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Virosome, a promising delivery vehicle for siRNA delivery and its novel preparation method. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Development, Biological Characterization, and Immunological Evaluation of Virosome Vaccine against Newcastle Disease in Pakistan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8879277. [PMID: 33575353 PMCID: PMC7864732 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly fatal, infectious, viral disease, and despite immunization with live and inactivated vaccines, the disease is still endemic, causing heavy morbidity and mortality leading to huge economic losses to the poultry industry in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was aimed for the first time in the country at using novel virosomal technology to develop the ND vaccine using an indigenous highly virulent strain of the virus. ND virosome was prepared using Triton X-100, and SM2 Bio-Beads were used to remove the detergent and reconstitute the viral membrane into virosome. Confirmation was done by transmission electron microscopy and protein analysis by SDS-PAGE. In vitro cell adhesion property was observed by incorporating green fluorescent protein (GFP), producing plasmid into virosome and in vitro cell culture assay. Sterility, safety, and stability of the vaccine were tested before in vivo evaluation of immunogenicity and challenge protection study in commercial broiler. The virosome vaccine was administered (30 μg/bird) at days 7 and 14 through the intranasal route in comparison with commercially available live and inactivated ND vaccines. Results revealed significantly high (p < 0.05) and clinically protective hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postimmunization with the virosome vaccine in comparison to the negative control. The GMTs were comparable to live and inactivated vaccines with nonsignificant (p > 0.05) differences throughout the experiment. Antibody levels increased in all vaccinated groups gradually from the 7th day and were maximum at 28th-day postvaccination. In the virosome-administered group, GMT was 83.18 and 77.62 at 21st and 28th-days postvaccination, respectively. Challenge revealed 100%, 90%, and 80% protection in virosome, live, and inactivated vaccinated groups, respectively. Under given experimental conditions, we can conclude that ND virosome vaccine prepared from the indigenous virus was found to be safe and immunogenic.
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Lu M, Zhao X, Xing H, Xun Z, Yang T, Cai C, Wang D, Ding P. Liposome-chaperoned cell-free synthesis for the design of proteoliposomes: Implications for therapeutic delivery. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:1-20. [PMID: 29625253 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free (CF) protein synthesis has emerged as a powerful technique platform for efficient protein production in vitro. Liposomes have been widely studied as therapeutic carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, flexible surface manipulation, easy preparation, and higher cargo encapsulation capability. However, rapid immune clearance, insufficient targeting capacity, and poor cytoplasmic delivery efficiency substantially restrict their clinical application. The incorporation of functional membrane proteins (MPs) or peptides allows the transfer of biological properties to liposomes and imparts them with improved circulation, increased targeting, and efficient intracellular delivery. Liposome-chaperoned CF synthesis enables production of proteoliposomes in one-step reaction, which not only substantially simplifies the production procedure but also keeps protein functionality intact. Building off these observations, proteoliposomes with integrated MPs represent an excellent candidate for therapeutic delivery. In this review, we describe recent advances in CF synthesis with emphasis on detailing key factors for improving CF expression efficiency. Furthermore, we provide insights into strategies for rational design of proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems via CF synthesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Liposome-chaperoned CF synthesis has emerged as a powerful approach for the design of recombinant proteoliposomes in one-step reaction. The incorporation of bioactive MPs or peptides into liposomes via CF synthesis can facilitate the development of proteoliposomal nanodelivery systems with improved circulation, increased targeting, and enhanced cellular delivery capacity. Moreover, by adapting lessons learned from natural delivery vehicles, novel bio-inspired proteoliposomes with enhanced delivery properties could be produced in CF systems. In this review, we first give an overview of CF synthesis with focus on enhancing protein expression in liposome-chaperoned CF systems. Furthermore, we intend to provide insight into harnessing CF-synthesized proteoliposomes for efficient therapeutic delivery.
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Virosome presents multimodel cancer therapy without viral replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:764706. [PMID: 24369016 PMCID: PMC3866828 DOI: 10.1155/2013/764706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A virosome is an artificial envelope that includes viral surface proteins and lacks the ability to produce progeny virus. Virosomes are able to introduce an encapsulated macromolecule into the cytoplasm of cells using their viral envelope fusion ability. Moreover, virus-derived factors have an adjuvant effect for immune stimulation. Therefore, many virosomes have been utilized as drug delivery vectors and adjuvants for cancer therapy. This paper introduces the application of virosomes for cancer treatment. In Particular, we focus on virosomes derived from the influenza and Sendai viruses which have been widely used for cancer therapy. Influenza virosomes have been mainly applied as drug delivery vectors and adjuvants. By contrast, the Sendai virosomes have been mainly applied as anticancer immune activators and apoptosis inducers.
