1
|
Thomrongsuwannakij T, Phu DH, Chansiripornchai N. Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial live vaccines against the local Thai QX field strain for the protection of specific pathogen-free chicks. Vet World 2024; 17:771-777. [PMID: 38798293 PMCID: PMC11111713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.771-777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The high prevalence of QX-like variant among Thai isolates poses a significant threat to poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of commercially available heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines against the local Thai QX-like strain in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks from Thailand. Materials and Methods The experiment involved 100 SPF chicks divided into 4 arms. Arms I and II received the TAbic IB VAR (233A) and Ibird (1/96) vaccines, respectively, on day 1. After 10 days, both arms received the H120 vaccine. Arms III and IV were non-vaccinated positive and negative controls. Challenge infection was local Thai QX-like virus on birds of Arms I, II, and III, and negative control of Arm IV. Clinical signs of infectious bronchitis (IB) and IBV detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were assessed at 2, 4, and 6 days post-challenge (dpc). At 6 dpc, the birds were humanely euthanized for post-mortem examination with the ciliostasis test and histopathological analysis of the tracheas, lungs, and kidneys. Results Virus shedding started at 4 dpc (33.3% positive) and reached 100% positivity at 6 dpc with obvious clinical respiratory symptoms in non-vaccinated-challenged birds. No detection of IBV in vaccinated-challenged arms. Ciliary activity scores were significantly lower in non-vaccinated-challenged birds at 23.64 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.74) and 96.50 (SD ± 1.91) and 95.64 (SD ± 1.77), respectively (p = 0.05) than in vaccinated-challenged birds. The most remarkable histopathological changes were observed in non-vaccinated-challenged birds, with moderately severe changes in the trachea, lungs, and kidneys. On the other hand, birds in vaccinated-challenged arms showed no significant changes. Conclusion This study demonstrated the efficacy of TAbic IB VAR (233A) or Ibird (1/96) vaccine combined with a Massachusetts serotype vaccine (H120) against the local Thai QX-like strain in SPF chicks, contributing valuable insights to the selection of suitable commercially available vaccines to combat the prevalent local QX-like strains in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Centre for One Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Doan Hoang Phu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efficacy of Two Vaccination Strategies against Infectious Bronchitis in Laying Hens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020338. [PMID: 36851216 PMCID: PMC9967544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the leading control method against infectious bronchitis (IB) in poultry despite the frequently observed IB outbreaks in vaccinated flocks. Here, two vaccination regimes were evaluated against challenge with the Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain that was linked to egg production defects in Western Canada. One vaccination strategy included live attenuated IB vaccines only, and the other used both inactivated and live attenuated IB vaccines. The two immunization programs involved priming with a monovalent live attenuated IB vaccine (Mass serotype) at day-old, followed by intervals of bivalent live attenuated IB vaccines containing the Mass and Connecticut (Conn) serotypes given to the pullets at 2-, 5-, 9-, and 14-week-old. Inactivated IB vaccine (Mass serotype) was administrated to only one group of the vaccinated birds at 14-week-old. At the peak of lay, the hens were challenged with the Mass IBV isolate (15AB-01) via the oculo-nasal route. The efficacy of the vaccines was assessed following the challenge by observing clinical signs, egg production, egg quality parameters, seroconversion, and systemic T-cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ cells). Moreover, the viral genome loads in the oropharyngeal (OP) and cloacal (CL) swabs were quantified at predetermined time points. At 14 days post-infection (dpi), all the hens were euthanized, and different tissues were collected for genome load quantification and histopathological examination. Post-challenge, both vaccination regimes showed protection against clinical signs and exhibited significantly higher albumen parameters, higher anti-IBV serum antibodies, and significantly lower levels of IBV genome loads in OP swabs (at 3 and 7 dpi) and trachea and cecal tonsils compared to the mock-vaccinated challenged group. However, only the birds that received live attenuated plus inactivated IB vaccines had significantly lower IBV genome loads in CL swabs at 7 dpi, as well as decreased histopathological lesion scores and IBV genome loads in magnum compared to the mock-vaccinated challenged group, suggesting a slightly better performance for using live attenuated and inactivated IB vaccines in combination. Overall, the present findings show no significant difference in protection between the two vaccination regimes against the Mass IBV challenge in laying hens.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung JS, Lee R, Yoon SI, Lee GS, Sung HW, Kwon HM, Park J. Genetic and immunological characterization of commercial infectious bronchitis virus vaccines used in Korea. