macrophages and abundant mycobacteria were observed microscopically. Avian tuberculosis associated with Mycobacterium bovis was confirmed by bacteriologic isolation, biochemical tests and molecular methods. The organism was identified as spoligotype SB0140, which is frequently found in cattle and people in North America. In this case, interspecies transmission could have been the source of infection because the swan cohabited with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Sánchez
- a Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF , Mexico
| | - I J Yela
- b Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF , Mexico
| | - E Alfonseca
- b Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF , Mexico
| | - J Campuzano
- c Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF , Mexico
| | - E Morales
- c Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF , Mexico
| | - C Aguilar
- d Práctica en clínica privada , México DF , Mexico
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