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Miller PJ, Afonso CL, El Attrache J, Dorsey KM, Courtney SC, Guo Z, Kapczynski DR. Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:505-513. [PMID: 23796788 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Different genotypes of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 virus (APMV-1) circulate in many parts of the world. Traditionally, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is recognized as having two major divisions represented by classes I and II, with class II being further divided into sixteen genotypes. Although all NDV are members of APMV-1 and are of one serotype, antigenic and genetic diversity is observed between the different genotypes. Reports of vaccine failure from many countries and reports by our lab on the reduced ability of classical vaccines to significantly decrease viral replication and shedding have created renewed interest in developing vaccines formulated with genotypes homologous to the virulent NDV (vNDV) circulating in the field. We assessed how the amount and specificity of humoral antibodies induced by inactivated vaccines affected viral replication, clinical protection and evaluated how non-homologous (heterologous) antibody levels induced by live NDV vaccines relate to transmission of vNDV. In an experimental setting, all inactivated NDV vaccines protected birds from morbidity and mortality, but higher and more specific levels of antibodies were required to significantly decrease viral replication. It was possible to significantly decrease viral replication and shedding with high levels of antibodies and those levels could be more easily reached with vaccines formulated with NDV of the same genotype as the challenge viruses. However, when the levels of heterologous antibodies were sufficiently high, it was possible to prevent transmission. As the level of humoral antibodies increase in vaccinated birds, the number of infected birds and the amount of vNDV shed decreased. Thus, in an experimental setting the effective levels of humoral antibodies could be increased by (1) increasing the homology of the vaccine to the challenge virus, or (2) allowing optimal time for the development of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti J Miller
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, United States.
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Abstract
The competition hike in the pharmaceutical market, the reduction in the fresh chemical-entity pipelines of pharmaceutical organization, the unwanted boost up in the cost for developing new chemical entities and the popularity of generics have all contributed to the effort to move ahead with newer drug-delivery systems that are aimed to provide optimized performance. Nanosized lipoidal soft hybrid biocarriers offer promise for safe, effective and targeted pharmacotherapeutics. The possibilities have risen by virtue of their ability of intracellular entry, biocompatible composition, precise control on drug release, targeted drug delivery, compatibility with a wide range of therapeutic compounds and flexibility in their routes of administration. Vesicles are lipoidal soft hybrid biocarrier-based membrane models developed to mimic the biological membrane, making them superior to other carriers by virtue of their biocompatibility and biodegradability. These features of vesicular carriers make them suitable for therapeutic as well as diagnostic applications. The aim of the present compilation is to briefly summarize the applications and developments in vesicular drug delivery through the patents issued in the past decade.
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Sharma S, Hinds LA. Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:258-66. [PMID: 23248557 PMCID: PMC3523519 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a commercially successful animal vaccine is not only influenced by various immunological factors, such as type of antigen but also by formulation and delivery aspects. The latter includes the need for a vector or specific delivery system, the choice of route of administration and the nature of the target animal population and their habitat. This review describes the formulation and delivery aspects of various types of antigens such as killed microorganisms, proteins and nucleic acids for the development of efficacious and safe animal vaccines. It also focuses on the challenges associated with the different approaches that might be required for formulating and delivering species specific vaccines, particularly if their intended use is for improved animal management with respect to disease and/or reproductive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Brun A, Bárcena J, Blanco E, Borrego B, Dory D, Escribano JM, Le Gall-Reculé G, Ortego J, Dixon LK. Current strategies for subunit and genetic viral veterinary vaccine development. Virus Res 2011; 157:1-12. [PMID: 21316403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Developing vaccines for livestock provides researchers with the opportunity to perform efficacy testing in the natural hosts. This enables the evaluation of different strategies, including definition of effective antigens or antigen combinations, and improvement in delivery systems for target antigens so that protective immune responses can be modulated or potentiated. An impressive amount of knowledge has been generated in recent years on vaccine strategies and consequently a wide variety of antigen delivery systems is now available for vaccine research. This paper reviews several antigen production and delivery strategies other than those based on the use of live viral vectors. Genetic and protein subunit vaccines as well as alternative production systems are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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Mallick AI, Parvizi P, Read LR, Nagy E, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Enhancement of immunogenicity of a virosome-based avian influenza vaccine in chickens by incorporating CpG-ODN. Vaccine 2010; 29:1657-65. [PMID: 21195078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virosomes are virus-like particles, representing a platform for vaccine development. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity of avian influenza virosomes with or without inclusion of recombinant chicken interferon-gamma (rChIFN-γ) or CpG-ODN in chickens. Immunization with virosomes adjuvanted with CpG-ODN elicited the highest haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres, as well as IgG and IgA serum antibody responses. Moreover, Virosomes+CpG-ODN formulation induced an antigen-specific spleen cell proliferation and IFN-γ expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that virus-specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses may be induced in chickens immunized with virosomes and these responses can be enhanced by incorporating CpG-ODN in the virosome vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirul Islam Mallick