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2123-2132. [PMID: 35816229 PMCID: PMC9272870 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic and immunogenic features of commercial vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which is a major contagious pathogen of poultry. Although numerous vaccines have been developed based on the genetic characteristics of field strains, the continual emergence of variants decreases vaccine efficacy and cross-protection. To address this issue, we compared the S1 gene sequences of three IBV vaccines commercially available in Korea with those of various field isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the vaccine strains clustered into two different lineages. Comparison of commercial vaccines with their parental viruses showed that most of the genetic variability occurred around hypervariable regions (HVRs). Conversely, antigenic stimulation with commercial vaccines and regional IBV variants was not sufficient to alter major immune cell phenotypes. Our study suggests that vaccines should be selected carefully based on their genetic background because genetic variability can affect the antigenicity of vaccines and host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Seung Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Il Yoon
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Moo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gerez R, Marandino A, Tomas G, Olivera V, Pinto S, Craig MI, Techera C, Perez R, Vagnozzi A. Evaluation of the Efficiency of Commercial Vaccines Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Belonging to the GI-16 Lineage Isolated in an Argentinean Outbreak. Avian Dis 2021; 65:456-462. [PMID: 34699143 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effectiveness of adding serotype 793B vaccine to an immunization program in order to control the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) GI-16 lineage. Therefore, two different experiments were performed. First, a virus cross-neutralization test was carried out, which indicated that neither the Massachusetts (Mass) nor 793B serotypes are antigenically related to the field isolate A13 (GI-16). We also performed a challenge trial to evaluate if the Mass/793B combination is more efficient than Mass/Connecticut (Conn) to protect chickens against the Argentinian variant A13. Thus, 40 chickens were organized in four groups. Chickens in Group A were vaccinated at 1 day of age with Mass serotype and then at 14 days old with Mass plus Conn serotypes. Chickens in Group B received Mass and 793B serotypes at 1 and 14 days old, respectively. Groups C and D remained unvaccinated. At 28 days of age, Groups A, B, and C were challenged with the A13 isolate, while Group D remained as the negative control. The statistical analysis of the ciliostasis evaluation, performed at 7 days postchallenge (dpch), indicated that the difference between Mass/793B and Mass/Conn was not significant (p > 0.05). However, the comparison against the negative control showed that only Group A was significantly different, suggesting a slightly better performance on blocking ciliostasis for the Mass/793B combination. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in the viral load, quantified by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) in tracheal swabs and kidneys (at 3 and 7 dpch, respectively) between vaccinated groups. Furthermore, some amounts of the viral genome were found in both vaccinated groups that could indicate that neither the Mass/793B nor the Mass/Conn combinations totally inhibited the viral replication. Such viral replication in vaccinated chickens should seriously be taken into consideration because it could promote the selection of new variants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Gerez
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomas
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Olivera
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Silvina Pinto
- Area Patología Básica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires 1217, Argentina
| | - Maria Isabel Craig
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Perez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen YX, Li WW, Xia J, Du JT, Li SY, Chen W, Cui M, Han XF, Huang Y. Research Note: Effects of Escherichia coli co-infection on the protective efficacy assessment of two common infectious bronchitis vaccines. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101324. [PMID: 34358949 PMCID: PMC8350523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly contagious disease hazardous to the poultry industry, is caused by an etiological agent called the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Some IBV strains (IBVs) alone usually do not cause high mortality in field conditions if not with secondary pathogens including Escherichia coli (E. coli). Herein, we established an IBV and E. coli co-infection model to evaluate the protective efficacy of two IBV vaccine strains against a new emerging genotype GVI-1 with mild virulence in experimental conditions. Chickens were inoculated with IBV field isolate ZQX (genotype GVI-1) and challenged 4 dlater with the E. coli strain MS160427 (serotype O8). Subsequently, these chickens were euthanized at seven days postchallenge (d.p.c.) with E. coli. An autopsy revealed that lesions in the IBV plus E. coli co-infection group were more severe than those in the IBV-infected group. This pathological model was used to assess the protective effect of two commonly used vaccine strains (H120 and 4/91) against the IBV ZQX strain, and a significantly better protective efficacy was observed for 4/91 compared with H120. Thus, IBV and E. coli co-infection could be employed in assessing the protective efficacy of IBV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Wen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Teng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhuiyan MSA, Amin Z, Bakar AMSA, Saallah S, Yusuf NHM, Shaarani SM, Siddiquee S. Factor Influences for Diagnosis and Vaccination of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Chickens. Vet Sci 2021; 8:47. [PMID: 33809420 PMCID: PMC8001924 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major economic problem in commercial chicken farms with acute multiple-system infection, especially in respiratory and urogenital systems. A live-attenuated and killed vaccine is currently immunized to control IBV infection; however, repeated outbreaks occur in both unvaccinated and vaccinated birds due to the choice of inadequate vaccine candidates and continuous emergence of novel infectious bronchitis (IB) variants and failure of vaccination. However, similar clinical signs were shown in different respiratory diseases that are essential to improving the diagnostic assay to detect IBV infections. Various risk factors involved in the failure of IB vaccination, such as various routes of application of vaccination, the interval between vaccinations, and challenge with various possible immunosuppression of birds are reviewed. The review article also highlights and updates factors affecting the diagnosis of IBV disease in the poultry industry with differential diagnosis to find the nature of infections compared with non-IBV diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the common reasons for failed IBV vaccinations with preventive action, and proper diagnostic facilities for identifying the infective stage, leading to earlier control and reduced economic losses from IBV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Safiul Alam Bhuiyan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (S.S.); (N.H.M.Y.)
| | - Zarina Amin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (S.S.); (N.H.M.Y.)
| | - Ag Muhammad Sagaf Abu Bakar
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Sabah, Makamal Diagnosa Veterinar Kota Kinabalu, Peti Surat No 59, Tanjung Aru 89457, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (S.S.); (N.H.M.Y.)
| | - Noor Hydayaty Md. Yusuf
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (S.S.); (N.H.M.Y.)
| | - Sharifudin Md. Shaarani
- Food Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri, Malaysia;
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.S.A.B.); (Z.A.); (S.S.); (N.H.M.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010020. [PMID: 33406695 PMCID: PMC7823560 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
Collapse
|
8
|
Live Attenuated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccines in Poultry: Modifying Local Viral Populations Dynamics. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112058. [PMID: 33171704 PMCID: PMC7694962 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the more prevalent diseases in poultry, and it is caused by a virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a Gammacoronavirus which is related to the Betacoronavirus SARSCov-2 causing COVID-19 in humans. IB is mainly controlled by biosecurity and vaccines, although, it is a very challenging issue because the viral populations are constantly evolving by several factors. One of these factors is the same vaccines used for IB control, this could explain by recombination, reversion to virulence, or by favoring virus serotype selection. Thus, a human role in the change of viral populations can be identified by the IBV vaccine usage, this must be considered to achieve effective IB control. Abstract Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains one of the most important diseases impacting poultry today. Its high adaptive capacity, attributable to the high mutation rate associated with its ssRNA(+), is one of its more important features. While biosecurity procedures and barriers have been shown to be preponderant factors in minimizing the impact of infectious bronchitis (IB), the environment and procedures associated with intensive poultry systems greatly influence the viral population dynamics. High-density poultry flocks facilitate recombination between different viruses, and even with live attenuated vaccines, which can change the dominant circulating field strains. Furthermore, the remaining issue of reversion to virulence gives rise to significant problems when vaccinal strains are introduced in places where their pathogenic variants have not been reported. Under specific conditions, live attenuated vaccines could also change the frequency of circulating viruses and enable replacement between different field strains. In summary, under a comprehensive approach, while vaccination is one of the most essential tools for controlling IB, the veterinarians, farmers, and official services role in its usage is central to minimizing alteration in a malleable viral population. Otherwise, vaccination is ultimately counterproductive.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ismail MI, Tan SW, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with Malaysian variant and QX-like IBV strains. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e76. [PMID: 33263227 PMCID: PMC7710467 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains detected in chickens in Malaysia are the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. On the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of IBV vaccines against these 2 field IBV strains are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the antigen relatedness and efficacy of different IB vaccine strains against a challenge with MV and QX-like strains. METHODS The antigen relatedness and the ability of different IB vaccine strains in conferring protection against MV and QX-like were assessed based on the clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, and ciliary activity. RESULTS The MV strain IBS037A/2014 showed minor antigenic subtype differences with the vaccine virus Mass H120 and 4/91 strains but showed major antigenic subtype differences with the K2 strain. The Malaysian QX-like strain IBS130/2015 showed major antigenic subtype differences with the MV strain IBS037A/2014 and the vaccine strains except for K2. Chickens vaccinated once with Mass (H120) or with non-Mass (4/91 and K2) developed antibody responses with the highest antibody titer detected in the groups vaccinated with H120 and 4/91. The mean ciliary activities of the vaccinated chickens were between 56 to 59% and 48 to 52% in chickens challenged with IBS037A/2014 and IBS130/2015, respectively. The vaccinated and challenged birds showed mild to severe lesions in the lungs and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Despite the minor antigenic subtype differences, a single inoculation with Mass or non-Mass vaccines could not protect against the MV IBS037A/2014 and QX-like IBS130/2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iswadi Ismail