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario, Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
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Singh R, Verma PC, Singh S. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of virosome based vaccines against Newcastle disease. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:465-71. [PMID: 19728133 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virosome based vaccines against Newcastle disease (ND) were prepared and evaluated for their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in chickens. Envelop of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was solubilised with Triton X-100 to yield virosomes which were later on encapsulated in poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microspheres. The birds were immunized intranasally with virosomes or PLG microspheres encapsulated virosomes, and efficacy of these preparations was compared with commercial LaSota vaccine. The preparations protected the chickens against virulent virus challenge infection, however the microencapsulated virosome vaccine gave slightly lesser degree of protection than non encapsulated counterpart. The humoral and cell mediated immune response generated as well as the protection afforded by virosome preparations were found to be comparable with LaSota vaccine. The results substantiate the potential of virosome based vaccines to provide high level of immunity and protection against Newcastle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Singh
- Division of Biological Products, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
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Adamina M, Guller U, Bracci L, Heberer M, Spagnoli GC, Schumacher R. Clinical applications of virosomes in cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:1113-21. [PMID: 17049010 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.11.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is increasingly accepted as a treatment option for advanced stage disease. The identification of tumour-associated antigens in 1991 has prompted the development of antigen-specific immunotherapeutic strategies for a variety of cancers. Many of them result in some immunological responses in cancer patients; however, clinical results were not observed concomitantly with immunological responses; therefore, further improvements in the field of immunotherapy are urgently needed. Virosomes are lipidic envelopes devoid of genetic information, but which retain the antigenic profile and fusogenic properties from their viral origin. Virosomes are versatile antigen carriers and can be engineered to perform various tasks in cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical data have fostered the development of innovative clinical protocols. Hence, immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes will be assessed in breast and melanoma immunotherapy, and may contribute to the development of clinically effective cancer vaccines and ultimately improve patient outcomes. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the potential clinical applications of virosomes as innovative and potentially effective reagents in active specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Adamina
- University of Basel, Institute for Surgical Research and Hospital Management, ICFS ZLF 401, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Guerrero-Andrade O, Loza-Rubio E, Olivera-Flores T, Fehérvári-Bone T, Gómez-Lim MA. Expression of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein in transgenic maize and immunological studies. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:455-63. [PMID: 16906446 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants have been employed successfully as a low-cost system for the production of therapeutically valuable proteins, including antibodies, antigens and hormones. Here, we report the expression of the fusion (F) gene of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in transgenic maize plants. The expression of the transgene, driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter, caused accumulation of the F protein in maize kernels. The presence of the transgene was verified by Southern and western blots. Feeding chickens with kernels containing the F protein induced the production of antibodies, which conferred protection against a viral challenge. This protection was comparable to that conferred by a commercial vaccine. Possible uses of this plant-based F protein as a potential mucosal vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Guerrero-Andrade
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Apdo, Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México 36500