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Veterinary Research Institute, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Legnardi M, Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Cecchinato M. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Evolution, Diagnosis and Control. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E79. [PMID: 32580381 PMCID: PMC7356646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are characterized by high mutation and recombination rates, which allow a rapid adaptation to new environments. Most of the emerging diseases and host jumps are therefore sustained by these viruses. Rapid evolution may also hinder the understanding of molecular epidemiology, affect the sensitivity of diagnostic assays, limit the vaccine efficacy and favor episodes of immune escape, thus significantly complicating the control of even well-known pathogens. The history of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) fits well with the above-mentioned scenario. Despite being known since the 1930s, it still represents one of the main causes of disease and economic losses for the poultry industry. A plethora of strategies have been developed and applied over time, with variable success, to limit its impact. However, they have rarely been evaluated objectively and on an adequate scale. Therefore, the actual advantages and disadvantages of IBV detection and control strategies, as well as their implementation, still largely depend on individual sensibility. The present manuscript aims to review the main features of IBV biology and evolution, focusing on their relevance and potential applications in terms of diagnosis and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (M.L.); (G.F.); (M.C.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dowgier G, Bickerton E. The Preparation of Chicken Tracheal Organ Cultures and Their Application for Ciliostasis Test, Growth Kinetics Studies, and Virus Propagation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2203:97-106. [PMID: 32833207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) provide a simple ex vivo system that makes use of transverse section of tracheal rings extracted from embryos or adult birds to perform classical virological techniques for virus isolation, propagation and titrations, alongside with gene-expression analysis and virus-host interaction studies. Most IBV strains replicate well in TOCs, thus conveniently allowing growth kinetics analysis. Viral replication is revealed by observation of ciliostasis as marker of infection in tracheas extracted from birds ex vivo, as well as in vitro analysis providing a reliable infection model and a useful tool for titration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Aston EJ, Jackwood MW, Gogal RM, Hurley DJ, Fairchild BD, Hilt DA, Cheng S, Tensa LR, Garcia M, Jordan BJ. Ambient ammonia does not appear to inhibit the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus vaccination and protection from homologous challenge in broiler chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 217:109932. [PMID: 31472338 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Commercial broilers are commonly exposed to gaseous ammonia (NH3) originating from degradation of nitrogen-containing excreta in the litter during the grow-out period. Ammonia concentrations in the air are higher in poorly ventilated houses and appear to coincide with the elevated incidence of respiratory disease occurring during the winter months. This study examined the effect of NH3 on the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination and protection against homologous serotype challenge in commercial broiler chickens. One-day-old chicks were administered IBV vaccine and exposed to 30-60 ppm of NH3. At 28 DOA, birds were challenged oculonasally with a pathogenic homologous IBV, and protection was measured by viral detection, clinical signs, ciliostasis, and presence of airsacculitis. IBV-specific serum IgG and lacrimal fluid IgA titers, as well as Harderian gland (HG) immune cell phenotypes, were evaluated. Ammonia exposure was associated with an increased incidence of airsacculitis among non-vaccinated, challenged birds. Vaccinated, NH3-exposed birds were completely protected from IBV challenge. Ammonia had subtle effects on cilia morphology and function but did not affect vaccine or challenge virus replication and clearance, clinical signs, ciliostasis, tracheal histopathology scores, or immune responses. In the HG of vaccinated birds, the percent of leukocytes, MHC I+/MHC IIhi expression, IgM+ expression, and CD8+ expression was increased, while mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers were nominal. Non-vaccinated, IBV-challenged birds exhibited an increased percent of leukocytes, MHC I+/MHC IIhi expression, and IgM+ expression in the HG at 5 dpc, followed by increased mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers and CD8+ expression at 10-14 dpc. In contrast, vaccinated, IBV-challenged birds had a minimal increase in MHC I+/MHC IIhi expression, and serum IgG antibody titers in vaccinated birds increased rapidly. The results indicate that commercial broilers exposed to moderate levels of ambient NH3 are equally protected against IBV challenge if appropriately vaccinated, and the absence of robust immune activation in vaccinated, challenged birds suggests that the challenge virus was efficiently neutralized before establishing infection. In contrast, ambient NH3 exposure was associated with a higher incidence of airsacculitis in non-vaccinated, challenged birds, despite the apparent lack of differences in the immune response between birds in the NH3-exposed and NH3 control groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Aston
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M W Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B D Fairchild
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 110 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D A Hilt
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Cheng
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - L R Tensa
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M Garcia
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B J Jordan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 110 Cedar St., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Belkasmi SFZ, Fellahi S, Umar S, Delpont M, Delverdier M, Lucas MN, Bleuart C, Kichou F, Nassik S, Guerin JL, Fihri OF, Ducatez MF, El Houadfi M. Efficacy of Massachusetts and 793B Vaccines Against Infectious Bronchitis Moroccan-Italy 02 Virus in Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens and Commercial Broilers. Avian Dis 2019; 61:466-471. [PMID: 29337615 DOI: 10.1637/11686-060817-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ability of commercial vaccines H120 and 4/91 to protect against Moroccan-Italy 02 infectious bronchitis virus (Mor-It02) was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. Commercial broiler chicks (Experiment 1) were vaccinated at the hatchery with H120 vaccine at Day 1, and challenged at Day 21 with 104 50% egg-infective dose (EID50) of Mor-It02. All chicks were observed daily for clinical signs attributable to Mor-It02 infection during the 10 days postchallenge (pc). At 5 and 10 days pc, chicks were humanely sacrificed for necropsy examination, and tissues were collected for histopathology evaluation. To better understand the findings on commercial broilers, day-old SPF chicks were divided into five groups in a second experiment: Group Mass/4-91, vaccinated with H120 and 4/91 respectively at Days 1 and 15 of age; Group Mass/Mass, vaccinated by H120 at Days 1 and 15; Group Mass, vaccinated with H120 at Day 1; Group NV, kept unvaccinated; and Group NC, kept as a negative control (unchallenged). At Day 24 of age, Groups Mass/4-91, Mass/Mass, Mass, and NV were challenged with 104 EID50 of Mor-It02. In both experiments, blood samples were collected at different periods for serologic analyses. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected for virus detection by reverse-transcription PCR. In Experiments 1 and 2, respiratory signs started as early as 24 hr pc and maximum severity was observed on Days 3 and 4 pc. The viral shedding rate was significantly lower in Group Mass/4-91 compared to other challenged groups. Serologic analysis in both experiments showed that the sera of challenged group exhibited significantly higher antibody titers than sera collected before challenge. Histopathologic investigations in SPF birds showed deciliation and hyperplasia in Group NV and less-pronounced lesions in Groups Mass/Mass and Mass. In commercial broilers vaccinated with H120 alone, hyperplasia and deciliation were observed in 90% of the tracheas. These experiments illustrated that Mor-It02 is pathogenic for chickens and a combination of live H120 and 4/91 vaccines given respectively at Day 1 and Day 15 of age confer a good protection against Mor-It02.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakhia F Z Belkasmi
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| | - Siham Fellahi
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| | - Sajid Umar
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Mattias Delpont
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lucas
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Bleuart
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| | - Saâdia Nassik
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| | - Jean-Luc Guerin
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- B Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, Université de Toulouse, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- A Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat- Instituts, Rabat, Morocco 10000
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aston EJ, Jordan BJ, Williams SM, García M, Jackwood MW. Effect of Pullet Vaccination on Development and Longevity of Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E135. [PMID: 30717342 PMCID: PMC6409539 DOI: 10.3390/v11020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian respiratory disease causes significant economic losses in commercial poultry. Because of the need to protect long-lived poultry against respiratory tract pathogens from an early age, vaccination programs for pullets typically involve serial administration of a variety of vaccines, including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Often the interval between vaccinations is only a matter of weeks, yet it is unknown whether the development of immunity and protection against challenge when vaccines are given in short succession occurs in these birds, something known as viral interference. Our objective was to determine whether serially administered, live attenuated vaccines against IBV, NDV, and ILTV influence the development and longevity of immunity and protection against challenge in long-lived birds. Based on a typical pullet vaccination program, specific-pathogen-free white leghorns were administered multiple live attenuated vaccines against IBV, NDV, and ILTV until 16 weeks of age (WOA), after which certain groups were challenged with IBV, NDV, or ILTV at 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 WOA. Five days post-challenge, viral load, clinical signs, ciliostasis, tracheal histopathology, and antibody titers in serum and tears were evaluated. We demonstrate that pullets serially administered live attenuated vaccines against IBV, NDV, and ILTV were protected against homologous challenge with IBV, NDV, or ILTV for at least 36 weeks, and conclude that the interval between vaccinations used in this study (at least 2 weeks) did not interfere with protection. This information is important because it shows that a typical pullet vaccination program consisting of serially administered live attenuated vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens can result in the development of protective immunity against each disease agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Aston