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Kapczynski DR, King DJ. Protection of chickens against overt clinical disease and determination of viral shedding following vaccination with commercially available Newcastle disease virus vaccines upon challenge with highly virulent virus from the California 2002 exotic Newcastle disease outbreak. Vaccine 2005; 23:3424-33. [PMID: 15837366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During 2002-2003, exotic Newcastle disease (END) virus caused a major outbreak among commercial and backyard poultry in southern California and adjacent states. The outbreak raised concerns regarding the protective immunity of commercially available vaccines for prevention and control of this virus in poultry. We sought to determine if existing commercial live and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines could provide protection against the 2002-2003 END virus, and whether current commercial NDV-vaccination programs for broiler-breeders (BB) and broilers (Br) would protect against END-challenge. In the first experiment, birds received a single dose of either inactivated or live B1-type vaccine at 2 weeks-of-age and were challenged 2 weeks post-vaccination with a lethal dose of END. In the second experiment, a high (10(6.9)EID50/bird) or low (10(3.9)EID50/bird) dose of live B1 was applied to 8-week-old chickens, followed by lethal END challenge. In the third experiment, NDV field-vaccinated commercial BB (65 weeks-of-age) and Br (36 days-of-age) were challenged against END virus. Results indicated that both the live and inactivated vaccines protected against morbidity and mortality and significantly reduced the incidence and viral titers shed from chickens in comparison with sham controls, but did not prevent infection and virus shedding. In addition, both doses of live vaccine protected birds and significantly decreased the number of birds shedding virus. All unvaccinated control chickens challenged with END died within 6 days post-challenge (pc). Protection from disease correlated with the presence of antibody titers (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or hemagglutination inhibition (HI)) at day of challenge. Commercial BB were protected from disease and exhibited low incidence and titer of challenge virus shed. In contrast, commercial Br exhibited 66% mortality and shed significantly more virus than the BB birds. These results underscore the need to develop new NDV vaccines and vaccine strategies for use during outbreak situations to protect birds from both disease and infection to reduce virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Homhuan A, Prakongpan S, Poomvises P, Maas RA, Crommelin DJA, Kersten GFA, Jiskoot W. Virosome and ISCOM vaccines against Newcastle disease: preparation, characterization and immunogenicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 22:459-68. [PMID: 15265516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize virosomes and ISCOMs containing envelope proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and to evaluate their immunogenicity in target animals (chickens). Virosomes were prepared by solubilization of virus with either Triton X-100 or octyl glucoside (OG) followed by detergent removal. Biochemical analysis revealed that these virosomes contained both the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) and the fusion protein (F), with preserved biological activity. Acidic environment triggered the fusion between virosomes and chicken erythrocyte ghosts. Formation of ISCOMs was achieved by solubilizing phospholipids, cholesterol, envelope protein antigen and Quil A in Triton X-100. The ISCOM particles were formed by removal of the detergent. In each formulation the relative HN content correlated with the capability to agglutinate red blood cells. The immunogenicity of these lipid-based subunit vaccines was determined in chickens after subcutaneous immunization. The relative HN content of the subunit vaccines correlated with the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titres. Virosomes prepared with Triton X-100 and ISCOMs offered high clinical protection (> 80%) upon challenge with virulent NDV. Virosomes prepared with OG yielded lower clinical protection despite high HI antibody titres. Virosomes with reduced antigen density showed poor immunogenicity and protection. In conclusion, ND virosomes and ISCOMs were found to be immunogenic and provided good protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atthachai Homhuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Felnerova D, Viret JF, Glück R, Moser C. Liposomes and virosomes as delivery systems for antigens, nucleic acids and drugs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004; 15:518-29. [PMID: 15560978 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based vesicles are a very promising approach to treat diseases such as cancer, chronic infections and auto-immunity. Modern drug encapsulation methods allow efficient packing of therapeutic substances inside liposomes, thereby reducing the systemic toxicity of the drugs. Specific targeting can enhance the therapeutic effect of the drugs through their accumulation at the diseased site. In the vaccine field, the integration of functional viral envelope proteins into liposomes has led to an antigen carrier and delivery system termed a virosome, a clinically proven vaccine platform for subunit vaccines with an excellent immunogenicity and tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Felnerova
- Berna Biotech Ltd, Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018, Berne, Switzerland.
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Kapczynski DR. Development of a Virosome Vaccine Against Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype C for Protection in Turkeys. Avian Dis 2004; 48:332-43. [PMID: 15283420 DOI: 10.1637/7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) virosome vaccine was prepared and tested for protection of turkeys by aMPV challenge. The vaccine was produced using a detergent-based (Triton X-100) extraction of aMPV subtype C followed by detergent removal with SM2 Bio-Beads. Western blot and virus-neutralization analysis confirmed that the aMPV virosomes contained both the fusion and attachment glycoproteins. Specific-pathogen-free turkeys were immunized either intranasally (i.n.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) with two doses of the aMPV virosome vaccine. Vaccination decreased clinical signs of disease following virulent challenge, and IN vaccination was superior to i.m. vaccination in reducing clinical signs. Decreases in viral load in the respiratory tract were observed in turkeys receiving i.n. vaccination with aMPV virosomes compared to unvaccinated poults. Increased virus-neutralizing antibody levels against aMPV were observed in birds vaccinated with virosomes. These results demonstrate that immunization of turkeys with aMPV virosomes can be an effective strategy for control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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