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Brian J Jordan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Susan M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Mark W Jackwood
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ali A, Kilany WH, Zain El-Abideen MA, Sayed ME, Elkady M. Safety and efficacy of attenuated classic and variant 2 infectious bronchitis virus candidate vaccines. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4238-4244. [PMID: 30085298 PMCID: PMC7107197 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination programs against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Egypt depend on both classical and/or imported variant IBV strain vaccines. However, many IBV outbreaks associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortalities were attributed to the circulation of both classical and new nephropathogenic IBV variant 2 strains. In the present study, we report the development of attenuated IBV candidate vaccines using the classic IBV strains (IBM41 and IB2) and a nephropathogenic strain (IBvar2). The wild-type (WT) viruses were attenuated through serial passages in embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Virulence of the attenuated viruses was then tested via the ocular route inoculation and the in vivo back passage in day-old SPF chickens. Efficacy against homologous challenge was investigated also in day-old SPF chickens. Results showed that the viruses were successfully adapted to the embryo by the 100th (IBM41 and IB2) and 110th passages (IBvar2). The attenuated viruses were safe and showed no change of virulence in day-old SPF chickens up to the 10th back passages. The efficacy experiment showed that the attenuated vaccines showed 90 to 100% protection against the homologous challenge based on ciliostasis score and protection percent. The att-IBM41 and att-IB2 vaccines were able to reduce the shedding of the challenge at 3 days post-infection (DPI) and no virus shedding was detected in both vaccinated groups by 5 DPI. In the att-IBvar2 vaccinated birds, only 20% of vaccinated birds shed the challenge virus with low titers (102.10±0.3 EID50/mL) at 3 DPI. In conclusion, the attenuated strains IBM41, IB2, and IBvar2 are efficient vaccine candidates against currently circulating classic and variant IB viruses, respectively. Further studies to evaluate the field efficacy and combining these attenuated IBV strains to induce a wider protection against heterologous IBV challenge are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Walid H Kilany
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Zain El-Abideen
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Magdy El Sayed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Middle East for Veterinary Vaccine Company, Second Industrial Area, El-Salhya El-Gededa, El-Sharkia 44671, Egypt
| | - Magdy Elkady
- Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Bianco A, Berto G, Ramon G, Paulet P, Koutoulis KC, Cecchinato M. Infectious bronchitis virus gel vaccination: evaluation of Mass-like (B-48) and 793/B-like (1/96) vaccine kinetics after combined administration at 1 day of age. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3501-3509. [PMID: 29897603 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) control has a strong impact on poultry farming, because of the necessary epidemiological knowledge for planning the best strategy, the optimal strain association, the priming and boosting interventions. Broiler farming is even more problematic given the short and intense productive cycle, which requires an early onset of protection against most of the infectious threats, possibly with limited respiratory post-vaccination reactions that would have a direct impact on the bird health and productivity. For this purpose, gel vaccination has been proposed as a new approach for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control and vaccine intake, kinetics and compatibility of combined strains administered by gel have been analyzed in this study. After gel vaccination with single and combined 1/96 and B-48 strains on 4 groups of commercial broilers, a 21-d-long experimental trial has been conducted to monitor the vaccine safety by clinical assessment and vaccine kinetics by strain-specific real-time RT-PCR on choanal cleft swabs. The vaccine strains administered by gel were safe and negligible respiratory signs were detected, even when combined. Vaccine titers were compared among groups and within the same group among a 10-bird pooled sample and 10 swabs from individually sampled birds. 1/96 strain early reached high titers in all animals, while B-48 presence was less constant even though it was detected in almost all birds before the trial end. The individual and pooled sample comparison revealed a partial overestimation of vaccine titers in the pooled samples and the loss of the prevalence data, although the trend portrayed by the pooled swabs closely followed the individual ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alice Bianco
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- Ceva Salute Animale, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Gema Ramon
- Ceva Santé Animale, 33500 Libourne, France
| | | | - Konstantinos C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Berto G, Drigo M, Ramon G, Koutoulis KC, Catelli E, Cecchinato M. Evaluation of 793/B-like and Mass-like vaccine strain kinetics in experimental and field conditions by real-time RT-PCR quantification. Poult Sci 2018; 97:303-312. [PMID: 29077954 PMCID: PMC7107209 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a great economic burden both for productive losses and costs of the control strategies. Many different vaccination protocols are applied in the same region and even in consecutive cycles on the same farm in order to find the perfect balance between costs and benefits. In Northern Italy, the usual second vaccination is more and more often moved up to the chick's first d of life. The second strain administration together with the common Mass priming by spray at the hatchery allows saving money and time and reducing animal stress. The present work compared the different vaccine strains (Mass-like or B48, and 1/96) kinetics both in field conditions and in a 21-day-long experimental trial in broilers, monitoring the viral replication by upper respiratory tract swabbing and vaccine specific real time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) quantification. In both field and experimental conditions, titers for all the vaccines showed an increasing trend in the first 2 wk and then a decrease, though still remaining detectable during the whole monitored period. IBV field strain and avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) presence also was also investigated by RT-PCR and sequencing, and by multiplex real-time RT-PCR, respectively, revealing a consistency in the pathogen introduction timing at around 30 d, in correspondence with the vaccine titer's main decrease. These findings suggest the need for an accurate knowledge of live vaccine kinetics, whose replication can compete with the other pathogen one, providing additional protection to be added to what is conferred by the adaptive immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Berto
- Ceva Salute Animale, Viale Colleoni 15, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - M Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Ramon
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastiere, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - K C Koutoulis
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 - 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - M Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nazmi A, Hauck R, Corbeil LB, Gallardo RA. The effect of diatomaceous earth in live, attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine, immune responses, and protection against challenge. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2623-2629. [PMID: 28419351 PMCID: PMC7107116 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Live virus vaccines are commonly used in poultry production, particularly in broilers. Massive application and generation of a protective local mucosal and humoral immunity with no adverse effects is the main goal for this strategy. Live virus vaccines can be improved by adding adjuvants to boost mucosal innate and adaptive responses. In a previous study we showed that diatomaceous earth (DE) can be used as adjuvant in inactivated vaccines. The aim of this study was to test DE as adjuvant in an Ark-DPI live infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine after ocular or spray application. Titrating the virus alone or after addition of DE showed that DE had no detrimental effect on the vaccine virus. However, adding DE to the vaccine did not induce higher IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in tears. It also did not affect the frequency of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and monocytes/macrophages in the blood and the spleen determined by flow cytometry. In addition, protection generated against IBV homologous challenges, measured by viral load in tears, respiratory signs and histopathology in tracheas, did not vary when DE was present in the vaccine formulation. Finally, we confirmed through our observations that Ark vaccines administered by hatchery spray cabinet elicit weaker immune responses and protection against an IBV homologous challenge compared to the same vaccine delivered via ocular route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazmi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lynette B Corbeil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr. VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xia J, He X, Du LJ, Liu YY, You GJ, Li SY, Liu P, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y. Preparation and protective efficacy of a chicken embryo kidney cell-attenuation GI-19/QX-like avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:4087-4094. [PMID: 29859801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious disease, and hazardous to the poultry industry. Immune failure often occurs due to the emergence of new serotypes or field strains antigenically different from the vaccine strains. To prepare a candidate vaccine against the prevalent avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in China, the GI-19/QX-like field isolate Sczy3 was selected as the progenitor strain and attenuated via passaging in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells for 100 times. The 100th generation of CEK-adapted strain, designated SczyC100, was safe to use on one-day old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken as determined by pathogenicity and virulence reversion test. The efficacies of SczyC100 and two commonly used commercial vaccines (H120 and 4/91) against prevalent GI-19/QX and GI-7/TWI type virulent strains were evaluated. Sczy3C100 effectively reduced the morbidity, mortality, mean lesion scores (MLSs), and viral load of trachea of chickens challenged by GI-19/QX and GI-7/TWI strains. CEK-adapted SczyC100 is therefore a potential vaccine candidate for the control of IB in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Li-Jing Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Yue-Yue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Guo-Jin You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lopes PD, Okino CH, Fernando FS, Pavani C, Casagrande VM, Lopez RFV, Montassier MDFS, Montassier HJ. Inactivated infectious bronchitis virus vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles induces mucosal immune responses and effective protection against challenge. Vaccine 2018; 36:2630-2636. [PMID: 29653848 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry. The mucosa of upper respiratory tract, specially the trachea, is the primary replication site for this virus. However, conventional inactivate IBV vaccines usually elicit reduced mucosal immune responses and local protection. Thus, an inactivated IBV vaccine containing BR-I genotype strain encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (IBV-CS) was produced by ionic gelation method to be administered by oculo-nasal route to chickens. IBV-CS vaccine administered alone resulted in markedly mucosal immune responses, characterized by high levels of anti-IBV IgA isotype antibodies and IFNγ gene expression at 1dpi. The association of live attenuated Massachusetts IBV and IBV-CS vaccine also induced strong mucosal immune responses, though a switch from IgA isotype to IgG was observed, and IFNγ gene expression peak was late (at 5 dpi). Efficacy of IBV-CS was evaluated by tracheal ciliostasis analysis, histopathology examination, and viral load determination in the trachea and kidney. The results indicated that IBV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with a live attenuated heterologous vaccine induced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses at the primary site of viral replication, and provided an effective protection against IBV infection at local (trachea) and systemic (kidney) sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Diniz Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n - Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, São Paulo CEP: 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Filipe Santos Fernando
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Caren Pavani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Viviane Mariguela Casagrande
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3.900 - Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP: 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Silva Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Helio José Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP: 14884-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Malo A, de Wit S, Swart WAJM, Cook JKA. Alternative methods to compare safety of live-attenuated respiratory Newcastle disease vaccines in young chicks. Vet Rec 2017; 181:236. [PMID: 28823993 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The work reported here is an initial attempt to find an alternative method by which the safety of live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines for the respiratory tract of young chickens can be assessed. The current recommended methods involve either the subjective assessment of respiratory signs, or raise ethical concerns, as in the case of the intracerebral pathogenicity index. The two methods considered here were the use of tracheal organ cultures to assess the level of ciliostasis which the vaccines caused to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea and the incorporation of a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli in the inoculum in order to induce colibacillosis. Both methods were successful in confirming the safety of the two vaccines. However, these results are only preliminary and more studies need to be performed to determine whether one or both methods have potential, either to replace the existing statutory tests, or provide a test which might be useful during the development stages of a new live-attenuated NDV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aris Malo
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Rheinland Pfalz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jordan B. Vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus: A continuous challenge. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:137-143. [PMID: 28081857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen of commercial poultry that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue worldwide each year. Even though the poultry industry extensively vaccinates against IBV, emergence of new serotypes and variants continually occur, making control of the disease difficult. Current mass application strategies for IBV vaccines are inefficient and frequently result in vaccination failures. Novel vaccine technology development has been slow, and is hindered by the constraints of large-scale poultry production. Further complicating the situation is the lack of knowledge of IBV protein and host cell interactions, making targeted vaccine intervention strategies near impossible. Taken together, it is easy to see why this disease remains significant in poultry production. This review outlines the current situation as it relates to IBV control, including vaccination, vaccines, and development of immunity, and recent developments in vaccine technology that may provide better protection in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Jordan
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Rd., Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, 210 Cedar St., Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|